Present Day and Paleo Hydrodynamics of the Marañon Basin, Impact on Oil Migration, Oil Quality and Trapping, Implications for Exploration and Production Summary Presentation January 2003
Acknowledgements - Funding and Support This project was conducted by Rakhit Petroleum Consulting Ltd. for the Energy Regulatory Assistance Project (PERAP), Canadian Petroleum Institute (CPI) with generous funding from the Canadian International Development Association (CIDA)
Objectives 1. Study influence of hydrodynamics on the migration and preservation of oil in the basin. 2. Map paleo and present oil migration fairways to identify prospective areas for future exploration.
Outline 1. Petroleum Geology 2. Paleo Hydrogeology and Dynamic Oil Migration 3. Hydrogeology and Dynamic Oil Migration 4. Conclusions
Location Map Marañon Basin, A A 200 km
Present Day Structural Cross-Section Marañon Basin - Santiago Basin Cross-section supplied by:
Stratigraphic Column and Tectonic Events MARANON/ SANTIAGO UCAYALI MADRE de DIOS Tectonic Events Main Reservoir North Marañon Source South Marañon Source Evaporites OIL GAS SOURCE ROCK Salt From Mathalone and Montoya, 1995
Pressure versus Elevation Graph Marañon Basin, 0-2,000-4,000 All Data Cushabatay Agua Caliente Chonta Vivian -6,000 Elevation (ft) -8,000-10,000-12,000-14,000-16,000-18,000 Regional Water Gradient 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 Pressure (psi)
Pressure versus Elevation Graph Marañon Basin, 0-2,000-4,000 1. "Paleo" Recharge All Data Vivian -6,000 Elevation (ft) -8,000-10,000 2. Flow Convergence -12,000-14,000 3. Present Day Recharge -16,000 Regional Water Gradient -18,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 Pressure (psi)
Migration History Vivian Formation, Marañon Basin, Late Migration Eocene Migration Whole crude gas chromatograph of oil from the Cretaceous Vivian Formation in the Jibaro Field, Marañon Basin (GeoMark, 1997). The hydrocarbon fraction to the right of C15 is highly biodegraded. A later phase of migration is indicated by presence of nonbiodegraded C1 to C15 hydrocarbons. After Higley, 2001.
Burial History Graph Chonta Paleo Kitchen, Marañon Basin, Santiago Basin Chonta Entering Paleo Kitchens Location of Modelled Wells and Pseudo Wells Maturity versus Time Graph in Piuntza IX in the Central Santiago-Nieva Tectonic Depression After Petro, 2002.
Summary Petroleum Systems Marañon Basin, Ma Middle Eocene and older structures Late Miocene and younger structures 0 2nd Phase Pliocene Late Pliocene - Recent Kitchen 10 20 30 Miocene Oligocene Inversion Quechua RE-MIGRATION Trapping of "New" Oil and Re-migrated "Old" Oil 40 50 60 Eocene Pozo Shale Pozo Sand Paleocene Late Cretaceous Chonta 1st Phase Late Cretaceous - Middle Eocene Kitchen Inversion Incaic (Start Cutucu Uplift) Inversion ana MIGRATION Paleo-Trapping and Local Biodegradation of "Old" Oil 210 Jurassic Pucara Triassic
Pozo Time Migration Southern Marañon Basin,
Present Day Migration Northern Marañon Basin,
1978 1972 1989 1974 1973 1973 1973 1977 1978 1972 1975 1974 1981 1982 Recoverable Oil Reserves Marañon Basin, 1971 1973 1973 1978 1973 1978 1981 1974 1975 1974 1977 1974 1972 1974 1975 1971 1974 1972 1971 Tambo Sur San Jacinto Pavayacu Chambira E. Bartra Forestal Shiviyacu Capahuari Sur Huayuri S. Dorissa Capirona Valencia/Neuva Esperanta Yanayacu Ceci 160 Capahuari Sur Corrientes 140 120 Corrientes Dorissa Forestal San Jacinto Jibarito Bretana Samiria Sur Jibaro Huayuri S. Bartra Pavayacu Yanayacu Valencia/Neuva Esperanta Corrientes Carmen Capahuari Norte Shiviyacu 100 80 60 MMBO RECOVERABLE 40 20 0 Possible Undiscovered Chonta Oil Fields Tena Vivian Chonta Cushabatay Shiviyacu Look-alike? Dorissa Look-alike? Forestal Look-alike? San Jacinto Look-alike? Total 734 MMBO: 50 % in 3 Fields 62% in Vivian, 37% in Chonta (Data from Mathalone and Montoya, 1995). Recent discoveries in Block 67 (Dorado, Paiche, Piraña) not included.
