Flux and Spectral Variation Characteristics of 3C at the GeV Band

Research in Astron. Astrophys. Vol. (x) No., http://www.raa-journal.org http://www.iop.org/journals/raa Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics Flux and Spectral Variation Characteristics of 3C 5.3 at the GeV Band Hai-Ming Zhang 1, Jin Zhang, Rui-Jing Lu 1, Ting-Feng Yi 3, Xiao-Li Huang 1 and En-Wei Liang 1 1 Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Guangxi University, Nanning 53, China; Key Laboratory of Space Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 1, China; jinzhang@bao.ac.cn 3 Department of Physics, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 655, China. Received 17 December 3; accepted 17 December 15 Abstract We analyze the long-term lightcurve of 3C 5.3 observed with Fermi/LAT and investigate its relation to the flux in the radio, optical, and X-ray bands. By fitting the 1-day binned GeV lightcurve with multiple Gaussian function (MGF), we propose that the typical variability timescale in the GeV band is 1 days. The GeV flux variation is accompanied by the spectral variation characterized as flux-tracking, i.e., harder when brighter. The GeV flux is correlated with the optical and X-ray fluxes, and a weak correlation between γ-ray flux and radio flux is also observed. The γ-ray flux is not correlated with the optical linear polarization degree for the global lightcurves, but they show a correlation for the lightcurves before MJD 56. The power density spectrum of the global lightcurve shows an obvious turnover at 7.7 days, which may indicate a typical variability timescale of 3C 5.3 in the γ-ray band. This is also consistent with the derived timescales by fitting the global lightcurve with MGF. The spectral evolution and an increase of the optical linear polarization degree along with the increase of the γ-ray flux may indicate that the radiation particles are accelerated and the magnetic field is ordered by the shock processes during the outbursts. In addition, the nature of 3C 5.3 may be consistent with the self-organized criticality system, similar to Sagittarius A, and thus the outbursts are from plasmoid ejections driven by magnetic reconnection. This may further support the idea that the jet radiation regions are magnetized. Key words: gamma rays: galaxies galaxies: jets quasars: individual: 3C 5.3 1 INTRODUCTION Variabilities in multi-wavelength with timescales from one year to several hours, even as short as a few minutes in the GeV-TeV band in some extreme cases, are observed in blazars (e.g., Fossati et al. 8; Abdo et al. ; Aleksić et al. 11; Arlen et al. 13; Liao et al. 16; Hong et al. 17). The physical origin of the variability is still debated. The variability may be related with the activities of central engine, e.g., newly-emerging component (Arlen et al. 13; Jorstad et al. 13), or the change of jet physical property, e.g., the variations of Lorenz factors and particle acceleration mechanisms (Villata et al. 7; Raiteri et al 11; Nalewajko 13; Zhu et al. 16), or the geometric mechanism, e.g., the fractal helical structure jets (Larionov et al. ), or an emission blob smaller than the jet

H. M. Zhang & J. Zhang et al. cross section, e.g., jet-in-jet or spine-layer model (e.g., Ghisellini & Tavecchio 8; Chen 17). The quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO), such as the 1-year QPO in OJ 87 was proposed due to a binary system of supermassive black holes in the center (Sillanpaa et al. 1988, 1996; Lehto & Valtonen 1996). The flux variation is always accompanied with the spectral variation. This may shed light on the particle acceleration and the properties of the radiation regions. The observed relations between spectral index and flux in blazars are diverse. Cui () reported that the spectral evolution behaviors of Mrk 1 in the X-ray band are very complex and different during different flares. An increase of the synchrotron peak flux along with the increase of its peak position is observed in Mrk 1 and the other four TeV BL Lacs (PKS 58 3, 1H 16+18, Mrk 51 and 1ES 1959+65, Massaro et al. 8; Tramacere et al. 9), and the similar feature has also been reported in the multiwavelength radiation mechanism research of blazars (Zhang et al. 1, 13). However, Nalewajko (13) did not find a uniform feature of the spectral variation in the GeV band with a sample of brightest γ-ray flares observed by Fermi/LAT. 3C 5.3 is one of the most active blazars in multi-wavelengthes from the radio to the γ-ray bands (Ackermann et al. ; Jorstad et al., 13; Raiteri et al. 11; Wehrle et al. 1; Britto et al. 16). An extraordinary outburst at the γ-ray band in 9 December was observed with Fermi/LAT, which makes 3C 5.3 to be the brightestγ-ray source in the sky for over one week, and since then several brighter outbursts in theγ-ray band were detected by Fermi/LAT (Ackermann et al. ; Pacciani et al. 1; Britto et al. 16). By observing the parsec-scale (pc) jet in 3C 5.3 with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) during its pronounced flaring in 5-8, Jorstad et al. () suggested that a superluminal knot emerges from the core, which yields a series of optical and high-energy outbursts. The similar phenomenon was observed again in 3C 5.3 during its γ-ray outbursts in 9 and (Jorstad et al. 13). These factors may imply that the variability of 3C 5.3 is connected with its central engine activities. In this paper, we dedicate to present a comprehensive analysis on the GeV emission of 3C 5.3 with the Fermi/LAT observation data and investigate its relation to the emission in X-ray, optical and radio bands. The reduction of the Fermi/LAT data is given in Section. Variability behaviors in the GeV band are described in Section 3. Using the well-sampled observation data of Fermi/LAT, we investigate the spectral evolution in the GeV band in Section. The cross-correlation analysis of variability among multiple wavelength lightcurves is presented in Section 5. A discussion and summary are reported in Section 6 and Section 7, respectively. FERMI/LAT DATA REDUCTION The data observed with Fermi/LAT (Pass 8 data) from 8 August 6 (Modified Julian Day, MJD 568) to 16 February 16 (MJD 573) for 3C 5.3 are used for our analysis. The temporal coverage of the data is 7.5 years. Our data analysis is performed with the standard analysis tool gtlike/pylikelihood, which is part of the Fermi Science Tools software package 1 (ver. vrp5). The P8R-SOURCE-V6 set of instrument response functions (IRFs) was used. Photons with energies from.1 to GeV were taken into account for our analysis. The significance of the γ-ray signal from the source is evaluated with the maximum-likelihood test statistic (TS), where the events with TS 1 were taken. They are selected from the region of interest (ROI) with radius of, centered at the position of 3C 5.3. The Galactic longitude and latitude are 86.1 and 38., respectively. The isotropic background, including the sum of residual instrumental background and extragalactic diffuse γ-ray background, was fitted with a model derived from the isotropic background at high Galactic latitude, i.e., iso-p8r-source-v6-v6.txt, and the Galactic diffuse GeV emission was modeled with gll-iem-v6.fits. In order to eliminate the contamination from the γ-ray-bright Earth limb, the events with zenith angle were excluded. 1 https://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/analysis/software/ Taken from http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/access/lat/backgroundmodels.html

