Phanerozoic Paleozoic era 1 Carboniferous and Permian 2 3 Page 1
4 5 Carboniferous terrestrial environment 6 Page 2
Carboniferous coal forests Club mosses Giant horse tails Tree ferns 7 Plant phylogeny Figure 24.9 Charophyta Bryophyta Lycophyta Gymnosperms Marchantiophyta Athocerotophyta Monilophyta Angiosperms 1 1 (Autapomorphies) 1. True leaves, chloroplast DNA inversion 8 Ferns Houseman 9 Page 3
Fern life-cycle Sorri Young sporophyte Young embryo Zygote (2n) Egg Mature sporophyte (2n) Archegonium Leptosporangium Spore release Germinating spore Sperm Antheridium Mature gametophyte Gametophyte (n) 10 Leptosporangia 11 Gametophyte and germinating sporophyte Young sporophyte Gametophyte Rhizoids Root 12 Page 4
Plant phylogeny Figure 24.9 Charophyta Bryophyta Lycophyta Gymnosperms Marchantiophyta Athocerotophyta Monilophyta Angiosperms 1 1 (Autapomorphies) 1. Seeds 13 Spores vs. seeds Homosporous Sporangia Spores Bisexual gametophyte sperm or eggs Heterosporous Microsporangia Microspores Male gametophyte sperm Megasporangia Megaspores Female gametophyte Eggs 14 Mass extinctions Extinction intensity Millions of years ago Figure 27-14 15 Page 5
Gymnosperms Conifers 16 Cones (Strobila) 17 Conifer life cycle Archegonia: Female gametophye Pollen: Male gametophye Zygote Megaspore mother cell Microspore mother cell Embryo Female cones Seed Seedling Male cones 18 Page 6
Gymnosperm pollen (male gametophyte) Prothalial cells Generative cell Wings Tube cell 19 Gymnosperm seed formation Pollen Pollen Megaspore mother cell Pollen tube Archegonia Egg Tetrad of megaspores Female gametophyte 20 Gymnopsperm seeds Embryo (Sporophyte) Nutritive tissue (Gametophyte) Protective seed coat (sporophyte) Figure 24.25 21 Page 7
Fungi Houseman 22 Unique fungal terms Septa, hypha and mycelia 23 More fungal terms Plasmogamy Dikaryote cells Karyogamy Diploid cells Meiosis Haploid cells 24 Page 8
Typical fungal life cycle Spore-producing structure (n) Heterokaryotic mycelium (n + n) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spore-producing structure (n) Zygote (2n) Spores (n) MITOSIS Mycelium (n) Spores (n) Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) 25 Basidiomycota life cycle Basidium Dikaryon Karyogoamy Gills 1 st meiosis Dikaryotic mucelia 2 nd meiosis Basidiospore Monokaryotic mycelia Basidiospore release 26 Basidiospores Basidium Basidiospores 27 Page 9
Fungal mutualism Figure 23.24 28 Types of fungal mutualism Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) EMF Cross section of plant root 29 Types of fungal mutualism Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) Figure 23.24a 30 Page 10
Types of fungal mutualism Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Vesicle Root hair Spore Arbuscule Arbuscule Fungal mycelia Figure 23.11 31 Fungi - Lichens Figure 23.22 c & d 32 Fungi - Lichens Soredium Cortex Photobionts Medulla Cortex Figure 23.22 33 Page 11
! Arthropoda (Autapomorphies) Articulated exoskeleton of plates Muscles arranged in bands Compound eye! Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Syndermata Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Arthropoda Tardigrada Onychophora Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Insect external anatomy (Tagmatization) Antenna Head Thorax Abdomen 2 pairs of wings (adult) Compound eye Mouthparts 3 pairs of legs BIO1130 Organismal Biolog Figure 25.45a 35 Compound eye Facet Cornea Retinular cell Nerve fibres and optic nerve 36 Page 12
Mosaic model of insect vision 37 Mosaic model of insect vision 38 Mosaic model of insect vision 39 Page 13
Mosaic model of insect vision 40 Mosaic model of insect vision 41 Insect movement Flight and wing folding mechanism Video: 4.54 BIO1130 Organismal Biolog 42 Page 14
Cuticle - Exoskeleton Epicuticle Procuticle Epidermis Basement membrane 43 Insect reproduction Internal fertilization - spermatophore Insect egg shell 44 Vertebrate phylogeny Mixini Chondrichthyes Sarcopterygii Mammalia Pteromyzontida Actinopterygii Amphibia Reptilia! BIO2135 Animal Form and Function! Tetrapoda (Autapomorphies) Tetrapod stance with appendicular skeleton of foreand hind-limb 45 Page 15
Vertebrate phylogeny Mixini Chondrichthyes Sarcopterygii Mammalia Pteromyzontida Actinopterygii Amphibia Reptilia!! Amphibia (Autapomorphies) Buccal force breathing Skin is primary respiratory organ BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 46 Amphibians 47 Buccal force respiration 13:33 48 Page 16
Amphibian skin Epidermis Mucus gland Poison gland Dermis 49 Amphibian food 50 Amphibian locomotion Pelvic girdle Pelvic girdle 51 Page 17
Amphibian life cycle Adult Tadpole Egg Blastula Gastrula Gastrula 52 Mass extinctions Extinction intensity Millions of years ago 53 Types of extinction Background extinction Mass extinctions 54 Page 18
Causes of mass extinction Asteroid impacts Elevated Carbon dioxide Flood basalts Volcanoes Gas hydrates Marine anoxia Sea level changes BIO1130 Organismal Biolog 55 Flood basalts video BIO1130 Organismal Biolog Figure 27-15 56 Surviving mass extinctions Plants Insects Small size and global distribution Generalist life style BIO1130 Organismal Biolog 57 Page 19