Appendix. A 1 Properties of areas.* *Symbols used are: A = area I = moment of inertia S = Section modulus

Appendix A 1 Properties of areas.* *Symbols used are: A = area I = moment of inertia S = Section modulus r = radius of gyration = I/A J = polar moment of inertia Z p = polar section modulus Circle R D A = I = πd4 64 S = πd3 32 πd 2 = πr 2 4 D r = = R 4 2 J = πd4 32 Z p = πd3 16 Circumference = πd = 2πR Hollow circle (tube) d D A = π(d2 d 2 ) 4 I = π(d4 d 4 ) 64 S = π(d4 d 4 ) 32D r = D 2 + d 2 4 J = π(d4 d 4 ) 32 Z p = π(d4 d 4 ) 16D Square X X s s/2 s Rectangle Y A = s 2 I x = s4 12 S x = s3 6 r x = s 12 A = bh X C h/2 X h I x = bh3 12 I y = hb3 12 S x = bh2 6 S y = hb2 6 r x = h 12 r y = b 12 Y b b/2 690 Untitled-1.indd 1 05/02/15 6:37 PM

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692 Appendix A 2 Preferred basic sizes. Fractional (in) Metric (mm) Decimal (in) First Second First Second First Second 1 64 1 32 1 16 3 32 1 8 0.015 625 0.031 25 0.062 5 0.093 75 0.125 0 5 5.000 1 5 4 5.250 5 1 2 5.500 3 5 4 5.750 6 6.000 0.010 0.012 0.016 0.020 0.025 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 8.50 1 9.00 9.50 1.2 10.00 10.50 1.6 1.1 1.4 10 12 16 11 14 100 120 160 110 140 5 32 3 16 1 4 5 16 3 8 0.156 25 0.187 5 0.250 0 0.312 5 0.375 0 6 7 8 1 2 7 1 2 8 1 2 6.500 7.000 7.500 8.000 8.500 0.032 0.040 0.05 0.06 0.08 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 2 2.5 1.8 2.2 2.8 20 25 18 22 28 200 250 180 220 280 7 16 1 2 9 16 5 8 0.437 5 0.500 0 0.562 5 0.625 0 9 10 9 1 2 10 1 2 9.000 9.500 10.000 10.500 0.10 0.12 0.16 0.20 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 3 4 3.5 4.5 30 40 35 45 300 400 350 450 11 16 3 4 7 8 0.687 5 0.750 0 0.875 0 11 11 1 2 12 11.000 11.500 12.000 0.24 0.30 0.40 4.80 5.00 5.20 15.50 16.00 16.50 5 6 5.5 50 60 55 500 600 550 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 3 4 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 12 1 2 13 13 1 2 14 12.500 13.000 13.500 14.000 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 8 7 9 80 70 90 800 1000 700 900 2 1 2 4 2 1 2 2 3 4 2.000 2.250 2.500 2.750 14 1 2 15 15 16 1 2 14.500 15.000 15.500 16.000 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 19.00 19.50 20.00 3 1 3 4 3 1 2 3 3 4 3.000 3.250 3.500 3.750 16 17 17 18 1 2 1 2 16.500 17.000 17.500 18.000 4 1 4 4 4 1 2 4 3 4 4.000 4.250 4.500 4.750 18 1 2 19 19 20 1 2 18.500 19.000 19.500 20.000 Untitled-1.indd 2 05/02/15 6:37 PM

Appendix 693 A 3 Screw threads. (a) American Standard thread dimensions, numbered sizes Coarse threads: UNC Fine threads: UNF Size asic major diameter, D (in) Threads per inch, n Tensile stress area (in 2 ) Threads per inch, n Tensile stress area (in 2 ) 0 1 2 3 0.060 0 0.073 0 0.086 0 0.099 0 64 56 48 0.002 63 0.003 70 0.004 87 80 72 64 56 0.001 80 0.002 78 0.003 94 0.005 23 4 5 6 0.112 0 0.125 0 0.138 0 40 40 32 0.006 04 0.007 96 0.009 09 48 44 40 0.006 61 0.008 30 0.010 15 8 10 12 0.164 0 0.190 0 0.216 0 32 24 24 0.014 0 0.017 5 0.024 2 36 32 28 0.014 74 0.020 0 0.025 8 (b) American Standard thread dimensions, fractional sizes Coarse threads: UNC Fine threads: UNF Size asic major diameter, D (in) Threads per inch, n Tensile stress area (in 2 ) Threads per inch, n Tensile stress area (in 2 ) 1 4 5 16 3 8 7 16 1 2 0.225 0 0.312 5 0.375 0 0.437 5 0.500 0 20 18 16 14 13 0.031 8 0.052 4 0.077 5 0.106 3 0.141 9 28 24 24 20 20 0.036 4 0.058 0 0.087 8 0.118 7 0.159 9 9 16 5 8 3 4 7 8 0.562 5 0.625 0 0.750 0 0.875 0 12 11 10 9 0.182 0.226 0.334 0.462 18 18 16 14 0.203 0.256 0.373 0.509 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 3 4 8 1.000 1.125 1.250 1.375 8 7 7 6 0.606 0.763 0.969 1.155 12 12 12 12 0.663 0.856 1.073 1.315 1 1 2 3 1 4 2 1.500 1.750 2.000 6 5 4 1 2 1.405 1.90 2.50 12 1.581 Untitled-1.indd 3 05/02/15 6:37 PM

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A 4 Properties of standard wood beams. Nominal size Actual size in mm 2 4 2 6 2 8 2 10 2 12 4 4 4 6 4 8 4 10 4 12 6 6 6 8 6 10 6 12 8 8 8 10 8 12 10 10 10 12 12 12 1.5 3.5 1.5 5.5 1.5 7.25 1.5 9.25 1.5 11.25 3.5 3.5 3.5 5.5 3.5 7.25 3.5 9.25 3.5 11.25 5.5 5.5 5.5 7.5 5.5 9.5 5.5 11.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 9.5 7.5 11.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 38 89 38 140 38 184 38 235 38 286 89 89 89 140 89 184 89 235 89 286 140 140 140 191 140 241 140 292 191 191 191 241 191 292 241 241 241 292 292 292 X X Y Area of section Moment of inertia, I x Section modulus, S x in 2 mm 2 in 4 mm 4 in 3 mm 3 5.25 3.39 10 3 5.36 2.23 10 6 3.06 50.1 10 3 8.25 5.32 10 3 20.8 8.66 10 6 7.56 124 10 3 10.87 7.01 10 3 47.6 19.8 10 6 13.14 215 10 3 13.87 8.95 10 3 98.9 41.2 10 6 21.4 351 10 3 16.87 10.88 10 3 178 74.1 10 6 31.6 518 10 3 12.25 7.90 10 3 12.51 5.21 10 6 7.15 117 10 3 19.25 12.42 10 3 48.5 20.2 10 6 17.65 289 10 3 25.4 16.39 10 3 111.1 46.2 10 6 30.7 503 10 3 32.4 20.90 10 3 231 96.1 10 6 49.9 818 10 3 39.4 25.42 10 3 415 172 10 6 73.9 1211 10 3 30.3 19.55 10 3 76.3 31.8 10 6 27.7 454 10 3 41.3 26.65 10 3 193 80.3 10 6 51.6 846 10 3 52.3 33.74 10 3 393 164 10 6 82.7 1355 10 3 63.3 40.84 10 3 697 290 10 6 121 1983 10 3 56.3 36.32 10 3 264 110 10 6 70.3 1152 10 3 71.3 46.00 10 3 536 223 10 6 113 1852 10 3 86.3 55.68 10 3 951 396 10 6 165 2704 10 3 90.3 58.26 10 3 679 283 10 6 143 2343 10 3 109.3 70.52 10 3 1204 501 10 6 209 3425 10 3 132.3 85.35 10 3 1458 607 10 6 253 4146 10 3 Y 695 Untitled-1.indd 4 05/02/15 6:37 PM

