3121-1 - Page 1 Name: 1) The graph below shows the change in carbon dioxide concentration in parts per million (ppm) in Earth's atmosphere from 1960 to 1990. The most likely cause of the overall change in the level of carbon dioxide from 1960 to 1990 is an increase in the A) number of violent storms B) use of fossil fuels Questions 2 and 3 refer to the following: C) use of nuclear power D) number of volcanic eruptions The geologic cross section below represents the bedrock structure beneath four landscape regions, A, B, C, and D. The table below shows characteristics of the four landscape regions A, B, C, and D. 2) Which terms best describe the surface landscapes of A, B, C, and D in the given diagram? A) A ridges and valleys, B plateau, C plain, D mountains B) A plain, B mountains, C ridges and valleys, D plateau C) A mountains, B ridges and valleys, C plateau, D plain D) A plateau, B plain, C mountains, D ridges and valleys
3121-1 - Page 2 3) The sharp, angular flat-topped hills (mesas) in landscape region C in the given diagram were most likely produced by a climate that was A) polar B) humid C) dry D) tropical 4) The map below shows major streams in the New York State area. The bold lines mark off sections A through I within New York State. What would be the best title for this map? A) "Landscape Regions of New York State" C) "Tectonic Plate Boundaries in New York State" B) "Bedrock Geology Locations of New York State" D) "Watershed Areas of New York State" 5) Surface bedrock of the Allegheny Plateau is most likely to contain fossils of the earliest A) amphibians B) flowering plants C) grasses D) dinosaurs 6) The geologic cross section below shows a view of rock layers at Earth's surface. The dashed lines connect points of the same age. Major fossils contained within each rock layer are shown. The valleys are labeled X, Y, and Z. In this region, valley X is more deeply eroded than either valley Y or valley Z. The most likely explanation for this occurrence is that the metamorphic rock near X has been A) covered by sedimentary rocks B) weakened by faulting C) intruded by melted rock D) folded by pressure
3121-1 - Page 3 7) The cross section below shows rock layers that underwent crustal movement during an igneous intrusion in the Cretaceous Period. Which statement best describes the cause of the ridges shown? A) More deposition occurred at the ridge sites after uplift. B) The igneous intrusion flowed over the surface. C) Some rock layers were more resistant to weathering and erosion. D) The rock layers were evenly weathered. 8) In what New York State landscape region is surface bedrock generally composed of metamorphic rock? A) Tug Hill Plateau B) Adirondack Mountains C) the Catskills D) Newark Lowlands 9) The table below describes the characteristics of three landscape regions, A, B, and C, found in the United States. Which list best identifies landscapes A, B, and C? A) A plain, B mountain, C plateau B) A plain, B plateau, C mountain C) A mountain, B plain, C plateau D) A plateau, B mountain, C plain 10) Which two locations are in the same New York State landscape region? A) Jamestown and Ithaca B) Binghamton and New York City C) Albany and Old Forge D) Massena and Mt. Marcy
3121-1 - Page 4 11) Points A, B, C, X, and Y are locations on the topographic map below. The small map identifies the New York State region shown in the topographic map. At the end of the Ice Age, the valley now occupied by Cayuta Creek was a channel for southward flowing glacial meltwater. Into which present-day river valley did this meltwater most likely flow? A) Susquehanna River B) Delaware River 12) In which New York State landscape region is Niagara Falls located? A) Tug Hill Plateau B) Allegheny Plateau C) Hudson River D) Genesee River C) Erie-Ontario Lowlands D) St. Lawrence Lowlands 13) At which latitude and longitude in New York State would a salt mine in Silurian-age bedrock most likely be located? A) 41DN 72DW B) 43DN 77DW C) 44DN 76DW D) 44DN 74DW 14) A list of three observed relationships is shown below. d Erosional rate = depositional rate d Amount of insolation = amount of terrestrial radiation d Rate of condensation = rate of evaporation In which situation would each relationship exist? A) when global warming ceases and global cooling begins B) when a change of state occurs C) when dynamic equilibrium is reached D) when a cyclic change occurs 15) What is the age of the most abundant surface bedrock in the Finger Lakes region of New York State? A) Cambrian B) Devonian C) Permian D) Pennsylvanian