Characteristics of 3C 5.3 at the GeV Band 3 A power-law spectral model is used to fit the observed spectrum in each time bin with an unbinned maximum likelihood method, i.e., dn de = N(Γ+1)EΓ, (1) Emax Γ+1 E Γ+1 min where Γ is the photon spectral index for the events in the energy band between E min (.1 GeV) and E max ( GeV). 3 VARIABILITY IN THE GEV BAND Figure 1(a) shows the derived LAT lightcurve of 3C 5.3 in a time bin of 1 day. Note that no observational data with TS 1 are available in the time intervals from MJD 5797 to MJD 5939 and from MJD 55758 to MJD 568. One can observe that 3C 5.3 experienced several violent outbursts in the γ-ray band during the past 8 years. An extremely bright flare is observed with the highest luminosity of1.6±.6 5 erg s 1 on November (MJD 555), which sets up at MJD 5578 and returns to the quiet state at MJD 5559, lasting more than three months with other three obvious flare peaks. Giant outbursts are composed of many flares. We divide the global GeV lightcurve into 1 outburst episodes in order to demonstrate these flares. We do not adopt a rigid criterion to select each episode. It usually starts at a time when the flux goes up from a baseline and ends at a time when the flux goes down to the baseline. Each episode is composed of several pulses. We fit the lightcurve of each episode with multiple Gaussian functions. Our results are shown in Figure. The global lightcurve during the 7.5 years in the γ-ray band is fitted with 36 Gaussian components, corresponding 36 flares. We calculate the full width at half maximum (FWHM), the peak luminosity (L peak ), the total radiation energy (E γ ) of each flare, wheree γ is derived by the integrating emission in the duration of each Gaussian component in the.1 GeV energy band. The results are listed in Table 1. On the basis of the flare-finding with the Gaussian-fitting method, we also find that the GeV lightcurves in some episodes are composed of two components, spiked flares with short-timescale and broad flares with long-timescale, as shown in Figure. Most flares are the spike flares. The FWHM values of the broad components are usually tens days and they are dimmer than the spiked flares. It is possible that the two components are from the different radiation regions. The distributions of FWHM, L peak, and E γ are shown in Figure 3. It is found that the FWHM values range from 1 day to 5 days, clustered at 5 days. Although the time-bin selection effect (1-day in this analysis) may lead a bias on the intrinsic FWHM distribution, it still indicates that the timescales of the GeV flares should be several days. The L peak values of these flares range from 7.6 erg s 1 to 5. erg s 1 and narrowly cluster within 8.3 9. erg s 1. E γ ranges from 53. to 55.6 erg, clustering at 53.6 to 5.6 erg. To further investigate the variability properties of 3C 5.3 in the GeV band, we calculate the power density spectrum (PDS) of the global lightcurve in the GeV band with the Lomb-Scargle Periodogram (LSP) algorithm (Lomb 1976; Scarle 198). The PDS curve is shown in Figure. We use a broken power-law function to fit the PDS curve of 3C 5.3, and the posterior probability density of the parameters of the model is derived by a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo technique (Vaughan ). The derived turnover is at 7.7 days, which may correspond to a typical variability timescale of 3C 5.3 in the GeV band. This is roughly consistent with the FWHM distribution. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SPECTRAL INDEX AND FLUX VARIATIONS Spectral index and flux variation may shed light on the particle acceleration and radiation physics. Figure also shows the temporal evolution of photon spectral index (Γ) in theγ-ray band for each episode. One can find that the flux variation is accompanied by the Γ variation. Figure 1(b) illustrates the variation of 3C 5.3 in the L γ Γ plane, where the Fermi blazars taken from Ackermann et al. (15, see also their Figure 1) are also presented in order to make comparison. The data of 3C 5.3 distribute in the high luminosity end in thel γ Γ plane. ItsΓvalues range from 1.8±.19 (in MJD [5697, 56975])