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 696 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: x Y x Y Z Z Centroid Centroid X X X X y y Y α Z Y α Z A 5 Properties of steel angles (L-shapes) U.S. Customary units. Section properties Weight Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Axis Z-Z Shape per foot Area, A I x S x y I y S y x r Ref. (in) (in) (in) (lb/ft) (in 2 ) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in) (deg.) a L 8 8 1 51.3 15.1 89.1 15.8 2.36 89.1 15.8 2.36 1.56 45.0 b L 8 1 8 2 26.7 7.84 48.8 8.36 2.17 48.8 8.36 2.17 1.59 45.0 c L 8 4 1 37.6 11.10 69.7 14.00 3.03 11.6 3.94 1.04 0.844 13.9 d L 8 1 4 2 19.7 5.80 38.6 7.48 2.84 6.75 2.15 0.854 0.863 14.9 3 4 3 e L 6 6 28.8 8.46 28.1 6.64 1.77 28.1 6.64 1.77 1.17 45.0 f L 6 6 8 14.9 4.38 15.4 3.51 1.62 15.4 3.51 1.62 1.19 45.0 g L 6 4 3 4 23.5 6.90 24.4 6.23 2.08 8.63 2.95 1.08 0.857 23.2 h L 6 4 3 8 12.2 3.58 13.4 3.30 1.94 4.84 1.58 0.940 0.871 24.1 1 2 1 i L 4 4 12.7 3.75 5.52 1.96 1.18 5.52 1.96 1.18 0.776 45.0 j L 4 4 4 6.58 1.93 3.00 1.03 1.08 3.00 1.03 1.08 0.783 45.0 k L 4 3 1 2 11.1 3.25 5.02 1.87 1.32 2.40 1.10 0.822 0.633 28.5 l L 4 3 1 4 5.75 1.69 2.75 0.988 1.22 1.33 0.585 0.725 0.639 29.2 1 2 1 m L 3 3 9.35 2.75 2.20 1.06 0.929 2.20 1.06 0.929 0.580 45.0 n L 3 3 4 4.89 1.44 1.23 0.569 0.836 1.23 0.569 0.836 0.585 45.0 o L 3 2 1 2 7.70 2.26 1.92 1.00 1.08 0.667 0.470 0.580 0.425 22.4 p L 3 2 1 4 4.09 1.20 1.09 0.541 0.980 0.390 0.258 0.487 0.431 23.6 q L 2 2 3 8 4.65 1.37 0.476 0.348 0.632 0.476 0.348 0.632 0.386 45.0 r L 2 2 1 4 3.21 0.944 0.346 0.244 0.586 0.346 0.244 0.586 0.387 45.0 s L 2 2 1 8 1.67 0.491 0.189 0.129 0.534 0.189 0.129 0.534 0.391 45.0 696

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 697 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: x Y x Y Z Z Centroid Centroid X X X X y y Y α Z Y α Z A 5(SI) Properties of steel angles (L-shapes) SI units. Section properties Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Axis Z-Z Mass Weight Shape per m per m Area, A I x S x y I y S y x r Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (N/m) (mm 2 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm) (deg.) a L 203 203 25.4 76.3 749 9740 3.71E 07 2.59E 05 59.9 3.71E 07 2.59E 05 59.9 39.6 45.0 b L 203 203 12.7 39.7 390 5060 2.03E 07 1.37E 05 55.1 2.03E 07 1.37E 05 55.1 40.4 45.0 c L 203 102 25.4 55.9 549 7160 2.90E 07 2.29E 05 77.0 4.83E 06 6.46E 04 26.4 21.4 13.9 d L 203 102 12.7 29.3 288 3740 1.61E 07 1.23E 05 72.1 2.81E 06 3.52E 04 21.7 21.9 14.9 e L 152 152 19 42.9 420 5460 1.17E 07 1.09E 05 45.0 1.17E 07 1.09E 05 45.0 29.7 45.0 f L 152 152 9.5 22.2 217 2830 6.41E 06 5.75E 04 41.1 6.41E 06 5.75E 04 41.1 30.2 45.0 g L 152 102 19 35.0 343 4450 1.02E 07 1.02E 05 52.8 3.59E 06 4.84E 04 27.4 21.8 23.2 h L 152 102 9.5 18.2 178 2310 5.58E 06 5.41E 04 49.3 2.01E 06 2.59E 04 23.9 22.1 24.1 i L 102 102 12.7 18.9 185 2420 2.30E 06 3.21E 04 30.0 2.30E 06 3.21E 04 30.0 19.7 45.0 j L 102 102 6.4 9.79 96.0 1250 1.25E 06 1.69E 04 27.4 1.25E 06 1.69E 04 27.4 19.9 45.0 k L 102 76 12.7 16.5 162 2100 2.09E 06 3.06E 04 33.5 9.99E 05 1.80E 04 20.9 16.1 28.5 l L 102 76 6.4 8.56 83.9 1090 1.14E 06 1.62E 04 31.0 5.54E 05 9.59E 03 18.4 16.2 29.2 m L 76 76 12.7 13.9 136 1770 9.16E 05 1.74E 04 23.6 9.16E 05 1.74E 04 23.6 14.7 45.0 n L 76 76 6.4 7.28 71.4 929 5.12E 05 9.33E 03 21.2 5.12E 05 9.33E 03 21.2 14.9 45.0 o L 76 51 12.7 11.5 112 1460 7.99E 05 1.64E 04 27.4 2.78E 05 7.70E 03 14.7 10.8 22.4 p L 76 51 6.4 6.09 59.7 774 4.54E 05 8.87E 03 24.9 1.62E 05 4.23E 03 12.4 10.9 23.6 q L 51 51 9.5 6.92 67.9 884 1.98E 05 5.70E 03 16.1 1.98E 05 5.70E 03 16.1 9.80 45.0 r L 51 51 6.4 4.78 46.9 609 1.44E 05 4.00E 03 14.9 1.44E 05 4.00E 03 14.9 9.83 45.0 s L 51 51 3.2 2.48 24.4 317 7.87E 04 2.11E 03 13.6 7.87E 04 2.11E 03 13.6 9.93 45.0 697

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 698 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Flange Depth Web X X x Centroid Y A 6 Properties of American Standard steel channels (C-shapes) U.S. Customary units. Section properties Web Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Shape Area, A Depth, d Thickness, t w Width, b f Thickness, t f I x S x I y S y x Ref. (in) (lb/ft) (in 2 ) (in) (in) (in) Average (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) a C 15 50 14.7 15.0 0.716 3.72 0.650 404 53.8 11.0 3.77 0.799 b C 15 40 11.8 15.0 0.520 3.52 0.650 348 46.5 9.17 3.34 0.778 c C 12 30 8.82 12.0 0.510 3.17 0.501 162 27.0 5.12 2.05 0.674 d C 12 25 7.35 12.0 0.387 3.05 0.501 144 24.0 4.45 1.87 0.674 e C 10 30 8.82 10.0 0.673 3.03 0.436 103 20.7 3.93 1.65 0.649 f C 10 20 5.88 10.0 0.379 2.74 0.436 78.9 15.8 2.80 1.31 0.606 g C 9 20 5.88 9.0 0.448 2.65 0.413 60.9 13.5 2.41 1.17 0.583 h C 9 15 4.41 9.0 0.285 2.49 0.413 51.0 11.3 1.91 1.01 0.586 i C 8 18.75 5.51 8.0 0.487 2.53 0.390 43.9 11.0 1.97 1.01 0.565 j C 8 11.5 3.38 8.0 0.220 2.26 0.390 32.5 8.14 1.31 0.775 0.572 k C 7 14.75 4.33 7.0 0.419 2.30 0.366 27.2 7.78 1.37 0.772 0.532 l C 7 9.8 2.87 7.0 0.210 2.09 0.366 21.2 6.07 0.957 0.617 0.541 m C 6 13 3.83 6.0 0.437 2.16 0.343 17.3 5.78 1.05 0.638 0.514 n C 6 8.2 2.40 6.0 0.200 1.92 0.343 13.1 4.35 0.687 0.488 0.512 o C 5 9 2.64 5.0 0.325 1.89 0.320 8.89 3.56 0.624 0.444 0.478 p C 5 6.7 1.97 5.0 0.190 1.75 0.320 7.48 2.99 0.470 0.372 0.484 q C 4 7.25 2.13 4.0 0.321 1.72 0.296 4.58 2.29 0.425 0.337 0.459 r C 4 5.4 1.59 4.0 0.184 1.58 0.296 3.85 1.92 0.312 0.277 0.457 s C 3 6 1.76 3.0 0.356 1.60 0.273 2.07 1.38 0.300 0.263 0.455 t C 3 4.1 1.21 3.0 0.170 1.41 0.273 1.65 1.10 0.191 0.196 0.437 698

