Explore the Universe Observing Certificate and Pin #3

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Explore the Universe Observing Certificate and Pin #3

Lunar Phases (4 of 8) Waxing Crescent Day 3 seen within 3h of sunset First Quarter within +- 18 hours Waxing Gibbous 3-4 days after First Quarter Full Moon within +- 18 hours Waning Gibbous 3-4 days after Full Moon Third Quarter within +- 18 hours Waning Crescent- Day 26 seen within 3h of sunrise Orbital Motion track Moon s motion against stars

Formation of the Solar System

Inner Planets Move quickly through sky as the morning star or evening star Never seen overhead (except eclipse)

Year = 88 days Sidereal period of 116 days Seen morning or evening 6-7 times per year Mercury: Messenger of the Gods Usually need binos to see it Brighter nearer the Sun Best in spring evenings, autumn mornings

Year = 225 d Synodic period of 585 days Seen morning or evening for 8 months Venus Goddess of Beauty 8 Earth years ~ 5 synodic periods Venus repeats 5 patterns every 8 years (morning and evening)

Observing Venus

Outer Planets Conjunction: Earth Sun Planet (unseen) Opposition: Planet-Earth-Sun Retrograde motion near opposition Best observing near opposition because: planet is closer, therefore larger in scope high in late evening sky, less atmosphere Conjunction also means two bodies appearing close together in the sky.

Mars God of War Year = 687 d Day = 24h 37m 25 tilt->seasons thin atmosphere Iron in soil + O 2 -> rust->blood->war 2 tiny moons

Distinct orange Opposition every 2 years, 2 months Close opposition about every 15 years Observing Mars If steady air, can see dark marks & polar ice caps Dust storms can spoil everything

Most between Mars & Jupiter, some within Earth s orbit Look like a star but move against the stars Ceres is now a dwarf planet Sketch the star field to see which moves, or Heavens-Above website Asteroids aka Minor Planets

Year = 11.9 years Day = ~ 10 h Jupiter King of Gods 79 moons, we see 4 in binos or scope Moons change position nightly Maps of moon locations in magazines Largest planet and usually second brightest

Observing Jupiter Dark belts, light zones Loops, swirls, spots between belts & zones; Great Red Spot

Jupiter: Galilean Moons

Paul Owen s Red Spot & Shadow

Year = 29.5 years Day = 10 h, 39 m Tilt = 27 Saturn God of Agriculture Rings: ice particles 273,000 km x 30 m 62 moons, can see 1 with binos (Titan) Looks elongated in binoculars, spectacular in a telescope

Uranus Father of Titans Year = 84 years Day = 17 h 14 m Tilt = 83 1781 by W Herschel Pale green disc in scope, easy in binos 27 moons

Neptune God of the Seas Year = 165 years Day = 16 h, 7 m Predicted (1845/6) Can be seen in binos 14 moons

Kuiper Belt

Comets Reside in Kuiper Belt (periodic) or Oort Cloud Dirty snowball; ice evaporates, dust tail from sunlight pressure Ion tail away from Sun Best in binos No sharply defined edges

Hale-Bopp 17P/Holmes

Zodiacal Light Sunlight reflecting off bits of dust in ecliptic Wedge shape reaching halfway up the sky Best 2 weeks after Full Moon in spring (west), 2 weeks before Full Moon in fall (east) when ecliptic is steep

Meteor Photo

Meteor Showers Earth through comet trail Radiant apparent point of origin, all directions Occur same time each year, best seen in dark skies with radiant high 10 100 per hour Shower named for constellation of radiant; Perseids (Aug), Leonids (Nov), Geminids (Dec) Meteor storm: > 1000/h

Perseid Shower peak August 12

Special filters are an absolute MUST Sunspots vary in number over 11 year cycle Areas below the surface ~ 1000C cooler look dark Note gray penumbra, bright faculae Solar Observing

The Chromosphere layer of the Sun can be detected with a telescope that looks for the red light it gives off, called Hydrogen-alpha light.

View from 5 Fathom Hole

Eclipses Moon & Sun Sun & Moon about same size in the sky Moon s inclination 5 Orbit wobbles with 18.6 year period; eclipse period few weeks earlier Eclipses occur if Moon near ecliptic when Full (lunar) or New (solar)

Earth s Shadow

Moon at Perigee and Apogee

Solar Eclipses Types: total, annular, partial Next partial eclipse here: June 10, 2021 Next total eclipse here: April 8, 2024

April 8 2024

Watching Satellites

Satellite Information Heavens-Above.com Create log-in name/pass Select location (menu) Gives info on ISS (space station), Iridium phone satellites, HST, others Solar system overview, constellations, star maps: Good all-round website

Heavens-Above.com Start Highest Point Ends Date Mag Time Alt. Az. Time Alt. Az. Time Alt. Az. 31 Oct -0.7 19:22:37 10 NW 19:23:15 15 NW 19:23:15 15 NW 1 Nov -2.7 18:34:51 10 NNW 18:37:56 236 NE 18:39:44 20 ESE 2 Nov -0.2 19:24:21 10 W 19:26:28 16 SW 19:28:35 10 SSW 3 Nov -1.5 18:35:19 10 WNW 18:38:24 35 SW 18:41:29 10 SSE

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