Biology and management of the European cherry fruit fly Nikos Papadopoulos Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology University of Thessaly, Greece
Synopsis Sweet cherries in Greece Biology and ecology of the European cherry fruit fly Geographic distribution Life cycle Genetics Wolbachia infection Key life history traits Pupae dormancy annual and prolonged Adult longevity, egg laying patterns and fecundity Variation in life history traits Population modeling Management decisions
45 World sweet cherry production (tons, FAO 29) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5
Total cultivated land (ha, FAO 29) 12 1 8 6 4 2
Fruit production (tons, FAO 29) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Rhagoletis cerasi So far the most important pest of cherries and sour cherries in Europe and elsewhere Stenophagous species Direct effects of larvae feeding coupled with fungi and bacterial infections At early stages of infestation hard to separated infested fruits.
Geographic distribution
Occurrence of R. cerasi in Greece Adult phenology and fruit infestation rates Diapause intensity and regulation of energetic metabolites Biological traits of different populations Cytogenetic Research targets Bioecology and population dynamics Development Adult demography of conceptual and quantitative population models Genetic structure of Greek and European populations Wolbachia and Rhagoletis cerasi R. cerasi genetics as a tool for developing modern control tactics
Geographic distribution in Greece Kavala Komotini Thes/ki Kastoria Chalkidiki Katerini Dafni Kallipefki Pertouli Agia Konitsa Stagiates Kamari K.Nera Karditsa K.Lechonia Lamia Chios Lesvos Kastritsi Pyrgos Kernitsa Chania
Average Temperature C Study area Dafni Kozanis Mountainous 15 m Altitude Cold winters and dry mild summers Coastal area Kala Nera Magnisias 2 m υψόμετρο Mild winters warm summers 3 25 Kala Nera 2 15 1 Dafni 5-5 Ι Φ Μ Α Μ Ι Ι Α Σ Ο Ν Δ Ι Φ Μ Α Μ Ι Ι 25 26
Avg adults per trap ± SE Adult population trends Yellow sticky Rebell traps 2 16 12 8 4 24/3 13/4 3/5 23/5 12/6 2/7 22/7 11/8 Dates 26
Diapause termination in field conditions Pupae were either maintained at the area of origin or transferred to the other area Samples of pupae were regularly transferred to laboratory and maintained at 25 C until adult emergence A sample of pupae was subjected to chemical analyses to determine carbohydrates, glycogen, lipids and proteins contents
Variation in diapause termination
Regulation of energetic metabolites (field)
Conclusions Differences in diapause intensity between the two populations Diapause seems to proceed more rapidly in the coastal population Coastal and highland populations manage their lipid and protein reserves similarly carbohydrate and glycogen contents, peak at different times in the two populations, suggesting an effect of the field environment up on the expression of metabolic regulation.
Geographic variation in adult life-history traits of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae) CLEOPATRA A. MORAITI 1, CHRISTOS T. NAKAS2, KIRSTEN KÖPPLER3, and NIKOS T. PAPADOPOULOS1
Aim We tested the hypothesis that adult life-history traits differ among genetically isolated populations across a latitudinal range, whereas in the face of gene flow divergence in life-history traits is rather negligible. We took advantage of recent genetic studies and we ran demographic experiments using Greek and German populations that exhibit neutral genetic differentiation (allopatric populations) and geographically discrete Greek populations within a narrow latitude range, which are connected with gene flow.
Methods = + Ceresin (Dome 18 mm) Common garden experiments 25 ± 1 o C, RH 65 ± 5 %, 14:1 (L:D) We recorded Egg laying Age at death and adult size 33-5 επαναλήψεις
Eggs / female Eggs / female Variation in oviposition rates Allopatric popualtions Populations with gene flow 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Dafni 2 4 6 8 1 12 Chania 14 2 4 6 8 1 12 Stecklenberg 12 1 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 1 12 Age (days) 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Dafni 2 4 6 8 1 12 Pertouli 14 2 4 6 8 1 12 K. Lechonia 12 1 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 1 12 Age (days)
Survival (lx) Survival (lx) Reproductive periods and survival Allopatric popualtions Populations with gene flow Reproductive periods 1,8.8 Males 1,8.8 Males Dafni Allopatric popualtions,6.6,4.4,6.6,4.4 Chania Hania Stecklenberg 1 Populations 2 3with gene 4flow 5 6 7,2.2 1 2 4 6 8 1 12 Females,8.8,2.2 1.8,8 2 4 6 8 1 12 Females Dafni,6.6.6,6 Pertouli K. Kato Lechonia Lehonia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Days,4.4,2.2 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 1 1 12 12 Age (days).4,4.2,2 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 1 1 12 12 Age (days)
Conclusions Variation in demographic traits both among allopatric populations and within populations with gene flow. Average longevity was, in general, similar for the two sexes. Differences among allopatric populations were detected in lifetime fecundity and the duration of the oviposition period, whereas variation in adult longevity was rather controlled by variation in body size (head width). There were no differences in the duration of pre- and postoviposition periods. In the face of gene flow, adult longevity, lifetime fecundity rates, as well as the duration of pre-oviposition, oviposition, and postoviposition period varied significantly among populations. Habitat heterogeneity (duration of fruit availability) seems to be a better predictor of the divergence in life history traits of adults of R. cerasi populations than genetic isolation arose by geographic distance.
Conclusions Following restrictions in use of major systemic insecticides in EU, the development of new strategies and the evaluation of new tactics against cherry pests becomes priority. There are three pest categories that should be considered: Major: R. cerasi Emerging: Drosophilla suzukii, R. cingulata Minor, infrequent occasional: scales insects, aphids
Future perspectives Area specific population modeling for R. cerasi Determine the role of individuals undergoing prolonged dormancy Explore genetics and epigenetics of prolonged dormancy Find markers of diapause termination Other factors that may affect diapause termination Photoperiod Humidity Wolbachia infection Develop a new management tools for the cherry fly
Acknowledgements Cleopatra Moraiti, Stella Papanastasiou, University of Thessaly Christos Nakas, University of Thessaly Antonis Augoustinos, University of Patras Penelope Mavragani, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Kostas Bourtzis, University of Western Greece Heidrun Vogt, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) Kirsten Koppler, Referentin für Pflanzenschutz im Obstbau These Funds provide by the The European Community University of Thessaly The Greek Ministry of Education and Religious Afairs IKYDA