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 699 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Flange Depth Web X X x Centroid Y A 6 (SI) Properties of American Standard steel channels (C-shapes) SI units. Section properties Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Web Shape Wt/m Area, A Depth, d Thickness, t w Width, b f Thickness, t f I x S x I y S y x Ref. (mm) (kg/m) (KN/m) (mm 2 ) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) a C 380 74 0.730 9480 381 18.2 94.4 16.5 1.68E 08 8.82E 05 4.58E 06 6.18E 04 20.3 b C 380 60 0.584 7610 381 13.2 89.4 16.5 1.45E 08 7.62E 05 3.82E 06 5.47E 04 19.8 c C 300 45 0.438 5690 305 13.0 80.5 12.7 6.74E 07 4.43E 05 2.13E 06 3.36E 04 17.1 d C 300 37 0.365 4740 305 9.83 77.4 12.7 5.99E 07 3.93E 05 1.85E 06 3.06E 04 17.1 e C 250 45 0.438 5690 254 17.1 77.0 11.1 4.29E 07 3.39E 05 1.64E 06 2.70E 04 16.5 f C 250 30 0.292 3790 254 9.63 69.6 11.1 3.28E 07 2.59E 05 1.17E 06 2.15E 04 15.4 g C 230 30 0.292 3790 229 11.4 67.3 10.5 2.53E 07 2.21E 05 1.00E 06 1.92E 04 14.8 h C 230 22 0.219 2850 229 7.24 63.1 10.5 2.12E 07 1.85E 05 7.95E 05 1.66E 04 14.9 i C 200 27.9 0.274 3560 203 12.4 64.2 9.91 1.83E 07 1.80E 05 8.20E 05 1.66E 04 14.4 j C 200 17.1 0.168 2180 203 5.59 57.4 9.91 1.35E 07 1.33E 05 5.45E 05 1.27E 04 14.5 k C 180 22 0.215 2790 178 10.6 58.4 9.30 1.13E 07 1.28E 05 5.70E 05 1.27E 04 13.5 l C 180 14.6 0.143 1850 178 5.33 53.1 9.30 8.82E 06 9.95E 04 3.98E 05 1.01E 04 13.7 m C 150 19.3 0.190 2470 152 11.1 54.8 8.71 7.20E 06 9.47E 04 4.37E 05 1.05E 04 13.1 n C 150 12.2 0.120 1550 152 5.08 48.8 8.71 5.45E 06 7.13E 04 2.86E 05 8.00E 03 13.0 o C 130 13 0.128 1700 127 8.26 47.9 8.13 3.70E 06 5.83E 04 2.60E 05 7.28E 03 12.1 p C 130 10.4 0.102 1270 127 4.83 44.5 8.13 3.11E 06 4.90E 04 1.96E 05 6.10E 03 12.3 q C 100 10.8 0.106 1370 102 8.15 43.7 7.52 1.91E 06 3.75E 04 1.77E 05 5.52E 03 11.7 r C 100 8 0.0788 1020 102 4.67 40.2 7.52 1.60E 06 3.15E 04 1.30E 05 4.54E 03 11.6 s C 80 8.9 0.0876 1140 76.2 9.04 40.5 6.93 8.62E 05 2.26E 04 1.25E 05 4.31E 03 11.6 t C 80 6.1 0.0598 777 76.2 4.32 35.8 6.93 6.87E 05 1.80E 04 7.95E 04 3.21E 03 11.1 699

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 700 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Flange Depth Web X X A 7 Properties of steel wide-flange shapes (W-shapes) U.S. Customary units. Y Section properties Web Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Shape Area, A Depth, d Thickness, t w Width, b f Thickness, t f I x S x I y S y Ref. (in) (lb/ft) (in 2 ) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) a W 30 173 51.0 30.4 0.655 15.0 1.070 8230 541 598 79.8 b W 30 108 31.7 29.8 0.545 10.5 0.760 4470 299 146 27.9 c W 27 146 43.1 27.4 0.605 14.0 0.975 5660 414 443 63.5 d W 27 102 30.0 27.1 0.515 10.0 0.830 3620 267 139 27.8 e W 24 76 22.4 23.9 0.440 8.99 0.680 2100 176 82.5 18.4 f W 24 68 20.1 23.7 0.415 8.97 0.585 1830 154 70.4 15.7 g W 21 73 21.5 21.2 0.455 8.30 0.740 1600 151 70.6 17.0 h W 21 57 16.7 21.1 0.405 6.56 0.650 1170 111 30.6 9.35 i W 18 55 16.2 18.1 0.390 7.53 0.630 890 98.3 44.9 11.9 j W 18 40 11.8 17.9 0.315 6.02 0.525 612 68.4 19.1 6.35 k W 14 43 12.6 13.7 0.305 8.00 0.530 428 62.7 45.2 11.3 l W 14 26 7.69 13.9 0.255 5.03 0.420 245 35.3 8.91 3.54 m W 12 65 19.1 12.1 0.390 12.0 0.605 533 87.9 174 29.1 n W 12 30 8.79 12.3 0.260 6.52 0.440 238 38.6 20.3 6.24 o W 12 16 4.71 12.0 0.220 3.99 0.265 103 17.1 2.82 1.41 p W 10 60 17.60 10.2 0.420 10.1 0.680 341 66.7 116 23.0 q W 10 30 8.84 10.5 0.300 5.81 0.510 170 32.4 16.7 5.75 r W 10 12 3.54 9.87 0.190 3.96 0.210 53.8 10.9 2.18 1.10 s W 8 40 11.70 8.25 0.360 8.07 0.560 146 35.5 49.1 12.2 t W 8 21 6.16 8.28 0.250 5.27 0.400 75.3 18.2 9.77 3.71 u W 8 10 2.96 7.89 0.170 3.94 0.205 30.8 7.81 2.09 1.06 v W 6 15 4.43 5.99 0.230 5.99 0.260 29.1 9.72 9.32 3.11 w W 6 12 3.55 6.03 0.230 4.00 0.280 22.1 7.31 2.99 1.50 x W 5 19 5.54 5.15 0.270 5.03 0.430 26.2 10.2 9.13 3.63 y W 5 16 4.68 5.01 0.240 5.00 0.360 21.3 8.51 7.51 3.00 z W 4 13 3.83 4.16 0.280 4.06 0.345 11.3 5.46 3.86 1.90 700