H. M. Zhang & J. Zhang et al. to 3.36 ±.53 (in MJD [569, 5693]), and are larger than in some bright flares, such as that observed in the episodes of MJD [5655, 56575], MJD [5679, 5685], MJD [5686, 5689], and MJD [5696, 57]. Using the Pearson correlation analysis method, we analyze the correlation between L γ and Γ for 3C 5.3 in different flux stages. A tentative correlation with a correlation coefficient of r =.6 and a chance probability of p is found. To further study this issue, we investigate the Γ L γ correlation in 3 bright outbursts, among them 6 outbursts having L max /L min, 13 outbursts having 5 L max /L min <, and 15 outbursts having 3 L max /L min < 5, where L max and L min are the maximum and minimum luminosities in the selected outbursts. Note that we do not have a critical criterion to separate these outbursts. We just only artificially select the time intervals that have bright flares. The maximum and minimum durations among the 3 outbursts are 5 days and 3 days, respectively. The values ofl max,l min,l max /L min as well as the duration of each outburst are reported in Table. Figure 5 shows the temporal variations of L γ and Γ as well as Γ as a function of L γ for the 3 selected outbursts. Most of outburst episodes exhibit a strong correlation between Γ and L γ. The correlation coefficient and chance probability of the Pearson correlation analysis with slope of linear fits for each outburst episode are reported in Table, where the errors of both Γ and L γ are considered during the linear fitting. These results indicate that the variations of luminosity are accompanied with the spectral evolution in most of outburst cases for 3C 5.3, showing the behavior of flux tracking as harder when brighter. We also study the correlation and possible lag behavior betweenl γ andγin each outburst episode using the discrete cross-correlation function (, Edelson & Krolik 1988). The results of the analysis are presented in the right panels of Figure 5. The correlation betweenl γ andγfor 8 outbursts is significant over the 95% confidence level, and except for the outburst episodes 5 ( days), 6 (-1 days), 8 (5 days), no lag behavior is found in other outburst episodes. Note that the above analysis is on the basis of the one-day binning lightcurves. The fast variabilities on timescale of hours (even shorter) had been reported for 3C 5.3 (Abdo et al. 11; Britto et al. 16). Therefore, we also re-analyze the two outbursts that have a peak luminosity L γ > 5 9 erg s 1 in Figure 1(a) by using a time-bin of 3-hour. As illustrated in Figure 6, the statistical correlations betweenl γ andγare still presented during the fast flares (see also Abdo et al. 11; Britto et al. 16). The Pearson correlation analysis yieldsr =.59 in a chance probability ofp = 3.1 5 andr =.76 withp = 6. 9 for the two flares, respectively. And no lag behavior is found in the analysis. These facts may imply that the behavior of harder when brighter is an intrinsic property of this source, which is independent of the time-bin size of analysis. 5 CORRELATIONS OF EMISSION BETWEEN γ-ray AND OTHER ENERGY BANDS The long-term simultaneously observed lightcurves of 3C 5.3 in X-ray, optical, and radio 3 GHz, as well as the polarization data are shown in Figure 7, which are taken from the web http://www.bu.edu/blazars/vlbaproject.html ; the X-ray data were from the Swift satellite. the optical photometric and polarization data were obtained with the 1.8 m Perkins Telescope of Lowell Observatory, which are not corrected for the galactic extinction. the 3 GHz data were taken from the VLBA observations. The radio data at 15 GHz that were obtained by the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO, http://www.astro.caltech.edu/ovroblazars/) m radio telescope (Richards et al. 11) are also given in Figure 7. The OVRO supports an ongoing blazar monitoring program of Fermi satellite. As illustrated in Figure 7, 3C 5.3 shows the significant flux variation in the multiple wavelength. It was reported that its gamma-ray outbursts are usually accompanied by the flux variations in low-energy bands (e.g., Jorstad et al. 13; Wehrle et al. 1). In addition, its flux variation in the gamma-ray band is also observed to be correlated with the variation of the optical polarization (Jorstad et al., 13). We make the analysis of variability between γ-ray and other energy bands using the longterm lightcurves in multiple wavelength, as shown in Figure 8. The results are calculated using

Characteristics of 3C 5.3 at the GeV Band 5 the logarithm of the flux, which is less dominated by the high flux values (see also Ackermann et al. ). Note that no observational data are available from MJD 55758 to MJD 568 at the gamma-ray band and there is a very large outburst at MJD 555, hence we divide the global lightcurves into two segments with MJD 56, and then we also calculate the results for the two segments among multiwavelength, respectively. The results are also given in Figure 8. It is found that the gamma-ray flux is correlated with the fluxes in the R-band and X-ray band, and is weakly correlated with the radio flux. No clear correlation between the gamma-ray flux and the evolution of the optical linear polarization degree is found for the global and second segment lightcurves, but they are correlated during the first segment lightcurves, which is consistent with the reported results in Jorstad et al. (, 13). 6 DISCUSSION Several models have been proposed to explain the origin of the erratic outbursts observed in blazars. 3C 5.3 with the significant spectral and flux variations should be the best candidate to study this issue. 3C 5.3 is a typical FSRQ and its jet orientation should point to the line of sight. It was suggested that the outbursts with different brightness may be due to a helical jet, in which blobs move at different angles to the line of sight leading to different Doppler boosting effect on the observed photons (e.g., Villata et al. 7; Jorstad et al. 13). As we show here that the variation of gamma-ray flux is accompanied by the variations of spectral index and optical polarization degree. These facts cannot be simply explained with the Doppler effect. Several observations have revealed that the optical and gamma-ray outbursts of 3C 5.3 show a connection with a superluminal knot through the core (Jorstad et al., 13). It is possible that the central engine of 3C 5.3 intermittently ejects the sequential blobs with different velocities, which induce multiple collisions and a series of outbursts, i.e., the complex lightcurves that are produced by superpositions of many flares with different timescales. The correlation between gamma-ray flux and optical linear polarization degree indicates that the gamma-ray emission is produced in a region with ordering magnetic field. It may imply that the radiation regime of this FSRQ is highly magnetized (e.g., Zhang et al. 1). Zhang & Yan (11) proposed an internal-collision-induced magnetic reconnection and turbulence (ICMART) process to explain the prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts. This model suggests that the Poynting flux energy is converted to the energies of electrons and protons efficiently and the prompt emission is due to the synchrotron radiation of these electrons. This scenario may be consistent with the observed correlations between gamma-ray flux and optical linear polarization degree as well as the spectral index. In addition, the typical variability timescale in the gamma-ray band derived in our analysis is several days. The timescales of the order of 1 day or longer should be interpreted as the typical timescales of successive flare events, which may be due to the collisions of blobs in the internal shock, as discussed by Kataoka et al. (1) for X-ray data of three BL Lacs. Nakagawa & Mori (13) also reported that the four-year lightcurve at the GeV band of 3C 5.3 shows a specific timescale of6.8 5 s, and this value suggests a black hole mass of 8 M within the framework of the internal shock models. Therefore, the magnetized shells with different velocities ejected by the central engine may collide and induce an ICMART process to accelerate the radiation particles in 3C 5.3. Cross comparisons of the statistical properties for 3C 5.3 with other sources may give clues to the nature of these flare. Neilsen et al. (13, 15) analyzed the X-ray flares of Sagittarius A and found that the cumulative distributions of the duration, luminosity, and energy of the X-ray flares can be described by a power-law function, with indices ofα T =.9±.,α L = 1.9.3 +., andα E = 1.5±., respectively. Li et al. (15) got the similar results via a simulation analysis and suggested that these results are consistent with the theoretical prediction of the self-organized criticality (SOC) system with the spatial dimension S=3 (Aschwanden 11, 1, 1). They further reported that the X-ray flares represent the plasmoid ejections driven by magnetic reconnection (similar to the solar flares) in the accretion flow onto the black hole. We made the similar analysis to the γ-ray flares of 3C 5.3, as shown in Figure 9. We getα E = 1.6±.,α L = 1.5±.8, andα T =.8±.5 (duration time defined as four times of FWHM), respectively. The derived α E and α L are roughly consistent with that

