Essen%al knowledge standards - PDF Free Download

Essen%al knowledge standards 2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments and respond to external environmental changes 2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments 4.A.4: Organisms exhibit complex proper?es due to interac?ons between their cons?tuent parts

I will be able to: FLT Explain the phenomenon of apical dominance Dis%nguish between determinate and indeterminate growth Describe in detail the primary and secondary growth of the %ssues of roots and shoots Dis%nguish between morphogenesis, differen%a%on, and growth By comple1ng Ch. 35 Lecture Notes

Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development 3

Overview Just like animals, plants have an organized structure that we can study! 4

Overview Take Cornell Style Notes on Ch. 35 à We re providing context for Ch. 36 5

II. Plant Morphology Just like the human body, the plant body has a hierarchy of organs, %ssues, and cells Cells à Tissues à Organs 6

II. Plant Morphology A. Plant Morphology Three basic organs: roots, stems, and leaves. 7

II. Plant Morphology D. Shoot System 1. Stems b. Apical meristem = growing %p = undifferen%ated meristema%c %ssue found in the %ps of stems and roots. Produces new cells through mitosis. 9

What about leaves? 10

II. Plant Morphology D. Shoot System 2. Leaves a. Photosynthe%c organ of the plant 11

Types of Plant Tissue 12

III. Plant Cells and Tissues B. Three Tissue Systems of a Plant 13

III. Plant Cells and Tissues Three main types of %ssue: Dermal Ground Vascular 14

III. Plant Cells and Tissues Dermal Tissue: Consists of the epidermis and periderm. 15

III. Plant Cells and Tissues B. Three Tissue Systems of a Plant 1. Dermal Tissue System a. Epidermis = Protects the plant + reduces water loss through epidermal hairs & cu?cle (waxy layer) 16

III. Plant Cells and Tissues Dermal Tissue: 17

III. Plant Cells and Tissues Dermal Tissue: 18

III. Plant Cells and Tissues B. Three Tissue Systems of a Plant 2. Vascular Tissue System a. Xylem and Phloem 19

III. Plant Cells and Tissues Vascular Tissue: Transports water + minerals (food) Consists of Xylem + Phloem?ssue Nonvascular plants lack vascular?ssue 20

III. Plant Cells and Tissues Xylem conveys water and dissolved minerals UPward from roots into the shoots (one-way flow). Phloem transports organic nutrients (sugars) where they are needed (two-way flow) 21

III. Plant Cells and Tissues B. Three Tissue Systems of a Plant 3. Ground Tissue Cells 24

III. Plant Cells and Tissues Ground Tissue Neither dermal nor vascular?ssue Func?ons: photosynthesis, food storage, regenera?on, support, & protec?on Composed of Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma 25

Pair-Share-Respond 1. What are the three main types of plant %ssue? 2. Where is each type of %ssue found in a plant (generally)? 3. Dis%nguish between xylem and phloem 26

Cells found in vascular %ssue 27

III. Plant Cells and Tissues A. Plant Cell Types 4. Water Conduc%ng Cells a. Xylem %ssue is made up of cells: tracheids and vessel elements 28

III. Plant Cells and Tissues A. Plant Cell Types 4. Water Conduc%ng Cells i. Tracheids = Thin, elongated cells of the xylem. Found in all vascular plants. Help with water / mineral transport. 29

III. Plant Cells and Tissues 4. Water Conduc%ng Cells ii. Vessel elements = Lignified cells that connect together to form perforated, pipe-like structure called vessels in order to transport water from roots to leaves. Common to most angiosperms and a few gymnosperms 30

Differen%ated Plant Cells in the Xylem - Dead at Maturity Vessel Tracheids 100 µm Tracheids and vessels (colorized SEM) Pits Perforation plate Vessel element Vessel elements, with perforated end walls Tracheids

III. Plant Cells and Tissues A. Plant Cell Types 4. Water Conduc%ng Cells: The two types of water-conduc%ng cells, tracheids and vessel elements, are dead at maturity 33

Differen?ated Plant Cells 3 µm Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view (LM) Sieve-tube element (left) and companion cell: cross section (TEM) Sieve plate Companion cells Sieve-tube elements Plasmodesma Sieve plate Nucleus of companion cells 30 µm 10 µm Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view Sieve plate with pores (SEM)

III. Plant Cells and Tissues Recall: The phloem system is responsible for transpor%ng organic nutrients (such as sugars) from where they are made to where they will be used 35

III. Plant Cells and Tissues A. Plant Cell Types 5. Food conduc%ng cells: Sugar-conduc%ng cells of the phloem 36

III. Plant Cells and Tissues 5. Sugar-conduc%ng cells of the phloem a. Sieve plates Sieve-tube elements = Food-conduc?ng cell in phloem. Alive at func%onal maturity, but no organelles (no nucleus). Depend on companion cells. 37

III. Plant Cells and Tissues 5. Sugar-conduc%ng cells of the phloem a. Sieve plates Sieve plates = porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube. 39

III. Plant Cells and Tissues 5. Sugar-conduc%ng cells of the phloem b. Companion cells = Cells connected to the sievetube. Contain a nucleus and ribosomes Control metabolic ac?vi?es. 41

Pair-Share-Respond 1. Iden%fy and describe the types of ground %ssue cells you would find in a stalk of celery. 2. What type of cells make up xylem? What are their func%ons? 3. What type of cells make up phloem? How are the cells related to each other? 43

V. Primary Growth B. Shoot Primary Growth 5. Leaf Tissue b. Stomate and Guard Cells (transpira%on) The epidermis in leaves is interrupted by stomata, which allow CO 2 exchange between the air and the photosynthe?c cells in a leaf. Each stomatal pore is flanked by two guard cells, which regulate its opening and closing. 44

V. Primary Growth B. Shoot Primary Growth 5. Leaf Tissue c. Mesophyll = The ground?ssue in a leaf, called mesophyll, is sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis. 46

Pair-Share-Respond 1. What are stomata and where are they found? 2. Explain the purpose of a guard cell 3. Where would you find mesophyll? 49

Now on to Ch. 36... 50

I will be able to: FLT Define the following terms: osmosis, water poten%al, flaccid, turgor pressure, turgid Relate structure to func%on in sieve-tube cells, vessel cells, and tracheid cells Describe the role of stomata and discuss factors that might affect their density and behavior By comple1ng Ch. 36 Lecture Notes

Chapter 36: Resource Acquisi?on and Transport in Vascular Plants 53

Overview The success of plants depends on their ability to gather and conserve resources from their environment. The transport of materials is central to the integrated func%oning of the whole plant. Diffusion, ac%ve transport, and bulk flow work together to transfer water, minerals, and sugars. 54

Resource Acquisi?on and Transport H 2 O CO 2 O 2 Sugar Light H 2 O and minerals O 2 CO 2

Overview of Transport 56

Overview of Transport 1. Roots absorb water & dissolved minerals from soil 58

Overview of Transport 2. Water & minerals transported upward from roots to shoots in xylem 59

Overview of Transport 3. Transpira?on creates a force that pulls water upward in xylem 60

Overview of Transport 4. Gas exchange occurs through the stomata 61

Overview of Transport 5. Sugar is produced in the leaves 62

Overview of Transport 6. Sugar is transported to other parts of plant in phloem 63

Overview of Transport 7. Respira?on in the roots leads to gas exchange 64