Research Article Interaction of Magnetic Field and Nonlinear Convection in the Stagnation Point Flow over a Shrinking Sheet

Engineering Volume 216, Article ID 6722, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/1.11/216/6722 Research Article Interaction of Magnetic Field and Nonlinear Convection in the Stagnation Point Flow over a Shrinking Sheet Rakesh Kumar and Shilpa Sood Department of Mathematics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, TAB, Shahpur, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh 17626, India Correspondence should be addressed to Rakesh Kumar; rakesh.lect@gmail.com Received 27 November 21; Revised 26 March 216; Accepted 28 March 216 Academic Editor: Yuanxin Zhou Copyright 216 R. Kumar and S. Sood. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The steady two-dimensional boundary layer stagnation point flow due to a shrinking sheet is analyzed. The combined effects of magnetic field and nonlinear convection are taken into account. The governing equations for the flow are modeled and then simplified using the similarity transformation and boundary layer approach. The numerical solution of the reduced equations is obtained by the second-order finite difference scheme also known as Keller box method. The influence of the pertinent parameters of the problem on velocity and temperature profiles, skin friction, and sheet temperature gradient are presented through the graphs and tables and discussed. The magnetic field and nonlinear convection parameters significantly enhance the solution range. 1. Introduction The analysis of the hydromagnetic flow over stretching or shrinking surfaces is very demanding due to wide range of its applications in industry, physics, and engineering sciences including bioengineering. The impact of magnetic field on the flow of an electrically conducting viscous fluid finds its applications in purification of crude oil, glass manufacturing, paper production, polymer sheets, MHD electrical power generation, magnetic material processing, and so forth [1]. Moreover, the final product relies on the rate of cooling, which is decided by the configuration of the boundary layer near the stretching/shrinking sheet. Chakrabarti and Gupta [2] investigated the hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer over a stretching surface. Zhang and Wang [3] presented a rigorous mathematical analysis to analyze the MHD flow of power law fluid over a stretching sheet. The axially symmetric stagnation point flow of an electrically conducting fluid under transverse magnetic field was examined by Kakutani [4]. An analysis for three-dimensional stagnation point flow over a stretching surface was made by Attia [] considering magnetic field and heat generation. Ali et al. [6] extended the above paper by considering the induced magnetic field. Recently, Ali et al. [7] have reported on the effects of mixed convection parameter and magnetic field over a vertical stretching sheet in the neighborhood of the stagnation point. Mahapatra et al. [8] investigated the MHD stagnation point flowofpowerlawfluidoverasheetwhichisstretchinginits own plane with a velocity proportional to the distance from the stagnation point. Very recently, Khan et al. [9] analyzed the thermodiffusion effects on the MHD stagnation point flow of nanofluid over a stretching sheet. Hayat et al. [1] investigated the stagnation point flow on a non-newtonian fluid over a stretching sheet. Some significant aspects of the MHD stagnation point flow over stretching surfaces can be foundinhayatetal.[11],shateyiandmakinde[12],ibrahim et al. [13], Mahapatra and Gupta [14], Ishak et al. [1], and so forth. In recent times, the researchers are attracted towards the flow over shrinking surfaces. These flows are different from the flow over stretching surfaces in many ways. In shrinking sheet problems, the surface of the sheet is stretched towards a slot and hence generating a velocity away from the sheet. Therefore, the generated vorticity does not remain withintheboundarylayerandtheflowwillbeunlikelyto exist [16]. Wang [17] confirmed that the solutions can be foundonlyforsmallshrinkingratesandmultiplesolutions may exist for two-dimensional cases. Mahapatra and Nandy [18] were the researchers who analyzed that if suitable suction or stagnation point is added, then the vorticity can be controlled and the similarity solution will exist. Moreover, the

