The ways of oat winterhardiness improvement in Poland Bogusław Łapiński and Agnieszka Rachwalska National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources and Grodkowice Experiment Station of the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Grodkowice, 32-015, Kłaj Poland
Recent trends of climate changes in Poland: - increase of frequency and intensity of drought, - increase of average winter temperatures, more oat = more winter oat make winter cereals more competitive to spring ones. On the other hand - unstable winter temperatures - rapid and large changes, - winters with scarce or absent snow cover are inconvenient for winter cereals.
Winterhardiness zones of Europe - location of Radzików -29-34 o C -12-18 o C -18-23 o C -23-29 o C
yield dt/ha 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 minimal 0 ground surface -5 temp. -10 o C Yields and minimal temperatures of ground surface. Radzików, 2009-2016 Carola winter barley Krezus spring oat best yielding oat line 5Q5.2 (state trials) all years survival 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016-8,0-5,2-9,5-14,4-5,8-5,7-8,7-14,0 average for the period 2009-2016 -15
Winter oat trial in Krzeczowice. February 2016 BARLEY
OAT BARLEY Loss of chlorophyll in winter oat. Radzików 2016
Winter oat nursery 23.04.2006 8x
Loss of chlorophyll in winter oat. Radzików 2006
Distribution of cold resistance scores in the best selections of 45 crosses between winter (w.) or spring (sp.) hexaploids (6x) of A. sativa and octoploid (8x) or decaploid (10x) hybrids (A. sativa x A. macrostachya) produced from the winter-hardy A. sativa cultivar Wintok (W) or a non-winterhardy Mirabel-Pendragon (MP) line. 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 MP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 w B 6x sp. x MP10x 6x w. x MP10x 6x w. x W10x 6x sp. x W8x 6x w. x W8x 6x x 6x 8x, F1 x 6x 5xMPF1 x 6x
8x 10x The octoploids and decaploids at winter sowing
Avena macrostachya wild autotetraploid endemite from Atlas mountains most distant to other Avena species, outcrosser, perennial, winterhardy, resistant to some diseases and pests
Chromosome numbers in B1F1 and F2 of the Avena sativa x A. macrostachya hybrids, 2004. - death after germination 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49.. 56.. 60 61.. 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 B1F1 (introgression) F2 (whole genome addition)
Octoploid lines, the 4H8 cross, 23.06.2008
Breeding strategies after wide crossing: introgression incorporation* alloploidization trait genetic architecture: simple composed composed what small fragment numerous DNA whole alien transferred: of alien DNA fragments genome ploidy level maintained maintained increased breeding back-crossing intercrossinng chromosome method: among doubling and recombinants selfing *) Simmonds N.W. 1993. Introgression and incorporation, strategies for the use of crop genetic resources. Biol. Rev. 68:539-562.
Which parent for crossing is better for re-building a genetic system decomposed by interspecific recombination??? low complementation chance meiotic pairing reduced
Comparison of early alloploids in triticale and oat 8x or 6x triticale 8x oat A.s x A.m. yield reduction in primary synthetics ~50% ~30% time necessary to restore yield potential ~50 gns? winterhardiness weak high time necessary to restore winterhardiness ~ 50 gns none disease resistance high variable grain large large shrivelled plump grain nutritious value high high
Carola 95-43 Krezus 4H8-8 4H8-a0 4H8-06 5P8-5 5P8-31 5T8-a0 5O8-aa 5Q5-2 Carola winter barley 95-43 winter oat Krezus -spring oat 4H8-8 4H8-N9 4H8-02 5P8-9a W11T4 5T8-3 5M9-30 5Q5-4n Yields of winter oat hybrids of Avena sativa with A. macrostachya dt ha 80 70 60 2009 in Radzików 50 40 30 20 10 0 dt ha 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2010 standards octoploids hexaploid wide hybrids
6x 8x Krezus (TKW 25,7 g) 4H8.a (TKW 55,2 g)
6x 8x Krezus (HC 26,2 %) 4H8.a (HC 25,0 %)
Conclusions 1. Crossing of common oat with 8x or 10x sativa-macrostachya alloploids is effective in transgressive improvement of winterhardiness. 2. Some spring oats are good cross components for winterhardiness improvement. 3. Relatively high performance of the sativa-macrostachya primary octoploids is a good prognostic for application of alloploidy in improvement of oat. 4. In spite of risk of winter killing, cultivation of the hexaploid oat wide hybrids in Poland is economically feasible on sufficiently fertile soils, in regions with stable snow cover.