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 701 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Flange Depth Web X X A 7(SI) Properties of steel wide-flange shapes (W-shapes) SI units. Y Section properties Web Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Shape Wt/m Area, A Depth, d Thickness, t w Width, b f Thickness, t f I x S x I y S y Ref. (mm) (kg/m) (KN/M) (mm 2 ) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) a W 760 257 2.525 32 900 772 16.6 381 27.2 3.43E 09 8.87E 06 2.49E 08 1.31E 06 b W 760 161 1.576 20 500 757 13.8 267 19.3 1.86E 09 4.90E 06 6.08E 07 4.57E 05 c W 690 217 2.131 27 800 696 15.4 356 24.8 2.36E 09 6.79E 06 1.84E 08 1.04E 06 d W 690 152 1.489 19 400 688 13.1 254 21.1 1.51E 09 4.38E 06 5.79E 07 4.56E 05 e W 610 113 1.109 14 500 607 11.2 228 17.3 8.74E 08 2.88E 06 3.43E 07 3.02E 05 f W 610 101 0.993 13 000 602 10.5 228 14.9 7.62E 08 2.52E 06 2.93E 07 2.57E 05 g W 530 109 1.066 13 900 538 11.6 211 18.8 6.66E 08 2.47E 06 2.94E 07 2.79E 05 h W 530 85 0.832 10 800 536 10.3 167 16.5 4.87E 08 1.82E 06 1.27E 07 1.53E 05 i W 460 82 0.803 10 500 460 9.91 191 16.0 3.70E 08 1.61E 06 1.87E 07 1.95E 05 j W 460 60 0.584 7610 455 8.00 153 13.3 2.55E 08 1.12E 06 7.95E 06 1.04E 05 k W 360 64 0.628 8130 348 7.75 203 13.5 1.78E 08 1.03E 06 1.88E 07 1.85E 05 l W 360 39 0.380 4960 353 6.48 128 10.7 1.02E 08 5.79E 05 3.71E 06 5.80E 04 m W 310 97 0.949 12 300 307 9.91 305 15.4 2.22E 08 1.44E 06 7.24E 07 4.77E 05 n W 310 44.5 0.437 5670 312 6.60 166 11.2 9.91E 07 6.33E 05 8.45E 06 1.02E 05 o W 310 23.8 0.233 3040 305 5.59 101 6.73 4.29E 07 2.80E 05 1.17E 06 2.31E 04 p W 250 89 0.876 11 400 259 10.7 257 17.3 1.42E 08 1.09E 06 4.83E 07 3.77E 05 q W 250 44.8 0.439 5700 267 7.62 148 13 7.08E 07 5.31E 05 6.95E 06 9.42E 04 r W 250 17.9 0.176 2280 251 4.83 101 5.33 2.24E 07 1.79E 05 9.07E 05 1.80E 04 s W 200 59 0.579 7550 210 9.14 205 14.2 6.08E 07 5.82E 05 2.04E 07 2.00E 05 t W 200 31.3 0.307 3970 210 6.35 134 10.2 3.13E 07 2.98E 05 4.07E 06 6.08E 04 u W 200 15 0.146 1910 200 4.32 100 5.21 1.28E 07 1.28E 05 8.70E 05 1.74E 04 v W 150 22.5 0.221 2860 152 5.84 152 6.60 1.21E 07 1.59E 05 3.88E 06 5.10E 04 w W 150 18 0.175 2290 153 5.84 102 7.11 9.20E 06 1.20E 05 1.24E 06 2.46E 04 x W 130 28.1 0.276 3570 131 6.86 128 10.9 1.09E 07 1.67E 05 3.80E 06 5.95E 04 y W 130 23.8 0.233 3020 127 6.10 127 9.14 8.87E 06 1.39E 05 3.13E 06 4.92E 04 z W 100 19.3 0.189 2470 106 7.11 103 8.76 4.70E 06 8.95E 04 1.61E 06 3.11E 04 701

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 702 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Flange Depth Web X X A 8 Properties of American Standard steel beams (S-shapes) U.S. Customary units. Y Section properties Web Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Shape Area, A Depth, d Thickness, t w Width, b f Thickness, t f I x S x I y S y Ref. (in) (lb/ft) (in 2 ) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) a S 24 121 35.5 24.5 0.800 8.05 1.090 3160 258 83.0 20.6 b S 24 90 26.5 24.0 0.625 7.13 0.870 2250 187 44.7 12.5 c S 20 96 28.2 20.3 0.800 7.20 0.920 1670 165 49.9 13.9 d S 20 75 22.0 20.0 0.635 6.39 0.795 1280 128 29.5 9.25 e S 20 66 19.4 20.0 0.505 6.26 0.795 1190 119 27.5 8.78 f S 18 70 20.5 18.0 0.711 6.25 0.691 923 103 24.0 7.69 g S 18 54.7 16.0 18.0 0.461 6.00 0.691 801 89.0 20.7 6.91 h S 15 50 14.7 15.0 0.550 5.64 0.622 485 64.7 15.6 5.53 i S 15 42.9 12.6 15.0 0.411 5.50 0.622 446 59.4 14.3 5.19 j S 12 50 14.6 12.0 0.687 5.48 0.659 303 50.6 15.6 5.69 k S 12 35 10.2 12.0 0.426 5.08 0.544 228 38.1 9.84 3.88 l S 10 35 10.3 10.0 0.594 4.94 0.491 147 29.4 8.30 3.36 m S 10 25.4 7.45 10.0 0.311 4.66 0.491 123 24.6 6.73 2.89 n S 8 23 6.76 8.00 0.441 4.17 0.425 64.7 16.2 4.27 2.05 o S 8 18.4 5.40 8.00 0.271 4.00 0.425 57.5 14.4 3.69 1.84 p S 6 17.25 5.06 6.00 0.465 3.57 0.359 26.2 8.74 2.29 1.28 q S 6 12.5 3.66 6.00 0.232 3.33 0.359 22.0 7.34 1.80 1.08 r S 5 10 2.93 5.00 0.214 3.00 0.326 12.3 4.90 1.19 0.795 s S 4 9.5 2.79 4.00 0.326 2.80 0.293 6.8 3.38 0.887 0.635 t S 4 7.7 2.26 4.00 0.193 2.66 0.293 6.05 3.03 0.748 0.562 u S 3 7.5 2.20 3.00 0.349 2.51 0.260 2.91 1.94 0.578 0.461 v S 3 5.7 1.66 3.00 0.170 2.33 0.260 2.50 1.67 0.447 0.383 702

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 703 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Flange Depth Web X X A 8(SI) Properties of American Standard steel beams (S-shapes) SI units. Y Section properties Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Web Shape Wt/m Area, A Depth, d Thickness, t w Width, b f Thickness, t f I x S x I y S y Ref. (mm) (kg/m) (KN/m) (mm 2 ) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) a S 610 180 1.766 22 900 622 20.3 204 27.7 1.32E 09 4.23E 06 3.45E 07 3.38E 05 b S 610 134 1.314 17 100 610 15.9 181 22.1 9.36E 08 3.06E 06 1.86E 07 2.05E 05 c S 510 143 1.401 18 200 516 20.3 183 23.4 6.95E 08 2.70E 06 2.08E 07 2.28E 05 d S 510 112 1.095 14 200 508 16.1 162 20.2 5.33E 08 2.10E 06 1.23E 07 1.52E 05 e S 510 98.2 0.963 12 500 508 12.8 159 20.2 4.95E 08 1.95E 06 1.14E 07 1.44E 05 f S 460 104 1.022 13 200 457 18.1 159 17.6 3.84E 08 1.69E 06 9.99E 06 1.26E 05 g S 460 81.4 0.799 10 300 457 11.7 152 17.6 3.33E 08 1.46E 06 8.62E 06 1.13E 05 h S 380 74 0.730 9480 381 14.0 143 15.8 2.02E 08 1.06E 06 6.49E 06 9.06E 04 i S 380 64 0.626 8130 381 10.4 140 15.8 1.86E 08 9.74E 05 5.95E 06 8.51E 04 j S 300 74 0.730 9420 305 17.4 139 16.7 1.26E 08 8.29E 05 6.49E 06 9.33E 04 k S 300 52 0.511 6580 305 10.8 129 13.8 9.49E 07 6.24E 05 4.10E 06 6.36E 04 l S 250 52 0.511 6650 254 15.1 125 12.5 6.12E 07 4.82E 05 3.45E 06 5.51E 04 m S 250 37.8 0.371 4810 254 7.9 118 12.5 5.12E 07 4.03E 05 2.80E 06 4.74E 04 n S 200 34 0.336 4360 203 11.2 106 10.8 2.69E 07 2.66E 05 1.78E 06 3.36E 04 o S 200 27.4 0.269 3480 203 6.9 102 10.8 2.39E 07 2.36E 05 1.54E 06 3.02E 04 p S 150 25.7 0.252 3260 152 11.8 90.7 9.1 1.09E 07 1.43E 05 9.53E 05 2.10E 04 q S 150 18.6 0.182 2360 152 5.9 84.6 9.1 9.16E 06 1.20E 05 7.49E 05 1.77E 04 r S 130 15 0.146 1890 127 5.4 76.2 8.3 5.12E 06 8.03E 04 4.95E 05 1.30E 04 s S 100 14.1 0.138 1800 102 8.3 71.1 7.4 2.81E 06 5.54E 04 3.69E 05 1.04E 04 t S 100 11.5 0.113 1460 102 4.9 67.6 7.4 2.52E 06 4.97E 04 3.11E 05 9.21E 03 u S 80 11.2 0.110 1420 76.2 8.9 63.8 6.6 1.21E 06 3.18E 04 2.41E 05 7.56E 03 v S 80 8.5 0.083 1070 76.2 4.3 59.2 6.6 1.04E 06 2.74E 04 1.86E 05 6.28E 03 703