16) The geologic cross section below shows a hill-slope and the rock layers that underlie it. 3121-1 - Page 5 Which difference between the sandstone, shale, and limestone layers caused the formation of the relatively gently sloped section labeled "bench"? A) rock age B) resistance to weathering C) amount of uranium-238 D) fossil content 17) Which two New York State landscape regions are formed mostly of surface bedrock that is approximately the same geologic age? A) Tug Hill Plateau and St. Lawrence Lowlands B) Adirondack Mountains and Allegheny Plateau C) Manhattan Prong and Atlantic Coastal Plain D) Erie-Ontario Lowlands and Adirondack Mountains 18) The Himalaya Mountains are located along a portion of the southern boundary of the Eurasian Plate. At the top of Mt. Everest (29,028 feet) in the Himalaya Mountains, climbers have found fossilized marine shells in the surface bedrock. From this observation, which statement is the best inference about the origin of the Himalaya Mountains? A) The Himalaya Mountains formed at a divergent plate boundary. B) The bedrock containing the fossil shells is part of an uplifted seafloor. C) The Himalaya Mountains were formed by volcanic activity. D) Sea level has been lowered more than 29,000 feet since the shells were fossilized. 19) The cross section below shows sedimentary rocks being eroded by water at a waterfall. The sedimentary rock layers are being weathered and eroded at different rates primarily because the rock layers A) are horizontal B) have different compositions C) contain different fossils D) formed during different time periods
20) The topographic map below shows a particular landscape. 3121-1 - Page 6 Which map best represents the stream drainage pattern for this landscape? A) C) B) D) 21) The photograph below shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock layers that have been tilted and slightly metamorphosed. Tilted, slightly metamorphosed rock layers such as these are typically found in which New York State landscape region? A) Erie-Ontario Lowlands B) Tug Hill Plateau C) Taconic Mountains D) Atlantic Coastal Plain
3121-1 - Page 7 22) The map below shows most of New York State. Isolines indicate the depth of the Precambrian bedrock surface below present-day sea level. Depths are in feet. According to the map, in which two present-day New York State landscape regions is the most Precambrian bedrock likely to be exposed on the land surface? A) Hudson-Mohawk Lowlands and Champlain Lowlands B) Allegheny Plateau and Catskills C) Erie-Ontario Lowlands and Tug Hill Plateau D) Adirondack Mountains and Hudson Highlands 23) The diagram below shows the bedrock structure beneath a series of hills. Which process was primarily responsible for forming the hills? A) folding B) faulting C) vulcanism D) deposition
24) The graph below shows the average change in the elevation of a mountain range over time. 3121-1 - Page 8 According to the graph, the rate of uplifting was greater than the rate of erosion during which geologic time period? A) Carboniferous B) Permian C) Silurian D) Devonian 25) The list below shows characteristics that vary from place to place on Earth. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Radioactive substances Bedrock structures Duration of insolation Hillslopes Stream patterns Atmospheric composition Observations and measurements of which three characteristics would be most useful in describing landscapes? A) a, b, and c B) b, d, and e C) d, e, and f D) b, c, and f 26) The photograph below shows an eroded plateau found in the southwestern United States. Which processes most likely developed this landscape? A) crustal folding and glacial erosion B) crustal uplift and stream erosion C) crustal uplift and glacial erosion D) crustal folding and stream erosion
27) The photograph below shows an outcrop of horizontal rock layers in New York State. 3121-1 - Page 9 Rock outcrops like this are most commonly found in which area of New York State? A) Adirondack Mountains B) Atlantic Coastal Plain 28) Which river is a tributary branch of the Hudson River? A) Delaware River B) Genesee River C) Appalachian Plateau D) Hudson Highlands C) Mohawk River D) Susquehanna River 29) An environmental scientist needs to prepare a report on the potential effects that a proposed surface mine in New York State will have on the watershed where the mine will be located. In which reference materials will the scientist find the most useful data with which to determine the watershed's boundaries? A) planetary wind maps B) tectonic plate maps C) geologic time scales D) topographic maps 30) Buffalo, New York, and Plattsburgh, New York, are both located in landscape regions called A) mountains B) lowlands C) highlands D) plateaus 31) Which stream-drainage pattern most likely developed on the surface of a newly formed volcanic mountain? A) B) C) D)
Questions 32 and 33 refer to the following: 3121-1 - Page 10 32) The classification of landscape regions shown is primarily based on which factors? A) nearness to mountains, lakes, and oceans B) bedrock type, structure, and elevation C) state boundaries, streams, and rivers D) climate, vegetation, and surface features 33) Which Vermont landscape region shown is a continuation of New York State's Champlain Lowlands landscape? A) Valley of Vermont B) Vermont Lowlands C) Green Mountains D) Taconic Mountains 34) Why are Precambrian gneiss cobbles and boulders commonly found on top of the surface bedrock in the Catskills? A) Many meteorites composed of gneiss have landed in the Catskills. B) The surface bedrock of the Catskills has been overturned. C) The surface bedrock of the Catskills is composed of Precambrian gneiss. D) Glaciers transported these rocks from the Adirondacks to the Catskills.
