LECTURE 15: COMPLETENESS AND CONVEXITY

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LECTURE 15: COMPLETENESS AND CONVEXITY 1. The Hopf-Rinow Theorem Recall that a Riemannian manifold (M, g) is called geodesically complete if the maximal defining interval of any geodesic is R. On the other hand, any Riemannian manifold (M, g) admits a metric structure given by d(p, q) = inf{l(γ) γ is a piecewise smooth curve connecting p to q}, and thus we can talk about the completeness of d: a metric space is complete if any Cauchy sequence in it converges. The following theorem says that for Riemannian manifolds, the two notions of completeness coincide. Theorem 1.1 (Hopf-Rinow). Let (M, g) be a connected Riemannian manifold. Then the following statements are equivalent: (1) (M, d) is a complete metric space. (2) (M, g) is geodesically complete. (3) There exists p M so that exp p is defined for all X p T p M. (4) [Heine-Borel property] Any bounded closed subset in M is compact. Moreover, each of the previous statements implies (5) There exists p M so that any point q M can be connected to p by a minimal geodesic, i.e. a geodesic of length d(p, q). Proof. We shall prove (4) = (1) = (2) = (3) = (5) and (3) + (5) = (4). (4) (1) This is a standard result in general topology. (1) (2) Let γ be any normal geodesic on M. By the existence and uniqueness theorem, the maximal defining interval of γ must be an open interval (a, b). If b <, then we can take a sequence s i b. In particular, {s i } is a Cauchy sequence in R. But γ is a normal geodesic, so d(γ(s i ), γ(s j )) s i s j. As a consequence, {γ(s i )} is a Cauchy sequence in (M, d). If follows that there exists a p M so that γ(s i ) p. Since E is open and (p, 0) E, there exists ε > 0 so that (q, Y q ) E for any q with d(q, p) < ε and any Y q T q M with Y q < 2ε. So if we take i large enough so that b s i < ε and thus d(γ(s 2 i), p) < ε, then γ(t; γ(s 2 i), ε γ(s i )) is defined for 1

2 LECTURE 15: COMPLETENESS AND CONVEXITY t [0, 1]. In other words, the geodesic γ 1 (t) = γ(t; γ(s i ), γ(s i )) is well defined for 0 < t < ε. Since γ 1 coincides with γ at s i, they must be the same. In particular, γ can be defined for all t < s i + ε, which exceeds the upper bound b, a contradiction. Similarly by considering the reverse geodesic one can see that a =. So any normal geodesic on M, and thus any geodesic on M, has defining interval R. (2) (3) This is obvious. ((M, g) is geodesically complete E = T M. ) (3) (5) Denote r = d(p, q). (Here we used the connectedness!) We have already seen that there exists 0 < δ < r so that the exponential map exp is a diffeomorphism from B δ (0) T p M to B δ (p) M. Note that S δ (p) = exp p (S δ (0)) is compact. Since the distance function is continuous (we proved this in lecture 2), there exists p 0 S δ (p) so that d(p 0, q) = inf p S δ (p) d(p, q). Let γ be the normal geodesic from p to p 0. By (3), γ is defined over R. We define A = {s [δ, r] d(γ(s), q) = r s}. We will show sup A = r, which implies γ(r) = q. To prove this, we first notice that δ A, since r = d(p, q) = inf (d(p, p S δ (p) p ) + d(p, q)) = δ + inf p S δ (p) d(p, q) = δ + d(γ(δ), q). So A is nonempty. Secondly, it s easy to see that A is closed, since the function f(s) = d(γ(s), q) r + s is continuous and that A = f 1 (0) [δ, r]. Now let s 0 = sup A. Since A is nonempty and closed, s 0 A. Suppose s 0 < r. Then by repeating the previous argument, we know that there exists 0 < δ < r s 0 and p 0 S δ (γ(s 0 )) so that Since s 0 A, we get d(p 0, q) = So by triangle inequality, min p S δ (γ(s 0 )) d(p, q) = d(γ(s 0 ), q) δ. d(p 0, q) = r s 0 δ. d(p 0, p) d(p, q) d(p 0, q) = r (r s 0 δ ) = s 0 + δ. On the other hand, the curve γ by connecting p to γ(s 0 ) along γ and then connecting γ(s 0 ) to p 0 by the minimal geodesic has length exactly s 0 + δ. So γ, with the arclength parametrization, must be a geodesic. Obviously γ has to coincide with γ. In other words, p 0 = γ(s 0 + δ ). As a consequence, d(γ(s 0 + δ ), q) = r (s 0 + δ ), i.e. s 0 + δ A. This conflicts with the fact that s 0 = sup A.

LECTURE 15: COMPLETENESS AND CONVEXITY 3 (3)+(5) (4) Let K M be a bounded closed set. Then there exists a constant C > 0 so that d(p, k) < C for all k K. According to (3) and (5), K exp p (B C (0)), where B C (0) is the closed ball of radius C in T p M, which is compact in T p M. Since exp p is smooth, exp p (B C (0)) is also compact. Thus K, as a closed subset of a compact set, is compact. Definition 1.2. A Riemannian manifold (M, g) satisfying any of (1)-(4) is called a complete Riemannian manifold. Remarks. Condition (5) is NOT enough to guarantee that (M, g) is complete. For example, the open unit ball B 1 (0) in (R n, g 0 ) satisfies (5), which is not complete. For a general metric space, condition (1) does NOT imply condition (4). For example, one can consider a countable infinite set {x i i N} and define a metric on it via d(x i, x j ) = 1 for all i j. In this space, the only Cauchy sequences are eventually-constant sequences which of course converge. However, the whole space is closed and bounded but not compact. So as metric spaces, Riemannian manifolds are special (and nice) metric spaces. Corollary 1.3. Any two points in a connected complete Riemannian manifold can be connected by a minimal geodesic. Corollary 1.4. If (M, g) is complete and connected, then for any p M, exp p : T p M M is surjective. Corollary 1.5. Any compact Riemannian manifold is complete. 2. Convex Neighborhoods By definition, for any r < inj(m, p), the exponential map exp p : B r (0) T p M B r (p) M is a diffeomorphism. Moreover, for any q B r (p), there is a unique geodesic connecting q to the center p whose length is less than r. Of course such a geodesic is the unique minimizing geodesic connecting q to p. Theorem 2.1. For any point p M there exists a neighborhood W of p and a number δ > 0 so that for each q W, one has inj(m, q) δ and B δ (q) W. Remark. As a consequence, any two points in W can be connected by a unique minimizing geodesic. The neighborhood satisfying theorem 2.1 is called a totally normal neighborhood.