Thank you for the attention
Literature for questions expected: Prospects for alloploidization in oat in relation to results in triticale Hede A. 2001. A New Approach to Triticale Improvement. Paper presented at the Research Highlights of the CIMMYT Wheat Program, 1999 2000, Oaxaca, Mexico. Loss of DNA Gustafson Ma X.F., Gustafson J.P. 2008. Allopolyploidization-accomodated Genomic Sequence Changes in Triticale. Ann Bot. 101(6): 825-832.
Production of secondary octoploids AACCDD AACCDDMMMM (42) (70) hexaploid A. sativa decaploid ACD 21 35 ACDMM AACCDDMM (56) octoploid Objectives: improvement of earliness and lodging resistance in 8x, winterhardy and large-seed naked winter 8x oat.
SIWEK (6x, cultivar) TKW = 22,6 g 7.B/12 (6x x 10x, F 4 plant) TKW = 29,1 g
Winterhardiness of A. macrostachya confirmed earlier for: Ottawa, Canada:- Baum B.R., Rajhathy T. 1976. A study of Avena macrostachya. Can. J. Bot. 54. 2434-2439 Carpathians, Poland: - W. Podyma (materials from the expedition) Transfer of the winterhardiness to A. sativa announced by: - Santos A., Livingston D.P., Murphy J.P. 2002. Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Resistance to diseases and pests: crown rust stem rust septoria reported by: Loskutov I.G., St. Petersburg. Russia 4H8 - - + mildew aphids SBMV BYDV Herrmann M. Germany, Weibull J. 1988. Sweden Santos A., Livingstone D.P.,Murphy J.P. 2002. North Carolina. USA Jeżewska M. Poland + - -? -?
Avena macrostachya plants in Radzików after moderately severe winter of 2005/2006
Crossing and propagation of the hybrids: No of cross combinations 51 No of pollinated flowers 3235 No of F1 seeds obtained 37 embryo rescue No of F1 plants recovered 3 greenhouse cloning No of F1 plants after cloning 969 + 2073 + 6 colchicine treatment free winter oat pollination No of F2+B1F1seeds 19 + 120 + 0 No of F2+B1F1 seedlings 3 + 54 counting of chromosomes
Expected changes in genomic composition A. sativa A. macrostachya AACCDD x MMMM (42) (28) AACCDDMMMM 21 14 A. sativa ACDMM x AACCDD (35) (42) 35 35 21 35 AACCDDMM (70) (56) decaploid octoploid
Production of secondary octoploids AACCDD AACCDDMMMM (42) (70) hexaploid A. sativa decaploid ACD 21 35 AACCDDMM (56) octoploid ACDMM
Winter barley Carola 6x Early spring 2009 8x
Disease resistance differences among octoploids
TKW distributions for the winter oats: 25 20 17 23 23 x = 51,7 g B1F1 8x: 15 10 5 0 2 8 10 5 1 1 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 25 20 23 x = 42,2 g B1F1 6x: 15 10 5 0 9 6 2 2 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 6x collection: 10 10 5 5 9 3 2 x = 39,8 g 0 0 2 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 Radzików, 2008
8x 6x B 6x 6x Early spring 2010
6x standard Krezus 8x 6x 8x The octoploids are not suitable for spring sowing