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 704 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Y X X X X A 9 Properties of steel structural tubing (HSS-shapes) U.S. Customary units. Y Y Design wall thickness Weight Section properties Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Torsional constants Shape t w per foot Area, A I x S x r x I y S y r y J C Ref. (in) (in) (in) (in) (lb/ft) (in 2 ) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) a HSS 8 8 1/2 0.465 48.7 13.5 125 31.2 3.04 125 31.2 3.04 204 52.4 b HSS 8 8 1/4 0.233 25.8 7.10 70.7 17.7 3.15 70.7 17.7 3.15 111 28.1 c HSS 8 4 1/2 0.465 35.1 9.74 71.8 17.9 2.71 23.6 11.8 1.56 61.1 24.4 d HSS 8 4 1/4 0.233 19.0 5.24 42.5 10.6 2.85 14.4 7.21 1.66 35.3 13.6 e HSS 8 2 1/4 0.233 15.6 4.30 28.5 7.12 2.57 2.94 2.94 0.827 9.36 6.35 f HSS 6 6 1/2 0.465 35.1 9.74 48.3 16.1 2.23 48.3 16.1 2.23 81.1 28.1 g HSS 6 6 1/4 0.233 19.0 5.24 28.6 9.54 2.34 28.6 9.54 2.34 45.6 15.4 h HSS 6 4 1/4 0.233 15.6 4.30 20.9 6.96 2.20 11.1 5.56 1.61 23.6 10.1 i HSS 6 2 1/4 0.233 12.2 3.37 13.1 4.37 1.97 2.21 2.21 0.810 6.55 4.70 j HSS 4 4 1/2 0.465 21.5 6.02 11.9 5.97 1.41 11.9 5.97 1.41 21.0 11.2 k HSS 4 4 1/4 0.233 12.2 3.37 7.80 3.90 1.52 7.80 3.90 1.52 12.8 6.56 l HSS 4 2 1/4 0.233 8.78 2.44 4.49 2.25 1.36 1.48 1.48 0.779 3.82 3.05 m HSS 3 3 1/4 0.233 8.78 2.44 3.02 2.01 1.11 3.02 2.01 1.11 5.08 3.52 n HSS 3 2 1/4 0.233 7.08 1.97 2.13 1.42 1.04 1.11 1.11 0.751 2.52 2.23 o HSS 2 2 1/4 0.233 5.38 1.51 0.747 0.747 0.704 0.747 0.747 0.704 1.31 1.41 704

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 705 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y Y X X X X Y Y A 9(SI) Properties of steel structural tubing (HSS-shapes) SI units. Design wall thickness Mass Weight Area Section properties Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Torsional constants Shape t w per m per m A I x S x r x I y S y r y J C Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (N/m) (mm2 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) a HSS 203 203 12.7 11.8 72.5 711 8710 5.20E 07 5.11E 05 77.2 5.20E 07 5.11E 05 77.2 8.49E 07 8.59E 05 b HSS 203 203 6.4 5.92 38.4 377 4580 2.94E 07 2.90E 05 80.0 2.94E 07 2.90E 05 80.0 4.62E 07 4.61E 05 c HSS 203 102 12.7 11.8 52.2 512 6280 2.99E 07 2.93E 05 68.8 9.82E 06 1.93E 05 39.6 2.54E 07 4.00E 05 d HSS 203 102 6.4 5.92 28.3 277 3380 1.77E 07 1.74E 05 72.4 5.99E 06 1.18E 05 42.2 1.47E 07 2.23E 05 e HSS 203 51 6.4 5.92 23.2 228 2770 1.19E 07 1.17E 05 65.3 1.22E 06 4.82E 04 21.0 3.90E 06 1.04E 05 f HSS 152 152 12.7 11.8 52.2 512 6280 2.01E 07 2.64E 05 56.6 2.01E 07 2.64E 05 56.6 3.38E 07 4.61E 05 g HSS 152 152 6.4 5.92 28.3 277 3380 1.19E 07 1.56E 05 59.4 1.19E 07 1.56E 05 59.4 1.90E 07 2.52E 05 h HSS 152 102 6.4 5.92 23.2 228 2770 8.70E 06 1.14E 05 55.9 4.62E 06 9.11E 04 40.9 9.82E 06 1.66E 05 i HSS 152 51 6.4 5.92 18.2 178 2170 5.45E 06 7.16E 04 50.0 9.20E 05 3.62E 04 20.6 2.73E 06 7.70E 04 j HSS 102 102 12.7 11.8 32.0 314 3880 4.95E 06 9.78E 04 35.8 4.95E 06 9.78E 04 35.8 8.74E 06 1.84E 05 k HSS 102 102 6.4 5.92 18.2 178 2170 3.25E 06 6.39E 04 38.6 3.25E 06 6.39E 04 38.6 5.33E 06 1.08E 05 l HSS 102 51 6.4 5.92 13.1 128 1570 1.87E 06 3.69E 04 34.5 6.16E 05 2.43E 04 19.8 1.59E 06 5.00E 04 m HSS 76 76 6.4 5.92 13.1 128 1570 1.26E 06 3.29E 04 28.2 1.26E 06 3.29E 04 28.2 2.11E 06 5.77E 04 n HSS 76 51 6.4 5.92 10.5 103 1271 8.87E 05 2.33E 04 26.4 4.62E 05 1.82E 04 19.1 1.05E 06 3.65E 04 o HSS 51 51 6.4 5.92 8.01 78.5 974 3.11E 05 1.22E 04 17.9 3.11E 05 1.22E 04 17.9 5.45E 05 2.31E 04 705

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 706 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y X A t R t 1 X Centroid x Y A 10 Properties of Aluminum Association standard channels U.S. Customary units. Section properties Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Flange Shape Web Depth, A Width, Area Thickness, t 1 Thickness, t I x S x r x I y S y r y x Ref. (in) (lb/ft) (in) (in) (in2 ) (in) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in) a C 2 0.577 2.00 1.00 0.491 0.13 0.13 0.288 0.288 0.766 0.045 0.064 0.303 0.298 b C 2 1.071 2.00 1.25 0.911 0.26 0.17 0.546 0.546 0.774 0.139 0.178 0.391 0.471 c C 3 1.135 3.00 1.50 0.965 0.20 0.13 1.41 0.94 1.21 0.22 0.22 0.47 0.49 d C 3 1.597 3.00 1.75 1.358 0.26 0.17 1.97 1.31 1.20 0.42 0.37 0.55 0.62 e C 4 1.738 4.00 2.00 1.478 0.23 0.15 3.91 1.95 1.63 0.60 0.45 0.64 0.65 f C 4 2.331 4.00 2.25 1.982 0.29 0.19 5.21 2.60 1.62 1.02 0.69 0.72 0.78 g C 5 2.212 5.00 2.25 1.881 0.26 0.15 7.88 3.15 2.05 0.98 0.64 0.72 0.73 h C 5 3.089 5.00 2.75 2.627 0.32 0.19 11.14 4.45 2.06 2.05 1.14 0.88 0.95 i C 6 2.834 6.00 2.50 2.410 0.29 0.17 14.35 4.78 2.44 1.53 0.90 0.80 0.79 j C 6 4.030 6.00 3.25 3.427 0.35 0.21 21.04 7.01 2.48 3.76 1.76 1.05 1.12 k C 7 3.205 7.00 2.75 2.725 0.29 0.17 22.09 6.31 2.85 2.10 1.10 0.88 0.84 l C 7 4.715 7.00 3.50 4.009 0.38 0.21 33.79 9.65 2.90 5.13 2.23 1.13 1.20 m C 8 4.147 8.00 3.00 3.526 0.35 0.19 37.40 9.35 3.26 3.25 1.57 0.96 0.93 n C 8 5.789 8.00 3.75 4.923 0.41 0.25 52.69 13.17 3.27 7.13 2.82 1.20 1.22 o C 9 4.983 9.00 3.25 4.237 0.35 0.23 54.41 12.09 3.58 4.40 1.89 1.02 0.93 p C 9 6.970 9.00 4.00 5.927 0.44 0.29 78.31 17.40 3.63 9.61 3.49 1.27 1.25 q C 10 6.136 10.00 3.50 5.218 0.41 0.25 83.22 16.64 3.99 6.33 2.56 1.10 1.02 r C 10 8.360 10.00 4.25 7.109 0.50 0.31 116.15 23.23 4.04 13.02 4.47 1.35 1.34 s C 12 8.274 12.00 4.00 7.036 0.47 0.29 159.76 26.63 4.77 11.03 3.86 1.25 1.14 t C 12 11.822 12.00 5.00 10.053 0.62 0.35 239.69 39.95 4.88 25.74 7.60 1.60 1.61 706