6 H. M. Zhang & J. Zhang et al. of the X-ray flares in Sagittarius A, but α T is much larger than that of the X-ray flares in Sagittarius A. Based on the Gaussian flare profile assumption as we adopt in this paper, Li et al. (15) obtained α T >.1 for the X-ray flares in Sagittarius A. Wang et al. (15) analyzed the detected sample of Neilsen et al. (13) with a different selection of the fitting data ranges and found α T = 1.9 ±.5. These results are consistent with ours, and thus the nature of 3C 5.3 may be also consistent with the SOC system, similar to Sagittarius A. Therefore, the GeV flares of 3C 5.3 may also from the plasmoid ejections driven by magnetic reconnection. This further supports the idea that the jet radiation regions of FSRQs may be highly magnetized (e.g., Zhang 1, 15). 7 SUMMARY We have analyzed the γ-ray long-term lightcurve observed with Fermi/LAT, and collected the simultaneous lightcurves in the radio, optical and X-ray bands of 3C 5.3 from literature. Our results are summarized below. The flux variation of 3C 5.3 in the γ-ray band is correlated with the flux variation in the R-band and X-ray band, and a weak correlation between gamma-ray flux and radio flux is also observed, indicating that the radiations at these energy bands are co-spatial. The PDS of the global lightcurve in the γ-ray band is fitted with a broken power-law and yields an obvious turnover at 7.7 days, which may indicate a typical variability timescale of 3C 5.3 in theγ-ray band. The spectral evolutions accompanying the flux variations in the γ-ray band are observed, showing the behavior of harder when brighter. The spectral evolution and an increase of the optical linear polarization degree along with the increase of the γ-ray flux may imply that the radiation particles are accelerated and the magnetic field is ordered by the shock processes. The nature of 3C 5.3 may be consistent with the SOC system, and thus theγ-ray outbursts are from the plasmoid ejections driven by magnetic reconnection. Acknowledgements We thank the helpful discussion with Wei Cui, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Yuan Liu, and Da-Bin Lin. This study makes use of radio, optical, and X-ray data from the VLBA-BU Blazar Monitoring Program (VLBA-BU-BLAZAR; http://www.bu.edu/blazars/vlbaproject.html), funded by NASA through the Fermi and Swift Guest Investigator Programs. This research has made use of data from the OVRO -m monitoring program (Richards, J. L. et al. 11, ApJS, 19, 9) which is supported in part by NASA grants NNX8AW31G, NNX11A3G, and NNX1AQ89G and NSF grants AST-885 and AST-19911. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 115733, 115333, 11363, 1137336, 11631, and U173139), the National Basic Research Program (973 Programme) of China (grant 1CB858), and En-Wei Liang acknowledges support from the special funding from the Guangxi Science Foundation for Guangxi distinguished professors (Bagui Yingcai & Bagui Xuezhe). References Abdo, A. A., Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., et al., Nature, 63, 919 Abdo, A. A., Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., et al. 11, ApJ, 733, L6 Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Atwood, W. B., et al. 15, ApJ, 8, 1 Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Baldini, L., et al., ApJ, 71, 1383 Aleksić, J., Antonelli, L. A., Antoranz, P., et al. 11, ApJ, 73, L8 Arlen, T., Aune, T., Beilicke, M., et al. 13, ApJ, 76, 9 Aschwanden, M. J. 1, A&A, 539, A Aschwanden, M. J. 1, ApJ, 78, 5 Aschwanden, M. J. 11, Self-Organized Criticality in Astrophysics, by Markus J. Aschwanden. Springer-Praxis, Berlin ISBN 978-3-6-15-5, 16p.,

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8 H. M. Zhang & J. Zhang et al..x 5 9.6.18..31 1.3.1 13.7.7 1.1.9.1- GeV (a) -1 (b) 1.5x 5-1.x 5 5.x 9 55 55 555 56 565 57 575-3 3C 5.3 FSRQ HBL IBL LBL - 3 5 6 7 8 9 5 Fig. 1 Panel (a) Global lightcurve of 3C 5.3 in the GeV band, where the observed luminosity (L γ) is the integral luminosity of Fermi/LAT energy band (from MeV to GeV). Panel (b) Γ as a function of L γ for 3C 5.3. The data of blazars are taken from Ackermann et al. (15), where HBL, IBL, and LBL indicate high-frequency-peaked BL Lac, intermediate-frequency peaked BL Lac, and low-frequency-peaked BL Lac, respectively.