2 Engineering stagnation region is the region which faces the highest pressure, heat transfer, and rates of mass deposition [19]. Keeping this in mind, the buoyancy effects on the MHD stagnation point flow of nanofluid were discussed by Makinde et al. [2]. Zaimi et al. [21] examined the boundary layer flow and heat transfer for nanofluid over a nonlinearly stretching/shrinking sheet. Akbar et al. [22] obtained the dual numerical solutions forthemhdstagnationpointflowofcarreaufluidtowardsa permeable shrinking sheet. Some contributions on the study of stagnation point flow over shrinking surfaces for various physical situations and different fluids appeared in literature. Some of them can be found in Yian et al. [23], Bachok et al. [24], Nadeem et al. [2], Bhattacharyya et al. [26], Van Gorder et al. [27], Mansur et al. [28], and Ishak et al. [29]. However, for viscous fluid flows with heat transfer, the influence of linear dependence of density on temperature, that is, free convection, is found to be highly substantial in applications relating to industrial manufacturing processes and, therefore, cannot be ignored. But when the temperature difference between the surface and the ambient fluid is substantially large, the nonlinear density temperature (NDT) variations in the buoyancy force term have a significant effect on the flow and heat transfer features. Vajravelu and Sastri [3] discussed the flow between two parallel plates by considering the quadratic density temperature (QDT) variation and showed that the flow and heat transfer rates are substantially affected by it. Bhargava and Agarwal [31] examined the fully developed free convection flow in circular pipe with nonlinear density temperature variations. The nonlinear convection effects on the flow past a flat porous plate have been reported byvajraveluetal.[32].theflowdynamicsofshrinkingsurfaces is still unknown and many of its characteristics are yet to be investigated. Motivated by this, the aim is to target the interaction between magnetic field and nonlinear convection on the stagnation point flow over a shrinking sheet. 2. Formulation of the Problem Consider a steady two-dimensional mixed convection flow of an incompressible, electrically conducting, and viscous fluid over a shrinking sheet as shown in Figure 1. Here, we have considered the Cartesian coordinate system with fixed origin such that the x-axisisalongthedirectionofthe shrinking surface and the y-axis is taken normal to the sheet. AmagneticfieldofuniformstrengthB is applied normal to shrinking sheet and magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to be small to neglect the induced magnetic field. Here, we have supposed that external fluid velocity is U e (x) = ax, where a>is the stagnation flow strength, and velocity of the sheet is U w (x) = cx, wherec<represents shrinking of the sheet and c>represents stretching of the sheet. We have also assumed that fluid has an ambient temperature T and T=T w (x) as temperature of the sheet. The governing boundary layer equations under the abovementioned assumptions are as follows. Equation of continuity that is u x + V =. (1) y y B U e (x) U e (x) B x U w (x) U w (x) Region of nonzero vorticity Stagnation point Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the problem. Equation of motion that is u u x + V u y =U U e e x + u ] 2 y 2 + σb2 ρ (U e u) Equation of energy that is +gβ(t T )+gβ 1 (T T ) 2. (2) u T x + V T y =α 2 T y 2, (3) where u(x, y) is the velocity component along the x-direction and V(x, y) is the velocity component along the y-direction, ] is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, T is the fluid temperature, α is thermal diffusivity, β and β 1 are the coefficients of thermal expansion, g is acceleration due to gravity, and B is the applied magnetic field. Suitable boundary conditions for this particular flow problem are V =, u=u w (x) =cx, T=T w (x) =T +bx, at y=,