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 707 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y X A t R t 1 X Centroid x Y A 10(SI) Properties of Aluminum Association standard channels SI units. Section properties Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Flange Shape Web Wt/m Depth, A Width, Area Thickness, t 1 Thickness, t I x S x r x I y S y r y x Ref. (mm) (kg/m) (N/m) (mm) (mm) (mm2 ) (mm) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm) a C 51 0.859 8.42 51 25 317 3.3 3.3 1.20E 05 4.72E 03 19.46 1.87E 04 1.05E 03 7.70 7.57 b C 51 1.594 15.63 51 32 588 6.6 4.3 2.27E 05 8.95E 03 19.66 5.79E 04 2.92E 03 9.93 12.0 c C 76 1.689 16.57 76 38 623 5.1 3.3 5.87E 05 1.54E 04 30.73 9.16E 04 3.61E 03 11.94 12.4 d C 76 2.376 23.31 76 44 876 6.6 4.3 8.20E 05 2.15E 04 30.48 1.75E 05 6.06E 03 13.97 15.7 e C 102 2.586 25.37 102 51 954 5.8 3.8 1.63E 06 3.20E 04 41.40 2.50E 05 7.38E 03 16.26 16.5 f C 102 3.468 34.03 102 57 1279 7.4 4.8 2.17E 06 4.26E 04 41.15 4.25E 05 1.13E 04 18.29 19.8 g C 127 3.291 32.29 127 57 1214 6.6 3.8 3.28E 06 5.16E 04 52.07 4.08E 05 1.05E 04 18.29 18.5 h C 127 4.596 45.09 127 70 1695 8.1 4.8 4.64E 06 7.29E 04 52.32 8.53E 05 1.87E 04 22.35 24.1 i C 152 4.217 41.37 152 64 1555 7.4 4.3 5.97E 06 7.83E 04 61.98 6.37E 05 1.48E 04 20.32 20.1 j C 152 6.00 58.8 152 83 2211 8.9 5.3 8.76E 06 1.15E 05 62.99 1.56E 06 2.88E 04 26.67 28.4 k C 178 4.77 46.8 178 70 1758 7.4 4.3 9.19E 06 1.03E 05 72.39 8.74E 05 1.80E 04 22.35 21.3 l C 178 7.02 68.8 178 89 2587 9.7 5.3 1.41E 07 1.58E 05 73.7 2.14E 06 3.65E 04 28.70 30.5 m C 203 6.17 60.5 203 76 2275 8.9 4.8 1.56E 07 1.53E 05 82.8 1.35E 06 2.57E 04 24.38 23.6 n C 203 8.61 84.5 203 95 3176 10.4 6.4 2.19E 07 2.16E 05 83.1 2.97E 06 4.62E 04 30.48 31.0 o C 229 7.41 72.7 229 83 2734 8.9 5.8 2.26E 07 1.98E 05 90.9 1.83E 06 3.10E 04 25.91 23.6 p C 229 10.37 101.7 229 102 3824 11.2 7.4 3.26E 07 2.85E 05 92.2 4.00E 06 5.72E 04 32.26 31.8 q C 254 9.13 89.6 254 89 3367 10.4 6.4 3.46E 07 2.73E 05 101.3 2.63E 06 4.20E 04 27.94 25.9 r C 254 12.44 122.0 254 108 4587 12.7 7.9 4.83E 07 3.81E 05 102.6 5.42E 06 7.33E 04 34.29 34.0 s C 305 12.31 120.8 305 102 4540 11.9 7.4 6.65E 07 4.36E 05 121.2 4.59E 06 6.33E 04 31.75 29.0 t C 305 17.59 172.6 305 127 6486 15.7 8.9 9.98E 07 6.55E 05 124.0 1.07E 07 1.25E 05 40.64 40.9 707

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 708 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y t 1 R X X A t Y A 11 Properties of Aluminum Association standard I-beam shapes U.S. Customary units. Section properties Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Flange Shape Web Depth, A Width, Area Thickness, t 1 Thickness, t I x S x r x I y S y r y Ref. (in) (lb/ft) (in) (in) (in 2 ) (in) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) a I 3 1.637 3.00 2.50 1.392 0.20 0.13 2.24 1.49 1.27 0.52 0.42 0.61 b I 3 2.030 3.00 2.50 1.726 0.26 0.15 2.71 1.81 1.25 0.68 0.54 0.63 c I 4 2.311 4.00 3.00 1.965 0.23 0.15 5.62 2.81 1.69 1.04 0.69 0.73 d I 4 2.793 4.00 3.00 2.375 0.29 0.17 6.71 3.36 1.68 1.31 0.87 0.74 e I 5 3.700 5.00 3.50 3.146 0.32 0.19 13.94 5.58 2.11 2.29 1.31 0.85 f I 6 4.030 6.00 4.00 3.427 0.29 0.19 21.99 7.33 2.53 3.10 1.55 0.95 g I 6 4.692 6.00 4.00 3.990 0.35 0.21 25.5 8.50 2.53 3.74 1.87 0.97 h I 7 5.800 7.00 4.50 4.932 0.38 0.23 42.89 12.25 2.95 5.78 2.57 1.08 i I 8 6.181 8.00 5.00 5.256 0.35 0.23 59.69 14.92 3.37 7.30 2.92 1.18 j I 8 7.023 8.00 5.00 5.972 0.41 0.25 67.78 16.94 3.37 8.55 3.42 1.20 k I 9 8.361 9.00 5.50 7.110 0.44 0.27 102.02 22.67 3.79 12.22 4.44 1.31 l I 10 8.646 10.00 6.00 7.352 0.41 0.25 132.09 26.42 4.24 14.78 4.93 1.42 m I 10 10.286 10.00 6.00 8.747 0.50 0.29 155.79 31.16 4.22 18.03 6.01 1.44 n I 12 11.672 12.00 7.00 9.925 0.47 0.29 255.57 42.60 5.07 26.90 7.69 1.65 o I 12 14.292 12.00 7.00 12.153 0.62 0.31 317.33 52.89 5.11 35.48 10.14 1.71 708