Characteristics of 3C 5.3 at the GeV Band 9 L [ 8 erg s -1 ] L [ 8 erg s -1 ] 1 8 6-3. 57 57 573 57 575 576 L [ 8 erg s -1 ] -3. L [ 8 erg s -1 ] 8 6 3 556 558 55 551 551 L [ 8 erg s -1 ] L [ 8 erg s -1 ] -.1 -.3 -.5 16 1 8-1.8 8 6 551 5516 5518 55 55 55 555 555 555 5556 5558 556 5679 568 568 568 5683 568 5685 5686 L [ 8 erg s -1 ] L [ 8 erg s -1 ] 557 558 559 553 553 553 5533 553 5535-3. 3 5655 5655 56555 5656 56565 5657 56575-1.8-3. 3 5686 56865 5687 56875 5688 56885 5689 56895

H. M. Zhang & J. Zhang et al. L [ 8 erg s -1 ] -1.5 -.5-3. -3.5 -. L [ 8 erg s -1 ] L [ 8 erg s -1 ] 3 5695 569 56915 569 5695 5693 56935 -.5-3. -3.5 -. 15 5 L [ 8 erg s -1 ] 57 575 576 577 578 579 57 571 571 5713-3. -3. 3 575 575 5775 573 5735 5735 57375-3. L [ 8 erg s -1 ] L [ 8 erg s -1 ] 16 1 8 5695 5696 5697 5698 5699 57 57 57 573 57-1.8-3. -3. 3 571 5715 5716 5717 5718 5719 57 57 57-3. -3. 1 8 5737 5738 5739 57 57 57 573 57 Fig. The daily lightcurves of luminosity and photon spectral index for 3C 5.3. The scattered points are observation data of Fermi/LAT. The thin green lines are given by multiple Gaussian function, and the thick red lines are the sum of all the Gaussian components. The values of FWHM, L peak, E γ for each Gaussian component are listed in Table 1.

Characteristics of 3C 5.3 at the GeV Band 11 5 3 (a) N 3 5 15 (b) N 5 15 (c) N 5 5.1 1 FWHM [days] 6 7 8 9 5 51 5 logl peak [erg s -1 ] 5 53 5 55 56 57 loge [erg] Fig. 3 Distributions of FWHM, L peak, ande γ of these Gaussian components in Figure. -7-8 -9 slope_1=-1. slope_=-3.1 - PDS -11-1 -13-1 -15 - -3 - -1 Frequency [day -1 ] Fig. PDS of the global lightcurve in the γ-ray band. The red line shows the fitting result with the broken power-law function.

1 H. M. Zhang & J. Zhang et al. L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 1.6 1..8. 1. 57 57 573 57 575 576-1. -.1 -.3 -.5 -.7 -.9 8 9 1..8.6......6 5 5 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 1. 1..8.6.. -1. 558 5585 559 5595 55 -.3 -.5 -.7 8 9 1..8.6......6 5 5 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 1. 1..8.6... 3-1. 551 5518 55136 551-3. 8 9 1..8.6......6 5 5 Fig. 5 Left Panels The temporal evolution of luminosity (L γ, black squares) and photon spectral index (Γ, red stars) observed by Fermi/LAT for 3C 5.3. Middle Panels Γ vs.l γ for each outburst episode in the left panels. The red lines are the linear fitting lines by considering the errors of both Γ and L γ, for which the slopes are listed in Table. Right Panels The results between Γ and L γ, where Γ and L γ have been normalized with the Min-Max Normalization method before the analysis. The green horizontal lines are the 95% confidence level lines.

Characteristics of 3C 5.3 at the GeV Band 13 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 1.6 1..8. -1. 5515 5515 5515 55156 55158 5516 -.1 -.3 -.5 8 9 1..8.6......6 5 5 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 5 3 1 5 5515 5516 5517 5518 5519-1. -.1 -.3 -.5 -.7 9 1..8.6......6 3 3 L [ 9 erg s -1 ]. 1.6 1..8. 6 5519 55195 55 555-1. -.1 -.3 -.5 9 1..8.6......6 5 5 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 3. 7.5. 1.5 1. -1..5. 557 558 559 553 553 553 -.1 -.3 -.5 -.7 -.9 8 9 1..8

1 H. M. Zhang & J. Zhang et al. L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 16 1 8 555 55515 555 5555-1. -.1 -.3 9 5 1..8.6......6 15 5 5 15 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 7 6 5 3 11 -.3 555 5558 5553 55536 -.5 x 9 x 9 6x 9 8x 9 5 1..8.6......6 5 5 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 5 3 1 1-1. 5556 5557 5558 5559 556 -.1 -.3 -.5 -.7 8 9 1..8.6......6 3 3 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 1..8. 13-1.. 556 556 5568-3. 8 9 1..8

Characteristics of 3C 5.3 at the GeV Band 15 L [ 9 erg s -1 ].5 16-1.. 1.5 1..5. 5681 56815 56816 56817 56818 56819 -.1 -.3 -.5 -.7 8 9 1..8.6......6 3 1 1 3 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 6 5 3 1 17-1. 56818 568 568 568 5686 5688-1.9 -.1 -.3 -.5 9 1..8.6......6 8 6 6 8 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 8 7 18-1. 6 5 3 1 5688 5683 5683 5683-1.9 -.1 9 1..8.6......6 3 1 1 3 7 6 19-1. -1.8-1.9 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 5 3 1 5683 56836 56838 -.1 -.3 8 9 1..8

16 H. M. Zhang & J. Zhang et al. L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 1. -1. 1..8.6... 5696 5698 569 5691-3. 8 9 1..8.6......6 3 1 1 3 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 5 3-1. 3 1 5691 56915 56916 56917 56918 56919-1.8 9 1..8.6......6 1..5..5 1. L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 1.6 1..8.. 56918 569 569-3. -3.6 -. -.5-3. -3.5 -. 8 9 1..8.6......6 3 1 1 3 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 1.6 1..8. 5. 5697 5697 5697 56976 56978 5698-1. -1. -1.8-3. -3. 8 9 1..8

Characteristics of 3C 5.3 at the GeV Band 17 L [ 9 erg s -1 ].7.6.5..3..1 8-1. 57 576 578 573 573 573-3. -3. 8 1..8.6......6 8 6 6 8. 9-1. -1.8 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 1.5 1..5. 575 5756 576 576-3. -3. 8 9 1..8.6......6 15 5 5 15 L [ 9 erg s -1 ]. 3 1.6 1. -1..8.. 577 5776 5778 578 578 578 -.1 -.3 -.5 -.7 8 9 1..8.6......6 6 6 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 1.6 31 1..8.. 573 573 573-1. -.1 -.3 -.5 -.7 8 9 1.