Engineering 3 u=u e (x) =ax, T=T, as y. In order to reduce above set of nonlinear partial differential equations (1) (3) with given boundary conditions into a set of ordinary differential equations, the following similarity transformations will be used: = U e ]x y, ψ= avxf (), θ()= T T T w T, u= ψ y, V = ψ x. Here ψ is the stream function, which identically satisfies the continuityequation, and θ is the dimensionless temperature. The transformed set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is f () + f () f () [f ()] 2 +1 +M[1 f ()] + λθ () [1 + γθ ()] =, θ () + Pr [f () θ () θ () f ()] =, where prime denotes differentiation with respect to. The nondimensional parameters announced in (6) are M = σb 2 /ρa (magnetic parameter), Pr = ]/α (Prandtl number), and λ = Gr x /Re 2 x (buoyancy parameter), where Gr x = gβ(t w T )x 3 /] 2 (local Grashof number), Re x = xu e /] (local Reynolds number), and γ = β 1 (T w T )/β (NDT parameter). With the use of the abovementioned similarity transformations, boundary conditions (4) reduce to f()=, f () = c a =s, f () = 1, θ()=, θ()=1, at =, as, where c/a is the velocity ratio parameter (ratio of shrinking velocity rate to the straining velocity rate). (4) () (6) (7) In this problem the physical parameters of interest are skin friction C f and local Nusselt number Nu x which are defined as follows: C f = τ w ρue 2, Nu x = xq w k(t w T ), where τ w = μ( u/ y) y= and q w = k( T/ y) y= are shear stress and heat flux at the sheet, respectively. Here μ is the dynamic viscosity and k is the thermal conductivity. By using nondimensional similarity transformations (), we get C f Re 1/2 x =f (), Nu x Re 1/2 x = θ (). 3. Solution Methodology The above set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations (6) along with the boundary conditions (7) are solved numerically by means of an implicit finite difference scheme known as Keller box method combined with Newton s linearization method [32 3]. This method has a second-order accuracy and is unconditionally stable. The method has the following steps to solve a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations: (8) (9) (1) Reduce the given equations into the first order. (2) Write finite difference approximation of the ordinary differential equations using central difference derivatives. (3) Linearize the nonlinear system of equations using Newton s linearization method and write it in matrixvector form. (4) Use LU decomposition technique to solve the block tridiagonal structure. 4. Results and Discussion In the present analysis, rigorous computations have been performed in order to achieve two targets, namely, understanding the influence of pertinent parameters on flow and heat transfer characteristics and deriving the numerical range of velocity ratio parameters to ensure the laminar flow over the considered shrinking sheet. The numerical results have been obtained using the symbolic language in MATLAB. To retain the accuracy in numerical calculations, a step size of Δ =.1 was found to be suitable to obtain accuracy within tolerance error less than 1 in all cases. The position of edge of the boundary layer and step size Δ in has to be adjusted for different values of parameters to retain the accuracy. To check accuracy of the present results, a comparison has been made with the data existing in literature and is presented in Table 1, which confirms the accuracy of this numerical method. Inspired by the accuracy of results, the present study is carried out to comprehend the

4 Engineering Table 1: Comparison of the values of skin friction f () for γ=, λ=,andm=. s Solutions Present result Mahapatra et al. [36] Wang [17].2 Upper 1.4223 1.42242 1.4224. Upper 1.4968 1.49672 1.4967.7 Upper 1.489316 1.489296 1.48932 1. Upper 1.32884 1.328819 1.32882 Lower.. 1.1 Upper 1.18677 1.18668 Lower.4939.49222 1.1 Upper 1.82262 1.82232 1.8223 Lower.117298.11672.11672 1.2 Upper.93212.93247 Lower.233638.233648 1.24 Upper.849.84374 Lower.3728.421. Upper 1.23297 1.23388 1.23288.1 Upper 1.146699 1.1466 1.1466.2 Upper 1.11379 1.1131 1.113 2. Upper 1.887316 1.88738 1.88731. Upper 1.26479 1.2647 1.2647 impacts of physical parameters entering into this study, like magnetic field, buoyancy force, nonlinear convection, and Prandtl number, on the stagnation point flow over a shrinking sheet. Arbitrary values are allotted to the related physical parameters. Here, we are pointing towards a study on the stagnation point flow over a shrinking sheet which was investigated by Wang [17]. In the present analysis, it is worth mentioning that the solution range extends significantly with the introduction of NDT parameter (γ) and its interaction with the magnetic field; and hence the solutions are also found to be existing for