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 709 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Y t 1 R X X A t Y A 11(SI) Properties of Aluminum Association standard I-beam shapes SI units. Section properties Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Flange Shape Web Wt/m Depth, A Width, Area Thickness, t 1 Thickness, t I x S x r x I y S y r y Ref. (mm) (kg/m) (N/m) (mm) (mm) (mm 2 ) (mm) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) a I 76 2.436 23.90 76 64 898 5.1 3.3 9.32E 05 2.44E 04 32.26 2.16E 05 6.88E 03 15.49 b I 76 3.021 29.63 76 64 1114 6.6 3.8 1.13E 06 2.97E 04 31.75 2.83E 05 8.85E 03 16.00 c I 102 3.439 33.73 102 76 1268 5.8 3.8 2.34E 06 4.61E 04 42.93 4.33E 05 1.13E 04 18.54 d I 102 4.156 40.77 102 76 1532 7.4 4.3 2.79E 06 5.51E 04 42.67 5.45E 05 1.43E 04 18.80 e I 127 5.506 54.01 127 89 2030 8.1 4.8 5.80E 06 9.15E 04 53.59 9.53E 05 2.15E 04 21.59 f I 152 5.997 58.83 152 102 2211 7.4 4.8 9.15E 06 1.20E 05 64.26 1.29E 06 2.54E 04 24.13 g I 152 6.982 68.49 152 102 2574 8.9 5.3 1.06E 07 1.39E 05 64.26 1.56E 06 3.06E 04 24.64 h I 178 8.630 84.66 178 114 3182 9.7 5.8 1.79E 07 2.01E 05 74.93 2.41E 06 4.21E 04 27.43 i I 203 9.197 90.22 203 127 3391 8.9 5.8 2.48E 07 2.45E 05 85.60 3.04E 06 4.79E 04 29.97 j I 203 10.45 102.5 203 127 3853 10.4 6.4 2.82E 07 2.78E 05 85.60 3.56E 06 5.61E 04 30.48 k I 229 12.44 122.0 229 140 4587 11.2 6.9 4.25E 07 3.72E 05 96.27 5.09E 06 7.28E 04 33.27 l I 254 12.87 126.2 254 152 4744 10.4 6.4 5.50E 07 4.33E 05 107.7 6.15E 06 8.08E 04 36.07 m I 254 15.31 150.1 254 152 5644 12.7 7.4 6.48E 07 5.11E 05 107.2 7.50E 06 9.85E 04 36.58 n I 305 44.50 436.5 305 178 6404 11.9 7.4 1.06E 08 6.98E 05 128.8 1.12E 07 1.26E 05 41.91 o I 305 23.80 233.5 305 178 7841 15.7 7.9 1.32E 08 8.67E 05 129.8 1.48E 07 1.66E 05 43.43 709

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 710 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: A 12 Properties of steel pipe U.S. Customary units. Section properties Wall Outside Inside thickness, Torsional constants Nominal size Diameter Diameter t w Area, A I S r J Z p Ref. (in) (in) (in) (in) (in2 ) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) Schedule 40 pipe a 1/8 in 0.405 0.269 0.068 0.072 1.06E-03 5.25E-03 0.122 2.13E-03 1.05E-02 b 1/4 in 0.540 0.364 0.088 0.125 3.31E-03 1.23E-02 0.163 6.62E-03 2.45E-02 c 3/8 in 0.675 0.493 0.091 0.167 7.29E-03 2.16E-02 0.209 1.46E-02 4.32E-02 d PIPE 1/2 STD 0.840 0.622 0.109 0.250 1.71E-02 4.07E-02 0.261 3.42E-02 8.14E-02 e PIPE 3/4 STD 1.050 0.824 0.113 0.333 3.70E-02 7.05E-02 0.334 7.41E-02 0.1411 f PIPE 1 STD 1.315 1.049 0.133 0.494 8.73E-02 0.1328 0.421 0.1747 0.2657 g PIPE 1-1/4 STD 1.660 1.380 0.140 0.669 0.1947 0.2346 0.540 0.3894 0.4692 h PIPE 1-1/2 STD 1.900 1.610 0.145 0.799 0.3099 0.3262 0.623 0.6198 0.6524 i PIPE 2 STD 2.375 2.067 0.154 1.075 0.6657 0.5606 0.787 1.331 1.121 j PIPE 2-1/2 STD 2.875 2.469 0.203 1.704 1.530 1.064 0.947 3.059 2.128 k PIPE 3 STD 3.500 3.068 0.216 2.228 3.017 1.724 1.164 6.034 3.448 l PIPE 3-1/2 STD 4.000 3.548 0.226 2.680 4.788 2.394 1.337 9.575 4.788 m PIPE 4 STD 4.500 4.026 0.237 3.174 7.233 3.214 1.510 14.47 6.429 n PIPE 5 STD 5.563 5.047 0.258 4.300 15.16 5.451 1.878 30.32 10.90 o PIPE 6 STD 6.625 6.065 0.280 5.581 28.14 8.496 2.245 56.28 16.99 p PIPE 8 STD 8.625 7.981 0.322 8.399 72.49 16.81 2.938 145.0 33.62 q PIPE 10 STD 10.750 10.020 0.365 11.908 160.7 29.90 3.674 321.5 59.81 r 12 in 12.750 11.938 0.406 15.745 300.2 47.09 4.367 600.4 94.18 s 16 in 16.000 15.000 0.500 24.347 731.9 91.49 5.483 1464 183.0 t 18 in 18.000 16.876 0.562 30.788 1171 130.2 6.168 2343 260.3 NOTE: All values shown are for standard schedule 40 steel pipe. Rows d q conform to AISC standards for dimensions of standard weight pipe. Rows a c and r t do not. Many other sizes of round hollow structural sections (HSS) are available. See AISC Manual. 710

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 711 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: A 12(SI) Properties of steel pipe SI units. Section properties Wall Outside Inside Thickness, Torsional constants Nominal size Diameter Diameter t w Area, A I S r J Z p Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) Schedule 40 pipe a 3.2 mm 10.29 6.83 1.73 46.45 442.7 86.07 3.087 885.4 172.1 b 6.4 mm 13.72 9.25 2.24 80.62 1379 201.0 4.135 2757 402.1 c 9.5 mm 17.15 12.52 2.31 107.7 3035 354.0 5.308 6069 708.0 d PIPE 13 STD 21.34 15.80 2.77 161.5 7114 666.9 6.637 14 228 1334 e PIPE 19 STD 26.67 20.93 2.87 214.6 15416 1156 8.475 30 831 2312 f PIPE 25 STD 33.40 26.64 3.38 318.6 36355 2177 10.68 72 710 4354 g PIPE 32 STD 42.16 35.05 3.56 431.3 81044 3844 13.71 1.62E 05 7688 h PIPE 38 STD 48.26 40.89 3.68 515.8 1.29E 05 5346 15.81 2.58E 05 10 691 i PIPE 51 STD 60.33 52.50 3.91 693.2 2.77E 05 9187 19.99 5.54E 05 18 374 j PIPE 64 STD 73.03 62.71 5.16 1099 6.37E 05 17 436 24.06 1.27E 06 34 873 k PIPE 75 STD 88.90 77.93 5.49 1438 1.26E 06 28 253 29.55 2.51E 06 56 506 l PIPE 89 STD 101.6 90.12 5.74 1729 1.99E 06 39 228 33.95 3.99E 06 78 457 m PIPE 102 STD 114.3 102.3 6.02 2048 3.01E 06 52 676 38.34 6.02E 06 1.05E 05 n PIPE 127 STD 141.3 128.2 6.55 2774 6.31E 06 89327 47.70 1.26E 07 1.79E 05 o PIPE 152 STD 168.3 154.1 7.11 3601 1.17E 07 1.39E 05 57.04 2.34E 07 2.78E 05 p PIPE 203 STD 219.1 202.7 8.18 5419 3.02E 07 2.75E 05 74.62 6.03E 07 5.51E 05 q PIPE 254 STD 273.1 254.5 9.27 7683 6.69E 07 4.90E 05 93.32 1.34E 08 9.80E 05 r 305 mm 323.9 303.2 10.31 10 158 1.25E 08 7.72E 05 110.9 2.50E 08 1.54E 06 s 406 mm 406.4 381.0 12.70 15 708 3.05E 08 1.50E 06 139.3 6.09E 08 3.00E 06 t 457 mm 457.2 428.7 14.27 19 863 4.88E 08 2.13E 06 156.7 9.75E 08 4.27E 06 NOTE: All values shown are for standard schedule 40 steel pipe, converted to SI units. Rows d q conform to AISC standards for dimensions of standard weight pipe. Rows a c and r t do not. Many other sizes of round hollow structural sections (HSS) are available. See AISC Manual. 711