4 LECTURE 15: COMPLETENESS AND CONVEXITY Proof. We consider the map F : E M M, F (q, X q ) = (q, exp q X q ). Then F (p, 0) = (p, p) and ( ) I df (p,0) =. 0 I By the inverse function theorem, F is a local diffeomorphism. In other words, F maps a neighborhood U of (p, 0) diffeomorphically onto a neighborhood W of (p, p) in M M. By shrinking U if necessary, one can take U to be of the form U = {(q, X q ) q U, X q < δ}, where U is a small neighborhood of p in M. Now choose a neighborhood W of p in M so that W W W. Obviously δ and W obtained by this way satisfies the assertion of the theorem. Now let W be a totally normal neighborhood, so that any two points in W can be joint by a unique minimizing geodesic. A natural question is: Does these minimizing geodesic all lie in W? Obviously to answer this question, we need to require W to satisfy some kind of convexity. Recall that a region in R n is convex if any two points in the region can be connected by a line segment that lies in the region. Definition 2.2. A subset S M is called strongly convex, or geodesically convex, if for any p, q S there is a unique normal minimal geodesic γ joining p to q, and γ is contained in S. Example. On (S 2, g S 2), any geodesic ball of radius r < π is strongly convex. 2 Remark. Obviously each strongly convex set is contractible, and the intersection of a family of strongly convex sets in M is again strongly convex if it is not empty. This fact is used in Algebraic Topology to product good covers on arbitrary manifolds, which makes Čech cohomology much simpler to understand. Theorem 2.3 (Whitehead). For any p M there exists ρ > 0 so that the geodesic ball B ρ (p) is strongly convex. In proving the theorem, we will need Lemma 2.4. For any p M, there exists η > 0 so that for any 0 < r < η and any q S r (p), any geodesic γ that is tangent to S r (p) at q stays out of B r (p) for some neighborhood of q. Remark. A geodesic ball satisfying the assertion of the previous lemma is called locally convex. Recall that a region in R n is convex if for any point in the boundary of the region, any tangent line of the boundary surface at that point outside the region. In other words, in R n locally convex is the same as convex. This fact does not holds for general Riemannian manifolds. For example, for the standard cylinder

LECTURE 15: COMPLETENESS AND CONVEXITY 5 S 1 R, a geodesic ball of radius π 2 convex. < r < π is locally convex but is not strongly Proof of Whitehead Theorem. Take η as in Lemma 2.4 and take W and δ < η as 2 in Theorem 2.1. Take ρ < δ so that B ρ (p) W. We claim that B ρ (p) is strongly convex. In fact, since B ρ (p) W, any two points q 1, q 2 B ρ (p) can be connected by a minimal geodesic of length no more than δ. It follows that Im(γ) B η (p) since ρ + δ < η. If the interior of γ is not totally contained in B ρ (p), then there is a point q 3 on γ so that ρ < sup d(p, q ) := d(p, q 3 ) := ξ < η. q Imγ It is clear that γ is tangent to S ξ (p) and lies totally in B ξ (p). This contradict with Lemma 2.4. Proof of Lemma 2.4. Let W be a totally normal neighborhood of p. For any q W and any Y q T q M with Y q = 1, let u(t; q, Y q ) = exp 1 p (γ(t; q, Y q )) (this is defined for t small) and let F (t; q, Y q ) = u(t; q, Y q ) 2. It is clear that u, and thus F, are smooth, and F t = 2 u, u 2 F, t t = 2 u(t), 2 u u + 2 2 t 2 t, u. t Observe that for q = p and for any Y q = Y p S p M, we have u(t; p, Y p ) = ty p and hence 2 F t 2 = 2 Y p, Y p = 2. p,xp By continuity, there exists a neighborhood V W of p so that for any q V and any Y q S q M, 2 F (0; q, Y t 2 q ) > 0. Take η > 0 so that B η (p) V. We claim that this η satisfies the assertion of the lemma. In fact, for any r < η, let γ(t; q, Y q ) be a normal geodesic tangent to S r (p) at q = γ(0; q, Y q ) = exp p (u(0; q, Y q )). Then the tangent vector of γ(t; q, Y q ) = exp p (u(t; q, Y q )) at q is (d exp x ) u u(0;q,yq) (0; q, Y t q), which should be a tangent vector of S r (p) at q. According to the Gauss Lemma, u(0; q, Y t q) is a tangent vector of S r (0) T p M at the point u(0; q, Y q ). It follows F t (0; q, Y q) = 2 u(0; q, Y q ), u t (0; q, Y q) = 0. As a consequence, for q B η (p) and Y q S q M, the function F (t; q, Y q ) takes its strict local minimum at t = 0, where its value is F (0; q, Y q ) = r 2. So for t small enough, we must have F (t; q, Y q ) > r 2, which proves the lemma.

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