larger shrinking rates. Moreover, Miklavcic and Wang [37] showed that multiple solutions exist for the flow over a shrinkingsheetandinouranalysiswehavealsoencountered dual solution regimes. The dual solutions range obtained in terms of velocity ratio parameters (s 1,s 2 ) for different values of nonlinear convection parameter (γ) and magnetic field (M) has been depicted through Table 2. This table clearly communicates that (s 1,s 2 ) extends significantly for skin friction f () andrateofheattransfer θ () with the increasing γ. However, the increasing strength of magnetic field (M) exhibits stable expansion at the left end and significant contraction at the right end of (s 1,s 2 ). The streamlines have been plotted in Figure 2 for negative value of velocity 6 4 ψ/(a ) 1/2 =.1,.2,.3,.4 ψ/(a ) 1/2 =.1,.2,.3,.4 2 x 2 1 1 2 Figure 2: Variation of streamlines for s= 3,Pr =3, M =.2, γ =.,andλ =.. 1 1 2 f () s 4 3 2 1 1 γ =.4,., 1 Figure3:Variationofskinfrictionwiths for various values of γ with M =., λ =.,andpr=1. Table 2: Range of dual solutions for skin friction and rate of heat transfer with λ =. and Pr =1. s γ =.4 γ =. γ = 1 f ()/(s 1,s 2 ) ( 3.73,.9) ( 3.7,.84) ( 4.4,.64) θ ()/(s 1,s 2 ) ( 3.73,.9) ( 3.7,.84) ( 4.4,.64) M =. M =.2 M =. f ()/(s 1,s 2 ) ( 3.72,.1) ( 3.7,.6) ( 3.79,.84) θ ()/(s 1,s 2 ) ( 3.72,.1) ( 3.7,.6) ( 3.79,.84) ratio parameter (s),and it is observed that a horizontal line divides the streamlines into two regions and a reverse flow patternisobtainedontheshrinkingsurface. The variations of skin friction f () and rate of heat transfer θ () with nonlinear convection parameter (γ) and magnetic field (M) are illustrated in Figures 3 6. The dual nature of solutions has been depicted by these figures for negative values of velocity ratio parameters, that is, shrinking of the sheet. The small neighborhoods around the left end points of (s 1,s 2 ) obtained in Table 2 are the bifurcation points. These bifurcation points turn out to be the singular points for the second solution profiles of f () and θ (). This is due tothephysicalfactthatthenonlinearconvectionparameter generates severe velocity and temperature gradients. It is also found from these figures that both f () and θ () are enhanced for the first solution with the increasing γ and M. However for the second solution, f () and θ () are reduced with the increasing γ. The second solution profiles of

Engineering f () 1 1 s M=.,.2,. 4 3 2 1 1 f () M =.1,.3,.7, 1 1 2 3 4 Figure 4: Variation of skin friction with s for various values of M with γ =., λ =.,andpr=1. Figure 7: Velocity profiles for various values of M with s= 3, γ=., λ=1,andpr=3. 3 2 1 θ () s M =.1,.3,.7, 1 1 θ() 1 2 γ =.4,., 1 4 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 Figure:Variation of heat transfer at thesurfacewith s for various values of γ with M =., λ =.,andpr=1. Figure 8: Temperature profiles for various values of M with s = 3, γ =., λ=1,andpr=3. 3 2 1 1 2 θ () s 4 3 2 1 1 M=.,.2,. Figure6:Variationofheattransferatthesurfacewiths for various values of M with γ =., λ =.,andpr=1. θ () also decay with the increasing M but profiles of f () observe opposite trends. Further, it is noted that the second solution is lesser numerically than the first solution for the case of f () whereas reverse patterns have been exhibited by the first and second solution profiles for the rate of heat transfer case. The main interesting result which we obtain from these figures is that the unique solutions are found to exist on both sides of dual solution range (s 1,s 2 ) and hence extending the solution range tremendously. Figures 7 and 8 have been plotted, respectively, to discuss the influence of magnetic field (M) on velocity f () and temperature θ() profiles of the problem under consideration. Figure 7 depicts an increase in velocity profiles of upper and lower branch solutions with the increasing strength of the magnetic field, and the velocity boundary layer thickness is found to be decaying with the increasing M.Thisfigurealso reveals that increasing M has more significant effect on the profiles of lower branch solutions as compared to the upper branch solutions. Further, at certain critical distance from the sheet some cross flow points have been observed for f () and after these interception points reverse behavior is noted. The physics behind this phenomenon is that the