Landslide Hazard Zonation and Management Study in Malpa Area of Pithoragarh District Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) Techniques The Thesis Submitted to the Kumaun University for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography By Puran Ch. Joshi Supervisor Dr. Ravindra K. Pande Professor of Geography Department of Geography, DSB Campus, Kumaun University Nainital-243002, Uttarakhand, India 2010 1
Certificate Dr. R.K. Panndey, Dept. of Geography Professor D.S.B. Campus Nainital This is to certify: - (i) Kumaun University That the thesis Landslide Hazard Zonation and Management study In Malpa area of Pithoragarh District submitted by Puran Ch. Joshi, embodies the work of the candidate himself. (ii) That the candidate worked under my supervision for not less than twenty four month from the date of application. (iii) That the candidate has put in at least 200 days attendance in the Dept. Geography D.S.B. Campus, Nainital that period. Place: Nainital Dated: -08-2010 Prof. R.K.Pandey Supervisor 2
Preface Everything around us is in a state of changing, everything is either growing or diminishing and nothing is really stable. Geographical phenomena, both physical and human must be studied from that point of view. According to this statement of Jean Brunhes nature plays a dramatic role in human life. Sometimes we get its favorable aspects and vice versa destructive one. The destructive aspects of nature occur in the form of natural hazard. When these spoil the cultural landscape and human lives they become disasters. Despite growing scientific knowledge of landslides, their threat continues to increase due to increasing development in vulnerable terrain; construction activity such as laying new roads; global climate changes that result in violent and severe weather and deforestation. Landslides and other "ground failures", worldwide cost more lives and more money each year than all other natural disasters combined. Despite their seemingly less impact, landslides cost to a nation like India more than 100 million US$ annually in restoration work and economic losses. Both developmental planning and disaster management require landslide hazard zonation maps. Only then it would be possible to project damage scenarios, and carry out reliable risk analysis. Landslide hazard zonation is important to take quick and safe mitigation measures and make strategic planning for the future. Present work is related to Landslide Hazard Zonation and Management study. The term Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) simply means the division preferably subdivision of land surface in to various zones according to the degrees of actual/potential hazards caused by landslides and related mass movement. In the present study an attempt has been made to apply RS/GIS based landslide hazard zonation and management techniques for far northeastern Kumaun Himalaya. The present study is divided into six chapters. All these chapters are highlighting the present problem and mutually correlated with each other. All the aspects (Geology, Geomorphology, Soils, and Landuse) which make a landslide stable, dormant or active are thoroughly discussed and described in present study. The methodologies adopted for present study, involve and analyze remote sensing and conventional data in GIS environment. The first chapter of the study introduces statement of problem, review of literature, aims/objectives of the work, methodology and physical environment of the study area. The second chapter deals with the geological aspects of landslides. It is generally observed that landslides occur commonly along the major thrusts/faults in the study area. 3
In Himalayas, the lithology has major control over the occurrence of landslide. In this chapter role of structural setting, lithological characteristic and lineaments are thoroughly discussed. Geomorphology of the area depicts the present morphological set up. This is very important, since some of the important geomorphic elements give us a clue for the future landslide in that area. The third chapter of the study area is concerned with the gemorphological features of the study area. This chapter investigates the effects of drainage system, slope aspects, slope morphology and slope angle on the occurrence of landslides. The soil has an important bearing on the shallow landslides in the Himalayas. The texture and depth of the soil are important for such type of prognosis. The characteristics of soil pay a vital role in landslide. Fourth chapter deals with this aspect that how soil texture and soil depth influence the frequency of landslides. Land-use classes show a logical relationship with landslides of any region. The existing land use has an important bearing on landslide hazard zonation and mitigation measures. For example dense and medium vegetations show negative information values. Degraded forest shows very high positive values that confirms landslide potential in the class. The