18 H. M. Zhang & J. Zhang et al. L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 1.6 3 1..8.. 5738 5739 57 57-1. -3. -3. 8 9 1..8.6......6 3 3 Fig.5 continued

Characteristics of 3C 5.3 at the GeV Band 19 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 5 15 5 (1) L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 1 1 8 6 () -1.5 -.5-3. -3.5 5551 55516 555 555 5558 5553 55536-3. 56816 568 568 5688 5683 56836 -. 5 (1a) (1b).6. L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 15.. 5. 55515 55516 55517 55518 55519 555 5551 555 5553 9 5. 6 6 1 1 (a) (b).8.6 L [ 9 erg s -1 ] 8 6.... 5687 5688 5689 5683 56831 5683 56833 5683 56835 9 5. 6 6 Fig. 6 Top Panels Temporal evolution of luminosity (L γ, black squares) and photon spectral index (Γ, red stars) with 3-hour binning. The further analysis for the data between blue vertical dashed lines is presented in below panels; left panels temporal evolution of L γ (black squares) and Γ (red stars) with 3-hour binning. middle panels Γ vs. L γ for two flares in the left panels. The red lines are the linear fitting lines by considering the errors of bothγandl γ. right panels results betweenγand L γ, where Γ and L γ have been normalized with the Min-Max Normalization method before the analysis. The green horizontal lines are the 95% confidence level lines.

H. M. Zhang & J. Zhang et al. 6.9. 9.6.18 1.3.1 1.1.9 56 57.1- GeV L 1 F x.3- kev 1 F R-band F 3 GHz 15 GHz F 3 15 opt % 3 P 15 opt [deg] 8-8 53 5 55 58 Fig. 7 Lightcurves of 3C 5.3 in multi-wavelength. The LAT lightcurve is the same as in Figure 1, in units of 5 erg s 1. The X-ray data are obtained with observations of the Swift satellite (in units of erg cm s 1 ). The optical polarization and R-band data are taken from the 1.83 m Perkins telescope of Lowell Observatory. The 3 GHz data are from the VLBA observation. The 15 GHz data are from the OVRO m radio telescope. 1. 1. -ray vs. R-band 1..8..6.. -. 1..8..6.. -. - - [days] opt.......6.8.6.... -. -. -. -. 1. 1. 1. 1..8.8.8.8.6.6.6.6............ -. -. -. -. 1. 1. 1. 1..8.8.8.8.6.6.6.6............ -. -. -. -. - - [days] - - [days] - - [days] %.. -. -ray vs. P.8.6. 1. -ray vs. 15 GHz.8.6. 1. -ray vs. 3 GHz.8..6 -ray vs. X-ray.8 1. - - [days] Fig. 8 The results of variability between γ-ray and other bands. The global lightcurves are divided into two segments at MJD 56. The results of variability for the global lightcurves, the fist segment, and second segment are given in top panels, middle panels, and bottom panels, respectively. The vertical solid lines and horizontal dashed lines indicate the lag of zero and the correlation coefficient of.5. The red lines are the smoothed lines for the curves.

Characteristics of 3C 5.3 at the GeV Band 1 Cumulative number =.99 Cumulative number =.96 Cumulative number =.99 1 5 55 E [erg] 1 9 5 L peak [erg s -1 ] 1 1 Duration T [days] Fig. 9 Cumulative distributions of energy (E γ), peak luminosity (L peak ) and duration time (T ) for the γ-ray flares. They are fitted with a power-law function, and the derived slopes are α E = 1.6 ±., α L = 1.5±.8, and α T =.8±.5, respectively.

H. M. Zhang & J. Zhang et al. Table 1: Fitting Results of the Global Lightcurve with the Multiple Gaussian Function Center FWHM L peak E γ [MJD] [d] [ 8 erg s 1 ] [ 5 erg] 5717.9 1.13 3..31 5718.5 7.3 6.83.3 5719.7 1.16.19.5 571.65 1. 5.9.56 573.51 1.6 8.36 1.6 576.16 3.11.7 1.36 579.58 3.63 8.8.76 573.59 3.18 3..95 5738.17 1.81 5.9.99 57.6.86 5.1.3 578.5 3.9 3.1 1.3 5753.6. 1.3.3 5756.68.67.7.11 5566.56 1.79.6.3 5569.6 1.97 3.33.6 557.63 3. 5.17 1.6 5575.83 1.5.57.3 5578.7 3. 3.88 1.1 5581.79 1.58.6.35 558.9 1.86.66.6 5589.15.76.88 1. 5591.63 8.63 3.33.6 5591.6..8.91 5596..87 1.75.6 55.6.88 5.5.8 55.7.7 3.38.6 557.6 1.58 5.13.7 551..5 5.6 1.31 5511.3 3.96 3.3 1. 55117.1.77..56 5511.61 1.57 3.9.5 5513.7.8 5.1 1.19 5516.5.6 7.3 1.5 5519.83 1.5 7.8 1.5 5513.55.31.3.9 55137..68 1.97.85 5515.16 1.86..7 5519.31.8.1 1.15 55155.9.67 1.96 3.18 5516.3 5.1 1.56 5.79 55167.75.6 31.8 7.59 5517.55 1.76 3.8.9 55171.18 17.89 8. 13.83 5517.78 1.79 1.99 3.6 5517.17 1. 15.3. 55175.1 1.1 9.3.96 55178.55 1. 1.8 1.63