magnetic field interaction can stabilize or destabilize the flow and for the present case a destabilizing influence has been noticed. Here, it is interesting to point out that lower branch profiles cross the upper branch ones; and all f () curves are initially decreasing and attaining larger negative values and then start to increase for huge values of, thereby attaining the positive values. This phenomenon shows reverse flow patterns which is physically due to the shrinking and straining velocities in opposite directions, a responsible factor for reverse flow. The effect of magnetic field (M) is to decrease the upper branch temperature profiles without any cross flow points as Figure 8 exhibits, whereas lower branch solution profiles of θ() are

6 Engineering λ =.8,.,.3,.2 γ =.1,.8,.6,.3 1 2 3 4 6 7 f () Figure 9: Velocity profiles for various values of λ with s= 3, γ=1, M =.2,andPr=3. 1 1 λ =.2,.3,.,.8 θ() 2 1 2 3 4 6 Figure 1: Temperature profiles for various values of λ with s = 3, γ=1, M =.2,andPr=3. 6 4 γ =.3,.6,.8, 1 2 f () 2 4 8 1 2 3 4 Figure 11: Velocity profiles for various values of γ with s= 3, λ=., M =.2,andPr=3. initially increased and later on the pattern is reversed after crossing the critical point at a certain distance from the sheet. Here,thepointofimportanceisthatlowerbranchsolutions are numerically lesser than upper branch solutions; and upper branch profiles approach the far field boundary conditions asymptotically from positive values whereas lower branch profiles approach them from negative values. Physically it means that magnetic field (M) has a stabilizing effect on the temperature field θ(). 1 θ() 1 2 1 2 3 4 6 7 Figure 12: Temperature profiles for various values of γ with s = 3, λ =., M =.2,andPr=3. The distributions of velocity f () and temperature θ() fields for different values of buoyancy parameter (λ) have been illustrated, respectively, through Figures 9 and 1. For upper branch solutions, f () increases and θ() decreases, whereas f () are reduced and θ() are enhanced for lower branch solutions. Further, multiple interception points along with the reverse pattern after crossing them have been noticed for the upper and lower branch profiles of f (), andnocrossflowpointshavebeenobservedforthatof θ(). Again, the lower branch profiles cross the upper branch for f () and the lower branch is always numerically lesser than the upper branch for θ(). Moreover, in the vicinity of the sheet, the velocity gradients are negative for both of the branches whereas temperature gradient is positive for the upper branch and negative for the lower branch. It is interesting to communicate here that λ significantly alters f () and θ() for both of the branches. The effects of nonlinear convection parameter (γ) on the profiles of velocity f () and temperature θ() have been displayed, respectively, by Figures 11 and 12. The influence of γ on the distributions of f () and θ() is quite similar to that of buoyancy parameter (λ) with a difference that only one interception point has been noticed for upper and lower branch profiles of f (). The other difference observed is that nonlinear convection parameter has more pronounced effect on θ(), whereas no significant effect has been observed for f (). The Prandtl number (Pr) effects on velocity f () and temperature θ() fields are presented in Figures 13 and 14. FromFigure13,itisobservedthatupperbranchvelocity profiles are increased and the corresponding boundary layer thickness becomes thinner with the increasing Pr; however Pr has the opposite effect on the second branch solutions; that is, it decreases in the vicinity of the sheet. One interception point has also been noticed for lower branch solutions of f () and after this point the flow trends are reversed. The significant effect of Pr on upper and lower branch profiles of f () is revealed by Figure 13. It is interesting to note from this figure that the negative velocity gradients are converted into positive gradients for Prandtl number greater than or equal to 3 (Pr 3 app.) for the upper branch solutions of f () thereby making the flow physically