Oil Gravity Vivian Formation, Marañon Basin, Colombia Ecuador Oil Gravity ( API) 46 42 38 34 30 26 22 18 Brasil 14 10 0 100 km
Outline 1. Petroleum Geology 2. Paleo Hydrogeology and Dynamic Oil Migration 3. Hydrogeology and Dynamic Oil Migration 4. Conclusions
Petroleum Hydrogeology of the Marañon Basin Early Tertiary - Pozo Time (~40 Ma) PLIO MIO PAL K VIV CHON Pliocene Miocene Paleocene Cretaceous Vivian Ss CUSH JU TR PZ PE Cushabatay Freshwater Flow Jurassic Brine Flow Driving Forces for Brine Flow in the West Triassic Paleozoic Precambrian Oil Migration Source Rock Fault Conduit Chonta PRO TO ANDE AN UPL IFT Major Molasse Source Area P OZO SE A PR OTO CUT UCU UP LIF T W Freshwater Recharge VI VIA N U PLA NDS R DO UA R U C E E P E N Sea Level PAL Tectonic Compression OI L Sediment Load Compaction WIN DO V IV ON SH CH CU F S W K S Western Oil Kitchen JU-TR Salt Dissolution PZ SA NTI AGO BAS IN Before Quecha Inversion = Western Oil Kitchen F PE Extensive Paleo Biodegradation c. 65º C
Paleo - Structure Vivian Formation, Marañon Basin, Colombia N Ecuador Structure (m) 0-200 -400-600 -800-1,000-1,200-1,400-1,600-1,800 Brasil 0 100 km
Paleo - Hydraulic Head Vivian Formation, Marañon Basin, Colombia N Ecuador Hydraulic Head (m) Paleo Flow Convergence 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 Water Flow 100 Brasil 0 0 100 km
Paleo - Water Salinity Vivian Formation, Marañon Basin, Colombia N Ecuador Water Salinity (mg/l) 220,000 200,000 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 Brasil 40,000 20,000 0 100 km
Paleo - Oil Migration Vivian Formation, Marañon Basin, Colombia N Ecuador Brasil 0 100 km
Summary Paleo - Oil Migration Vivian Formation, Marañon Basin, Colombia N Ecuador Oil Charged Fairways Paleo Accumulation Brasil 0 100 km
Outline 1. Petroleum Geology 2. Paleo Hydrogeology and Dynamic Oil Migration 3. Hydrogeology and Dynamic Oil Migration 4. Conclusions
Petroleum Hydrogeology of the Marañon Basin Late Pliocene (c. 5 Ma) - Present CORDILLERA REAL CUTUCU UPLIFT PLIO MIO PAL K VIV CHON Pliocene Miocene Paleocene Cretaceous Vivian Ss Chonta CUSH JU TR PZ PE Cushabatay Jurassic Triassic Paleozoic Precambrian Freshwater Flow Brine Flow Oil Migration Fault Conduit Driving Forces for Brine Flow in the West Source Rock W Strong Freshwater Recharge ECUADOR PERU E N Sea Level Weak 'Paleo' Water Flow c. 65º C K PAL MIO BASE PLIO S OIL WINDOW No Present Day Biodegradation (Reservoirs Too Hot) S S SANTIAGO BASIN
Structure Vivian Formation, Marañon Basin, Colombia N Ecuador Structure (m) 0-1,000-2,000-3,000-4,000 Brasil -5,000 0 100 km
Hydraulic Head Vivian Formation, Marañon Basin, Colombia N Ecuador Hydraulic Head (m) Flow Convergence 400 360 320 280 240 200 160 120 Water Flow 80 40 Brasil 0 0 100 km
Water Salinity Vivian Formation, Marañon Basin, Colombia N Ecuador Water Salinity (mg/l) 200,000 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 Brasil 0 0 100 km
Oil Migration Vivian Formation, Marañon Basin, Colombia N Ecuador Brasil 0 100 km
Summary of Oil Migration and Re-Migration Vivian Formation, Marañon Basin, Colombia N Ecuador Heavy Oil Light - Medium Oil New Oil Charged Fairways Remigrated Paleo Oil Charged Fairways Gas Charged Fairways Paleo Oil Accumulation Present Oil Accumulation Gas Lost to Outcrop Updip Flushing Risk Downdip Flushing Risk Brasil 0 100 km
Tilted Oil/Water Contacts Vivian Formation, Marañon Basin, Colombia N Ecuador Heavy Oil Light - Medium Oil Tilt (m/km) 28 24 20 16 12 Updip Flushing Risk 8 Downdip Flushing Risk 4 Brasil 0 0 100 km
Tilted Oil/Water Contact, Shiviyacu Field Vivian A Sand, Marañon Basin, -8560 ft. 8.6 km OWC Tilt 3.9 m/km SE -8670 ft. Cross-section supplied by:
Predicted Tilted Oil/Water Contacts Loreto Dome, Marañon Basin, C Loreto 1X C 0 Vivian Tilts -1000 Cushabatay Tilts 6 m/km (40ºAPI) Elevation (m) -2000-3000 -4000 Downdip Flow 17 m/km (15ºAPI) 7 m/km (40ºAPI) Vivian Sandstone Shale Chonta Limestone Shale Cushabatay Sandstone -5000 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Downdip Flow 16 m/km (15ºAPI) Vertical Exaggeration = x 20 Loreto Structure Prognosis Distance (km) Despite the 1X well being wet, there is potential for hydrodynamic trapping on the northeast flank of the Loreto Dome. Given the immense size of the structure (2 km of closure and 50 km wide) the reserves trapped could be considerable. Calculations for 40º API, with a predicted oil/water contact tilt of 7 m/km in the Cushabatay, indicate that over a billion BBls of oil could be trapped. Reservoir quality and oil charge are serious risk factors.
Outline 1. Petroleum Geology 2. Paleo Hydrogeology and Dynamic Oil Migration 3. Hydrogeology and Dynamic Oil Migration 4. Conclusions
Conclusions 1. The basin is hydrodynamically active due to outcrop of major aquifers at high elevation in Andes Foothills. 2. Main Vivian reservoir contains oil fields with oil/water contact tilts up to 15 m/km. 3. The southern basin received only paleo oil charge. Three narrow re-migrated oil fairways with potential tilted accumulations are mapped.
Conclusions 4. The northern basin received both paleo and present day oil charge. Four broad oil fairways with potential accumulations exist. 5. A major hydrodynamic trap may exist downdip of the shelf edge in the northern basin. 6. Biodegradation was widespread during paleo-time but is limited to the shallow basin margins today.
Project Availability This study, Present Day and Paleo Hydrodynamics of the Marañon Basin,, is available in paper or PDF format, for a modest copy charge. Please contact Rakhit Petroleum Consulting Ltd. Calgary, Alberta, Canada info@rpcl.com (403) 264-4466