Characteristics of 3C 5.3 at the GeV Band 3 Table 1: Fitting Results of the Global Lightcurve with the Multiple Gaussian Function Center FWHM L peak E γ [MJD] [d] [ 8 erg s 1 ] [ 5 erg] 5518.8 1. 1.3 1.89 5518.9.13 1.7.8 55185.59 1.89 1.87. 55188.39.13 9.8 1.93 5519.3 3.78 6.89. 55195.6.9 1.5 3.3 55198.8 6.13.78.69 555.67 1.6.6.69 558.8 1.77 3.8.6 55.7 9.99.88.65 551.51.67 5.55 1.37 551.8 1.6 6.99.68 5516.77 1.71 9. 1.3 55..58 8.89 3.7 555.8.18 3.66.71 558.5 3.7 9.1.77 5585.19 1.88 3.58.6 5588.53.7.81.7 5593.9 7. 17.1 11.1 5598.99.8 8.87.7 5599.39 1. 6.5.6 5531.55 3.1 13.7 3.98 5536.15.9 8.15 1.7 55313.8 1.95 5.38.96 553.58 3.11 8.66.8 5533.77 3.66 11.3 3.85 5537..35..6 5539.51 1.55 7.8 1.3 5533.17.78 5.85.57 55335.1 1.31 3.9.37 55339. 5.66.9.15 555.67 1.71 16.8.59 5555..36 19.99 8.1 555.7. 8.1 1.65 55517.9.6 11. 5.1 555.8 1.8 19.33 38.69 555.8.96 135.86 36.97 5553.9 1.78 18.17.97 5556.5.69 3.5 8.53 5558.1.1 9.9 3.73 5559.88 3.9.79 7.31 5553.98.9 1.8 3.5 5553.56.1 7.61.9 55537.3.95.91 1.33 5551.38.13 16. 6. 555.67 1.78 17.99.9 5559.1.13.79 9.1

H. M. Zhang & J. Zhang et al. Table 1: Fitting Results of the Global Lightcurve with the Multiple Gaussian Function Center FWHM L peak E γ [MJD] [d] [ 8 erg s 1 ] [ 5 erg] 5559.51 1.7.5 3.51 5555.7 1.78 15.5.6 5556. 1.77 9.79 1.6 55563.1 1.56.78 1.55 55566.96.8 36.73 15.1 55575.18 5.9 11.3 5.51 55583.71 5.51 1.17 6.15 56551.59 1.96 3.1.1 5655.8..7. 56556. 1.5 1.5.11 56559.9 1.85 37.3 1.6 5656.8 5.1.6.66 56565.77 1.9.8. 56568.3.1 5.71.3 56571.37.58 3.63.11 56798.8.95 5.5 1.7 5681.55.6 3.95.9 568.5.5.3.9 5688.8.8 5.56 1.5 568.65 1.5 7.8.9 5681.89 1.99 7.89 1. 56816. 1.89.99 3.6 5683.1. 53. 1.5 5687.51 1.1 31.67 3. 56831.13 3.37 66.5.59 5683.57 1.7 6.65 5.3 56836.13 1.73 1.85 3.8 56839.9. 1.76.58 568.8 3.3 11.7 3.1 5686.3.91 7.95.13 5688.5 1.7.85.8 5685.57.19 6.76 1.15 56861.7 1.6 1.78.5 56865.1 1.8 15. 56868.7 1.91 1.6.15 5687.8 1.69 38.77 6. 5687.15 1.55.6.65 56876.16.96 3.8.3 56878.8.1..3 56883.53 1.61 13. 1.99 56886.3 1.6 19.16.89 5699.9.83 8.1.8 5691.6 1.3 6.9.91 5691.53 1. 1.7 1.69 56916.5 1. 36.3 3.8 56919.75.6 9. 1.9 569.88 1.65 5.9.9

Characteristics of 3C 5.3 at the GeV Band 5 Table 1: Fitting Results of the Global Lightcurve with the Multiple Gaussian Function Center FWHM L peak E γ [MJD] [d] [ 8 erg s 1 ] [ 5 erg] 5698.1.9 6.18 1. 5693.9.8 3.88 1.1 56961.51 1.68 8.9 1.38 56966.6 3.6 8..67 5697.5 1.67 7.6 1.15 56986.58 8. 3.5.55 56988..7 8.8.5 577.17 6.93 8.7 5.5 578.7.8 6.5.8 5715.1 1.6 3.56.5 5719...5 1.66 57.91 1.75 3.69.59 578.7.5 3.61 1.9 5756.5.5 5.11 1.18 5758.81 1.35 1.66 1.8 576.13 1.57 8.38 1.1 576.9.58 13.38 3.17 5765.53 1.6.7.6 5768.86.31 6.85 1.6 577.5 7.8 3.76.5 5776.8 3.9 3..98 578.9.6.18.87 578.97 1.8 7.61 1.9 5787.6.5 3.37 1. 5789.9 1. 3.5.6 5791. 1.78 5..88 5793.5 1.39.3.57 5795..6 3.5.7 57.7 5.99 13.9 7.69 57113.1.39 3.31 1.3 57119.83.69 1..59 571.. 1.88.3 5717.86.1 3.7.67 57153.39.71 1.36 3.58 57171.39 1.68.51.39 5717.55 1.51 9.5 1.3 57176.1.9.11.8 57178.8.5 7.33 1.5 57181. 3.3.1.73 57185.57.8 8.1.63 57188.5 1.66 3.3.51 5719.8.73.33.16 5719.69.51 5.17 1.19 57198.5 3.3 11.38 3.59 573.3.3 6. 1.36 57. 1.1 3.5 3.39 576.6 1.57 18..6

6 H. M. Zhang & J. Zhang et al. Table 1: Fitting Results of the Global Lightcurve with the Multiple Gaussian Function Center FWHM L peak E γ [MJD] [d] [ 8 erg s 1 ] [ 5 erg] 579.35.6.5.5 576 5.3. 579.8.16 5. 1.8 5755.3.55 38.58 16.15 576.33 1.8.37.73 5768.6.86 6.7 1.7 5771.51.1 6.69 1.3 5773.91 1.6.88.7 5776.58 3.15 5.1 1.5 5779.9 1.8 15.39.6 5781.61 1.6 5.9.5 5785.8.9 3 1.18 5788.68.7.8.9 579.85 1.75.8.77 579.55 3.5 6..6 5798.1 1.61.6.68 5799.57 1.9.8.76 573.7.18 1.9.7 5735.95.38 3.17.69 57311.13.35.7 1.89 57315.66.89 6.79 1.81 57319.9 3.11 1.97.56 573.81 5.79 9.7.83 5736.61 1.39 7.9.93 5733.1.96 6.7 3.6 57337.6.7 5.98 1.1 5731.6 3.3 9..51 5735.5.15 7.65 1.51 57351.55 11.96.77 3.1 57353.69 1.88.36.75 57376.5.66 1.9.6 5738..6.13. 57383.5 1.9.1.37 57387.5.68 7.7 1.7 57391.65 3.63 5.71 1.9 5739. 1.9 3.7.31 57396.7.9 5.19 1.95 571.8 3.3.56 3.13 577.5.37 1.81 5.15 5711.1 1.76 1.8.3 5713.5.97.5. 5717 6.7 5.6 3.5 5719.6.81 1.96.15 57.9.71 3.5.87 57.5.77.73.19 576.7.65 6. 1.5 578.5 1. 3.1.35