fifth chapter shows the impact of different kind of landuses on landslides. The Landslide Hazard Zonation maps depict the susceptibility of the area to landslide over a range of highest to lowest probability whereas Landslide Hazard Management maps depicts macro structural measures that could be taken up to stabilize the landslide prone slopes. The sixth and the last chapter describe the causative factors of the landslides, parameters taken for the landslide hazard zonation and management techniques, recommendation and mitigation strategy for landslides. To sum up, in the study area total 94 villages are taken into account for the analysis of Landslide Hazard Zonation. Among the six categories of hazard zonation, maximum villages are found in the low landslide hazard zones and minimum villages are found in the very low and very high zone. Total 35 villages are found under low LHZ category. Similarly 33 villages come under moderate LHZ category. In the same way 4 villages are found in very low zone, 18 villages are in high zone and only 4 villages are in very high LHZ category. 4
Acknowledgement This Ph.D. thesis is an outcome of incessant endeavor of my supervisor Prof. R.K. Pandey. I am indebted for his kindness which made my thesis complete in circumscribed period. It is my pleasant duty to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my guide. It is only his precious suggestions, constructive criticism, encouragement and moral support throughout the course of this investigation that has made possible for me to put forth this manuscript. He criticized in making mistakes but with sensible thoughts and conversation, enabled me to standup to mark i.e. towards perfection. I am highly grateful to Department of Geography for providing amenities. I am thankful to Head of the Department Prof. D.C. Pandey, Prof. P.C. Tiwari, Prof. G.L.Shah, Prof. Raghubir Chand, Dr. Anita Pandey, Dr. Manisha Tripathi, Dr. Ranju J. Pandey, Dr. Mohan Lal and Dr. Pushpa P. Joshi and Prof. R.C. Joshi for their valuable suggestions. I am also Thankful to Mr. D.S. Negi and Mr. Aslam. I wish to express my appreciation to my friend and colleagues, Ravindra S. Bora, Dhanjita Barman and Dheeraj Khati. I am grateful to Dr. L.S. Khanka, Dr. Mahima Joshi, Prof. Atul Joshi, Eng Kireet Kumar Scientist F at GBPIHED Kosi Katarmal, Dr. Bhagwati Joshi Tiwari, Dr. Jaya Pandey, Dr. Pushpesh Pandey and Dr. B.B. Bhatt who acted as a stimulus for this work. I am very much thankful to Prof. Munni Padlia, Dr. Rajeshwari Pant, Prof. Neeta Bora Sharma, Prof. Madhurendra Kumar and Prof. Uma Bhatt. I am highly thankful to Prof. P.D. Pant, Department of Geology, Kumaun University Nainital for his kind help during the literature survey. I deliver my thanks to my friends Miss Veena Kuwarbi, Rajendra Bisht, Prakash Pant, Himanshu Sharma and Shyam Sundar who gave me ample motivation during this period. I am also thankful to my all seniors Advocate Amir, Advocate Khalid, Mr. Ajay Mehta, Miss Sneh Joshi DST young scientist at GBPIHED Kosi Katarmal, Dr. Bhagwati Joshi, Dr. Kala and Mr. Deepak Kumar. I am also grateful to Mr. Jagdish Ch. Sati, Mr. M.K. Joseph, Mr. Prabhakar Koranga, Mr. N.B. Padlia, Mr. P. C. Pandey, Mr. G. Bhandari, Mr. Sanjay Chaudhary, Mr. & Mrs. L. M. Shah, Mr. Vijay Prasad and Mrs. Niharika Shah for their support. I owe my great thanks to my former teachers Mrs. Usha Bhatt, Mrs. Pankaj Bhatt. Mrs. N. Rikhari, Mrs. S. Shah, Miss C.P. Shah, Miss D. Shah, Mr. Suneel Masih, Mr. V. K. Sing, Mr. N. Khan, and Mr. R. C. Joshi. I feel unique pleasure to thanks my friend Mr. Harish Mehra who supported me a lot during this period. 5
I express my great thanks to my juniors Mr. Ganesh Prasad, Miss Vedika Pant, Mr. Paritosh Upreti, Mr. H. Chandra, Mr. Kamal Joshi and Mr. Sanjay Rawat. I am very thankful to my family members, my elder brother Mr. N.K. Joshi and dear Bhabi, my Mamaji Mr. Vishnu Dutt and my Mami, my younger brothers Bhuwan Joshi, Surendra Dutt and Pankaj Dutt, my sister Neelam, my nephew Sourabh and my niece Rashmi. At Last but not least I dedicate this thesis to my mother Mrs. Meera Joshi for her indomitable courage which filled me with enthusiasm for completing this thesis. Dated: -08-2010 Puran Ch. Joshi 6
Certificate Preface Acknowledgement Contents Contents Contents Preface 03 Acknowledgement 05 Contents 07 List of Tables 09 List of Figures 10 List of List of Plates 14 1.0 Introduction 15 1.1 Objective 29 1.2 Study area 31 1.2.1 Physical Setup 31 1.2.2 Geology 32 1.2.3 Soil Characteristics 32 1.2.4 Drainage System 33 1.2.5 Natural Vegetation 33 1.2.6 Climate 35 1.3 Data Collection 41 1.4 Methodology 41 1.4.1 Procurement of satellite data 41 1.4.2 Visual interpretation of satellite data 42 1.4.3 Ground truth data collection 42 1.4.4 Cartographic work 42 1.4.5 GIS analysis 42 1.4.6 LHZ Modeler 43 1.4.6.1 Developing the AHP hierarchy 43 1.4.6.2 Comparing the decision elements on a pair wise base 44 1.4.6.3 Constructing an overall priority rating 44 1.4.7 LHZ and LHM modeling procedure 45 1.4.8 Compilation of landslide data and preparation of final maps 46 1.5 Review of Literature 46 7