35) The diagram below shows an index fossil found in surface bedrock in some parts of New York State. 3121-1 - Page 11 In which New York State landscape region is this gastropod fossil most likely found in the surface bedrock? A) Allegheny Plateau B) Newark Lowlands 36) Which two landscape regions in New York State have the oldest surface bedrock? A) Taconic Mountains and the Catskills B) Tug Hill Plateau and Erie-Ontario Lowlands Questions 37 and 38 refer to the following: C) Tug Hill Plateau D) Adirondack Mountains C) Adirondack Mountains and Hudson Highlands D) Allegheny Plateau and Newark Lowlands The map below shows some regions where metamorphic bedrock of the Grenville Province in northeastern North America is exposed at Earth's surface. 37) Which New York State location shown on the map has surface bedrock that consists mainly of anorthositic rock? A) Old Forge B) Mt. Marcy C) Utica D) Massena 38) The bedrock of the Grenville Province shown on the map is generally thought to have formed approximately A) 560 million years ago B) 1,100 million years ago C) 400 million years ago D) 250 million years ago
39) The map below shows the location of Grenville-age bedrock found in the northeastern United States. 3121-1 - Page 12 In which New York State landscapes is Grenville-age bedrock exposed at Earth's surface? A) Erie-Ontario Lowlands and St. Lawrence Lowlands B) Tug Hill Plateau and Atlantic Coastal Plain 40) The Catskills landscape region is classified as a plateau primarily because the region has A) folded metamorphic rock B) jagged hilltops 41) New York State landscape regions are identified and classified primarily by their A) chemical weathering rate and nearness to large bodies of water B) latitude and longitude C) existing vegetation and type of weather D) surface topography and bedrock structure Questions 42 and 43 refer to the following: C) Hudson Highlands and Adirondack Mountains D) Catskills and Allegheny Plateau C) horizontal bedrock structure D) V-shaped valleys The map below represents Long Island, New York. AB, CD, EF, and GH are reference lines on the map. 42) What agent of erosion transported the sediments that formed the moraines shown on the map shown? A) ice B) mass movement C) water D) wind
3121-1 - Page 13 43) The cross section below represents the sediments beneath the land surface along one of the reference lines shown on the given map. Along which reference line was this cross section taken? A) GH B) EF C) CD D) AB 44) The cross section below shows sedimentary bedrock layers A, B, C, and D exposed at Earth's surface. Which layer appears to be the least resistant to weathering? A) A B) B C) C D) D 45) Which block diagram best represents a portion of a plateau? A) C) B) D) 46) New York State's Catskills are classified as which type of landscape region? A) mountain B) plain C) plateau D) lowland
47) The map below shows areas where certain minerals were mined in significant amounts during 1989. 3121-1 - Page 14 In which New York State landscape region on the map was most of the garnet mined? A) Catskills B) Erie-Ontario Lowlands 48) The generalized landscape regions of New York State are classified according to A) bedrock structure and elevation B) climate and topography C) Adirondack Mountains D) Tug Hill Plateau C) bedrock type and index fossils D) latitude and longitude 49) The map below shows a stream drainage pattern. Arrows show the direction of stream flow. On which landscape region did this drainage pattern most likely develop? A) C) B) D)
50) The block diagram below shows a region that has undergone faulting. 3121-1 - Page 15 Which of the following maps shows the stream drainage pattern that would most likely develop on the surface of this region? A) C) B) D) 51) The block diagrams below show two landscape regions labeled A and B. What is the most probable cause of the difference in surface features between A and B? A) A is at a high elevation, while B is located at sea level. B) A is composed of igneous bedrock, while B is composed of sedimentary bedrock. C) A is the result of a humid climate, while B is the result of a dry climate. D) A is a plateau region, while B is a mountainous region. 52) The cross sections below show a three-stage sequence in the development of a glacial feature. Which glacial feature has formed by the end of stage 3? A) parallel scratches B) drumlin C) finger lake D) kettle lake
53) Which sequence shows the order in which landscape regions are crossed as an airplane flies in a straight course from Albany, New York, to Massena, New York? A) mountain plain plateau C) plain mountain plain B) plateau mountain plain D) plateau plain mountain 54) Which two types of rock are most commonly found as outcrops in New York State's Newark Lowlands landscape region? A) conglomerate and sandstone B) gneiss and quartzite C) rock salt and gypsum D) limestone and granite 55) Salt deposits are found in the surface bedrock near which New York State location? A) Albany B) Old Forge C) Oswego D) Syracuse 56) The cross section below shows the rock structure of a deeply eroded, domed mountain region. 3121-1 - Page 16 Which map shows the stream drainage pattern that will most likely develop as the bedrock is weathered and eroded from this igneous dome? A) C) B) D)