Characteristics of 3C 5.3 at the GeV Band 7 Table 1: Fitting Results of the Global Lightcurve with the Multiple Gaussian Function Center FWHM L peak E γ [MJD] [d] [ 8 erg s 1 ] [ 5 erg] 573.93.71 3.6 1.35

Table : Data of 3 Outburst Episodes Outbursts Date Duration L max L min Γ max Γ min L max /L min r p k [MJD] [d] [ 9 erg s 1 ] [ 8 erg s 1 ] 1 571.5-5758.5 5 1. ±.19 1.5 ±.3.18 ±.8.69 ±.17 8.13.615 1.8e-5.3 ±.8 5583.5-5597.5 15 1.7 ±.1.98 ±.56.3 ±.8.6 ±.1 3.59..15.1 ±.18 3 55119.5-551.5.93 ±.9.11 ±.5.9 ±.9.83 ±..1.663 5.68e-.5 ±.16 55151.5-55157.5 7 1.8 ±.3 3.1 ±.65. ±.8.3 ±..3.539.1.9 ±.1 5 55157.5-55189.5 33. ±.3 6.5 ±.85.19 ±..56 ±.6 6.7.58.17. ±.5 6 55189.5-55.5 16 1.76 ±.18.63 ±.7. ±.6.7 ±.9 3.8.687.3.3 ±.1 7 557.5-55315.5.77 ±.17.69 ±..3 ±.3.7 ±.17.3.75.3.1 ±.5 8 55315.5-553.5 3 1.53 ±.1 3.63 ±.6.3 ±.8.6 ±.15.1.3.69.1 ±.9 9 559.5-5551.5 1 3.13 ±.8 6.57 ±.67.15 ±..58 ±..76.8 1.51e-6.7 ±.7 5551.5-5555.5 1 16. ±.6 18.1 ± 1.5.15 ±..36 ±.6 8.69.76 6.5e-.1 ±.3 11 5555.5-55536.5 1 6.8 ±.3.35 ± 1.1.9 ±.3.1 ±. 3.9.86 3.9e-.31 ±.9 1 55559.5-55593.5 35. ±.37. ±.56.1 ±..61 ±.13 9.59.57.7.3 ±.5 13 55639.5-5569.5 11 1.19 ±.16.91 ±.8. ±..67 ±.3 13.8.668.8.5 ±.1 1 56386.5-5639.5 9 1. ±.3.69 ±.1 1.8 ±.1.7 ±.36 17.39.5.7. ±.5 15 56555.5-56569.5 15.56 ±.51.1 ±.65 1.81 ±.6.73 ±.1 1.7.75.1.61 ±. 16 5681.5-56818.5 5.17 ±.5.38 ±.7.18 ±.6.51 ±.1.95.99 8.65e-.53 ±.17 17 56818.5-5686.5 9 5.6 ±.9 6.35 ±.81.3 ±..9 ±. 8.6.756.18.3 ±.8 18 5688.5-56833.5 6 6.6 ±.56 16.3 ±.1 1.95 ±..11 ±.6.5.87.. ±.9 19 56833.5-56837.5 5 5.8 ±.83 5.81 ±.11 1.93 ±.5. ±. 9.9.87.7.3 ±.13 5687.5-56875.5 6 1.98 ±.3 6.5 ±.13 1.89 ±.8.58 ±.19 3..877..7 ±. 1 5688.5-56888.5 9.5 ±.6.99 ± 1.95. ±.11.71 ±..51.931 7.7e- 1. ±.31 5696.5-56911.5 6.96 ±.5 1.87 ±.77.19 ±.13.59 ±.1 5.13.735.96.67 ±.8 3 56915.5-56917.5 3 3.8 ±.8 5.8 ±.11 1.9 ±.7.53 ±.18 7.7.98.17.66 ±. 56917.5-569.5 6 1.11 ±.3.1 ±.6.1 ±.1 3.36 ±.53 5.19.91.9 1.68 ±.7 5 56971.5-56979.5 9.9 ±.55 1.5 ±.6 1.8 ±.19.7 ±.1 5.97.968 3.38e- 1. ±.56 6 56979.5-56991.5 13 1.5 ±. 1.79 ±.6.5 ±.17.79 ±.9 6.98.71.9.7 ±.9 7 57.5-571.5 13 1.56 ±.15 3.5 ±.7. ±.8.7 ±.1.6.573.5.33 ±.1 8 57.5-573.5 9.57 ±.1 1.6 ±.31.3 ±.11.95 ±.6 3.8.8. 1.9 ±. 9 575.5-576.5 13 1.73 ±.6 1.11 ±.35.1 ±.7.87 ±.1 15.59.853.1e-.61 ±.11 3 5775.5-578.5 8 1.69 ±..33 ±.8.11 ±.7.53 ±.18 7.5.77.5.39 ±.1 31 573.5-573.5 5 1.9 ±.15.6 ±.67.7 ±.7.56 ±.1.89.56.31.39 ±. 3 5731.5-5739.5 9 1.1 ±.15 3.31 ±.8.1 ±.8.6 ±.15.6.837.5.63 ±.19 8 H. M. Zhang & J. Zhang et al.

33 5739.5-5736.5 1.77 ±.13.83 ±.6.1 ±.1.87 ±.33 9.8.718..56 ±.3 3 57381.5-571.5 3 1.37 ±.16 1.7 ±.7.1 ±.8.91 ±.8.79.9.6.3 ±.11 Characteristics of 3C 5.3 at the GeV Band 9