2.0 Geology 53 2.1 Structural Setting 53 2.2 Lithology 58 2.3 Lineaments 61 3.0 Geomorphology 63 3.1 Drainage System 63 3.2 Landforms 69 3.2.1 Types and Distribution 69 3.3 Mass wasting and weathering 79 3.3.1 Types 80 3.3.2 Coverage 85 3.4 Slope 89 3.4.1 Slope Magnitude 89 3.4.2 Slope Aspect 92 3.4.3 Slope morphology 94 4.0 Soils 97 4.1 Soil depth 97 4.2 Soil texture 100 5.0 Land use/ land cover Pattern 105 5.1 Types and Distribution 106 6.0 Landslide hazard zonation 115 6.1 Factors causing landslides 116 6.2 Importance of the parameters 119 6.3 Landslide hazard zonation and management maps 121 6.3.1 Mitigation Strategy for Landslide Hazard 163 Recommendation 187 Conclusion 188 Selected Bibliography 189 Annexure 196 8
List of Tables Table No. Name of the Table Page No. 1.0 Some of the Major Landslides in India (1990-2009) 16 1.1 Classification of slope movements 22 1.2 Some of the major Landslides in Uttarakhand 26 1.3 Distribution of vegetation 34 1.4 Mean monthly temperature at Dharchula 36 1.5 Rainfall at Dharchula in August 1998 37 1.6 Mean monthly rainfall at Dharchula 38 1.7 Mean monthly rainfall at Nagling 39 1.8 Mean Seasonal rainfall at Nagling 40 1.9 Parameters for Landslide Hazard Zonation Maps 44 2.0 Length and frequencies of lineaments 61 3.0 Main tributaries of the river Kali and Dhauliganga 67 3.1 Area covered by different types of landforms 77 3.2 Area covered by different Slope Angles 90 3.3 Area under Slope Aspects 92 3.4 Area under different Slope Morphology 94 4.0 Soil Distribution as per depth and area covered 97 4.1 Soil texture classes and area covered 100 4.2 Soil type and landslide susceptibility rating of soils of the study area121 103 5.0 Area covered by different types of land uses 111 6.0 The most important factors causes landslides 119 6.1 Area Covered by Different Hazard Zones 140 6.2 List of villages falling in different Landslide Hazard Zone categories 140 6.3 No. of villages in different LHZ categories 143 6.4 Village wise Management Practices 160 6.5 Mountain Zone Classification 166 6.6 Estimation of Rock Material Strength 168 6.7 Rock Types and their Scores 169 6.8 Soil Types and their Scores 169 6.9 Landuse and their scores 170 6.10 Drainage and their scores 171 6.11 Terrain Hazard Classification 171 9
List of Figures Figure No. Name of the figure Page No. 1.0 Fall 19 1.1 Topple 19 1.2 Flows 20 1.3 Debris flow 20 1.4 Creep 21 1.5 Slide 22 1.6 Location Map of the study area 30 1.7 Mean monthly temperature at Dharchula 36 1.8 Rainfall at Dharchula in the month of August1998 38 1.9 Mean monthly rainfall at Dharchula 39 1.10 Mean monthly rainfall at Nagling 40 1.11 Mean seasonal rainfall at Nagling 41 2.0 Cross section across the Great Himalaya and the Tethys Himalaya between Dharchula and Kalapani 57 2.1 Lithological Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) 60 2.2 Structural Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) 62 3.0 Diagrammatic cross-section, near the source of the Kali River, southwest of Lipulekh 63 3.1 Drainage Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) 68 3.2 Geomorphological Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) 78 3.3 Landslide Map of Sheet No. 62B/16A3 84 3.4 Slope Magnitude Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) 91 3.5 Slope Aspect Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) 93 3.6 Slope Morphology Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) 95 4.0 Soil depth of the study area 98 4.1 Soil depth Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) 99 4.2 Soil texture of the study area 101 4.3 Soil texture Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) 102 5.0 Land use pattern of study area 112 5.1 Landuse Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) 113 6.0 Distribution of epicentres of large and moderate magnitude earthquakes in relation to active faults and thrusts in the central sector of the Himalaya 118 6.1a Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Sobla Area of Pithoragarh 10
District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62b/8(C3) 125 6.1b Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Baling-Baun Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(A1) 126 6.1c Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Gyongrung Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(A2) 127 6.1d Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Kanchuti-Tijam Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(A3) 128 6.1e Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Chal-Galthang Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(B1) 129 6.1f Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Baling-Sela Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(B2) 130 6.1g Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Jhalgaon-Dar Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(B3) 