Engineering 7 in the magnetic field and the NDT, the dual solution region also increases. f () Pr = 1, 3, 4, 1 1 2 3 4 Figure 13: Velocity profiles for various values of Pr with s = 3, γ=1, λ =.,andm =.2. 1 1 θ() Pr = 1, 3, 4, 2 1 2 3 4 6 Figure 14: Temperature profiles for various values of Pr with s= 3, γ=1, λ =.,andm =.2. reliable. Also, since Prandtl number is the ratio of momentum diffusion to thermal diffusion, therefore, larger values of Pr represent the larger momentum diffusion which results in the enhancement of velocity profiles. On the other hand, from Figure 14 it is exhibited that the upper branch of θ() is increased and corresponding boundary layer is decayed with increasing Pr whereas the lower branch of θ() and boundary layer are reduced. This is due to the physical fact that larger Prandtl number represents a decreased thermal conductivity which results in a reduced thermal boundary layer thickness.. Conclusions A study of the similarity solution of steady MHD stagnation point flow over a shrinking sheet with nonlinear convection was carried out. The main objective of this study was to analyze the influence of physical parameters involved in the system, namely, velocity ratio parameter, magnetic parameter, buoyancy parameter, NDT, and Prandtl number, on the solution. The implicit finite difference method has been employed to solve numerically the transformed nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Here, in this study dual solutions are found to exist. A new characteristic of our result came into sight, that is, presence of the severe gradients, and these severe gradients occur due to the presence of nonlinear convection. Additionally, it is observed that, with the increase Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. References [1] K. Bhattacharyya, T. Hayat, and A. Alsaedi, Analytic solution for magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow of Casson fluid over a stretching/shrinking sheet with wall mass transfer, Chinese Physics B,vol.22,no.2,ArticleID2472,213. [2] A. Chakrabarti and A. S. Gupta, Hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer over a stretching sheet, Quarterly Applied Mathematics,vol.37,pp.73 78,1979. [3] Z. Zhang and J. Wang, On the similarity solutions of magnetohydrodynamic flows of power-law fluids over a stretching sheet, Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 27 22, 27. [4] T. Kakutani, Axially symmetric stagnation-point flow of an electrically conducting fluid under transverse magnetic field, JournalofthePhysicalSocietyofJapan,vol.1,pp.688 69,196. []H.A.Attia, Axisymmetricstagnationpointflowtowardsa stretching surface in the presence of a uniform magnetic field with heat generation, Tamkang Science and Engineering,vol.1,no.1,pp.11 16,27. [6] F. M. Ali, R. Nazar, N. M. Arifin, and I. Pop, MHD stagnationpoint flow and heat transfer towards stretching sheet with induced magnetic field, Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, vol.32,no.4,pp.49 418,211. [7] F. M. Ali, R. Nazar, N. M. Arifin, and I. Pop, Mixed convection stagnation-point flow on vertical stretching sheet with external magnetic field, Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1 166, 214. [8] T.R.Mahapatra,S.K.Nandy,andA.S.Gupta, Magnetohydrodynamic stagnation-point flow of a power-law fluid towards a stretching surface, Non-Linear Mechanics,vol.44,no.2,pp.123 128,29. [9] U. Khan, N. Ahmed, S. I. Khan, and S. T. Mohyud-din, Thermo-diffusion effects on MHD stagnation point flow towards a stretching sheet in a nanofluid, Propulsion and Power Research,vol.3,no.3,pp.11 18,214. [1] T. Hayat, Z. Abbas, and M. Sajid, MHD stagnation-point flow of an upper-convected Maxwell fluid over a stretching surface, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals,vol.39,no.2,pp.84 848,29. [11] T. Hayat, A. Rafique, M. Y. Malik, and S. Obaidat, Stagnationpoint flow of Maxwell fluid with magnetic field and radiation effects, Heat Transfer-Asian Research, vol.41,no.1,pp.23 32, 212. [12] S. Shateyi and O. D. Makinde, Hydromagnetic stagnationpoint flow towards a radially stretching convectively heated disk, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 213, Article ID 616947, 8 pages, 213. [13] W. Ibrahim, B. Shankar, and M. M. Nandeppanavar, MHD stagnation point flow and heat transfer due to nanofluid towards a stretching sheet, Heat and Mass Transfer,vol.6,no.1-2,pp.1 9,213. [14] T. R. Mahapatra and A. S. Gupta, Magnetohydrodynamic stagnation-point flow towards a stretching sheet, Acta Mechanica, vol.12,no.1-4,pp.191 196,21.

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