131 6.1h Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Jipti-Galagad Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(C3) 132 6.1i Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Budhi Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(A2) 133 6.1j Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Malpa Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(A3) 134 6.1k Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Gunji-Kalapani Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(B1) 135 6.1l Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Garbyang Area of Pitoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(B2) 136 6.1m Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Garguwa-Khet Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 C/9(A1) 137 6.1n Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Khela-Pangu Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 C/9(B1) 138 6.1o Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Maidu-Mangti Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 C/9(C1) 139 6.2 No. of villages in different hazard categories 143 6.3a Landslide Hazard Management Map Sobla Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62b/8(C3) 145 6.3b Landslide Hazard Management Map Baling-Baun Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(A1) 146 6.3c Landslide Hazard management Map Gyongrung Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(A2) 147 11
6.3d Landslide Hazard Management Map Kanchuti-Tijam Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(A3) 148 6.3e Landslide Hazard Management Map Chal-Galthang Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(B1) 149 6.3f Landslide Hazard Management Map Baling-Sela Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(B2) 150 6.3g Landslide Hazard Management Map Jhalgaon-Dar Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(B3) 151 6.3h Landslide Hazard Management Map Jipti-Galagad Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(C3) 152 6.3i Landslide Hazard Management Map Budhi Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(A2) 153 6.3j Landslide Hazard Management Map Malpa Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(A3) 154 6.3k Landslide Hazard Management Map Gunji-Kalapani Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(B1) 155 6.3l Landslide Hazard Management Map Garbyang Area of Pitoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(B2) 156 6.3m Landslide Hazard Management Map Garguwa-Khet Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 C/9(A1) 157 6.3n Landslide Hazard Management Map Khela-Pangu Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 C/9(B1) 158 6.3o Landslide Hazard Management Map Maidu-Mangti Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 C/9(C1) 159 6.4 The mitigation strategy: The Procedural Steps 164 6.5 Mountain Zone Classification 168 6.6 Rock Structure 169 6.7 Climate 170 6.8a Sketch of Landslide and Surroundings 172 6.8b Measurement of landslides 173 6.9 Natural instability due to rock structure (in LS/1 zone) 176 6.10a Simple Design Criteria (If rock is shallow use Revetments to prevent Weathering and crossing) 177 6.10b Simple Design Criteria ( If rock is deep use Retaining Walls) 177 6.11 Gabions Stone and Mesh Size 178 12
6.12 Packing of Stones into Boxes 179 6.13 Construction of Gabion Boxes 180 6.14 Drainage, River Bank Protection Works, Aprons 181 6.15 Aprons-Revetments or spurs must be protected by aprons 182 6.16 Dimensions of spurs 182 6.17 Protect Existing Hill and Gullies from Further Erosion 183 6.18 Checkdam rules-foundation 184 6.19 Checkdam rules-longitudinal space 184 6.20 Checkdam rules-dimension 185 13
List of Plates Plate No. Name of the Plate Page No. 1 Exposed intrusive granite rock structure way to 53 Kailash Maansarovar Pilgrims 2 River Kali at Dharchula 64 3 Najang fall in the way to Malpa 65 4 Confluence of The Dhauli and Kali River at Tawaghat 66 5 Confluence of the Symkhola and Kali river at Mangti 66 6 Confluence of the Malpa Gad and Kali river at Malpa 67 7 River terrace near Najang Gad 70 8 Huts of Kumaun Mandal Vikas Nigam at Malpa on 71 a river terrace 9 Deep valley of the Kali river From Bindakoti top 73 10 Highly Dissected Malpa peak 74 11 Highly Dissected Denudational Structural Hills 75 near Lakhenpur 12 Moderately Dissected Denudational Structural Hills 76 13 Low Dissected Denudational Structural Hills near Bindakoti 76 14 Scar of an old landslide near Malpa 81 15 Reactivated Chautuladhar landslide near Tawaghat 82 16 Blocked Kali river due to Chautuladhar landslide 83 17 Landslide at Mangti village 86 18 Landslide at Tintola village 87 19 Landslide on the both sides of The Kali river at Lakhenpur village 88 20 Settlement at Jipti village 107 21 Agricultural land at Pangla village 107 22 Barren land non rocky near Jipti village 108 23 Dense forest near Najang 109 24 Medium forest of oak near Garba village 109 25 Scrub and grasses near Najang 110 26 Snow covered area 111 14