Z01_MOTT8490_05_SE_APP.QXD 6/8/10 7:01 PM Page 712 A 13 Properties of steel mechanical tubing U.S. Customary units. Nominal size Wall Outside Inside thickness, Section properties Torsional constants Diameter Diameter t w Area, A I S r J Z p Ref. OD (in) Wall gage (in) (in) (in) (in 2 ) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) (in) (in 4 ) (in 3 ) a 17 0.500 0.384 0.058 0.081 0.00200 0.00800 0.158 0.00400 0.0160 b 1 2 14 0.500 0.334 0.083 0.109 0.00246 0.00983 0.150 0.00491 0.0197 c 1 16 1.000 0.870 0.065 0.191 0.0210 0.0419 0.331 0.0419 0.0839 d 1 10 1.000 0.732 0.134 0.365 0.0350 0.0700 0.310 0.0700 0.140 e 1 16 1.500 1.370 0.065 0.293 0.0756 0.101 0.508 0.151 0.202 f 1 1 2 10 1.500 1.232 0.134 0.575 0.135 0.181 0.485 0.271 0.361 g 2 16 2.000 1.870 0.065 0.395 0.185 0.185 0.685 0.370 0.370 h 2 10 2.000 1.732 0.134 0.786 0.344 0.344 0.661 0.687 0.687 i 2 10 2.500 2.232 0.134 0.996 0.699 0.559 0.838 1.398 1.119 j 1 2 2 5 2.500 2.060 0.220 1.576 1.034 0.827 0.810 2.067 1.654 k 3 10 3.000 2.732 0.134 1.207 1.241 0.828 1.014 2.483 1.655 l 3 5 3.000 2.560 0.220 1.921 1.868 1.245 0.986 3.736 2.490 m 3 10 3.500 3.232 0.134 1.417 2.010 1.149 1.191 4.020 2.297 n 1 3 2 5 3.500 3.060 0.220 2.267 3.062 1.750 1.162 6.125 3.500 o 4 5 4.000 3.560 0.220 2.613 4.682 2.341 1.339 9.364 4.682 p 4 1 4.000 3.400 0.300 3.487 6.007 3.003 1.312 12.013 6.007 q 4 1 2 5 4.500 4.060 0.220 2.958 6.791 3.018 1.515 13.583 6.037 r 4 1 2 1 4.500 3.900 0.300 3.958 8.773 3.899 1.489 17.546 7.798 s 5 5 5.000 4.560 0.220 3.304 9.456 3.782 1.692 18.911 7.564 t 5 1 5.000 4.400 0.300 4.430 12.281 4.912 1.665 24.562 9.825 712

Z01_MOTT8490_05_SE_APP.QXD 6/8/10 7:01 PM Page 713 A 13(SI) Properties of steel mechanical tubing SI units. Wall Outside Inside thickness, Section properties Torsional constants Nominal size Diameter Diameter t w Area, A I S r J Z p Ref. OD (mm) Wall gage (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm 2 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 3 ) a 12.7 17 12.70 9.754 1.473 51.96 833 131.1 4.00 1665 262.3 b 12.7 14 12.70 8.484 2.108 70.15 1023 161.1 3.82 2045 322.1 c 25.4 16 25.40 22.098 1.651 123.2 8726 687.1 8.42 1.75E 04 1374 d 25.4 10 25.40 18.593 3.404 235.2 1.46E 04 1147 7.87 2.91E 04 2294 e 38.1 16 38.10 34.798 1.651 189.1 3.15E 04 1651 12.9 6.29E 04 3303 f 38.1 10 38.10 31.293 3.404 371.0 5.64E 04 2959 12.3 1.13E 05 5918 g 50.8 16 50.80 47.498 1.651 254.9 7.71E 04 3034 17.4 1.54E 05 6068 h 50.8 10 50.80 43.993 3.404 506.8 1.43E 05 5632 16.8 2.86E 05 1.13E 04 i 63.5 10 63.50 56.693 3.404 642.6 2.91E 05 9166 21.3 5.82E 05 1.83E 04 j 63.5 5 63.50 52.324 5.588 1017 4.30E 05 1.35E 04 20.6 8.60E 05 2.71E 04 k 76.2 10 76.20 69.393 3.404 778.4 5.17E 05 1.36E 04 25.8 1.03E 06 2.71E 04 l 76.2 5 76.20 65.024 5.588 1240 7.77E 05 2.04E 04 25.0 1.55E 06 4.08E 04 m 88.9 10 88.90 82.093 3.404 914.2 8.37E 05 1.88E 04 30.3 1.67E 06 3.76E 04 n 88.9 5 88.90 77.724 5.588 1463 1.27E 06 2.87E 04 29.5 2.55E 06 5.74E 04 o 101.6 5 101.60 90.424 5.588 1686 1.95E 06 3.84E 04 34.0 3.90E 06 7.67E 04 p 101.6 1 101.60 86.360 7.620 2250 2.50E 06 4.92E 04 33.3 5.00E 06 9.84E 04 q 114.3 5 114.30 103.124 5.588 1908 2.83E 06 4.95E 04 38.5 5.65E 06 9.89E 04 r 114.3 1 114.30 99.060 7.620 2554 3.65E 06 6.39E 04 37.8 7.30E 06 1.28E 05 s 127.0 5 127.00 115.824 5.588 2131 3.94E 06 6.20E 04 43.0 7.87E 06 1.24E 05 t 127.0 1 127.00 111.760 7.620 2858 5.11E 06 8.05E 04 42.3 1.02E 07 1.61E 05 713

714 Appendix A 14 Typical properties of carbon and alloy steels.* Material AISI no. Condition ksi Ultimate strength, s u MPa ksi Yield strength, s y MPa Percent elongation 1020 1020 1020 1040 1040 1040 1040 1040 1040 1040 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1141 1141 1141 1141 1141 1141 4140 4140 4140 4140 4140 5160 5160 5160 5160 5160 Annealed Hot-rolled Cold-drawn Annealed Hot-rolled Cold-drawn WQT 700 WQT 900 WQT 1100 WQT 1300 Annealed OQT 700 OQT 900 OQT 1100 OQT 1300 Annealed Cold-drawn OQT 700 OQT 900 OQT 1100 OQT 1300 Annealed OQT 700 OQT 900 OQT 1100 OQT 1300 Annealed OQT 700 OQT 900 OQT 1100 OQT 1300 57 65 75 75 90 97 127 118 107 87 89 189 179 145 117 87 112 193 146 116 94 95 231 187 147 118 105 263 196 149 115 393 448 517 517 621 669 876 814 738 600 614 1303 1234 1000 807 600 772 1331 1007 800 648 655 1593 1289 1014 814 724 1813 1351 1027 793 43 48 64 51 60 82 93 90 80 63 54 141 129 103 70 51 95 172 129 97 68 60 212 173 131 101 40 238 179 132 103 296 331 441 352 414 565 641 621 552 434 372 972 889 710 483 352 655 1186 889 669 469 414 1462 1193 903 696 276 1641 1234 910 710 36 36 20 30 25 16 19 22 24 32 25 12 13 17 23 26 14 9 15 20 28 26 12 15 18 23 17 9 12 17 23 *Other properties approximately the same for all carbon and alloy steels: Modulus of elasticity in tension = 30 000 000 psi (207 GPa) Modulus of elasticity in shear = 11 500 000 psi (80 GPa) Density = 0.283 lb m /in 3 (7680 kg/m 3 ) OQT means oil-quenched and tempered. WQT means water-quenched and tempered. Untitled-1.indd 5 05/02/15 6:37 PM

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 715 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: A 15 Typical properties of stainless steels and nonferrous metals. Ultimate Yield Modulus of strength, s u strength, s y Density elasticity, E Material and Percent condition ksi MPa ksi MPa elongation lb/in 3 kg/m 3 psi GPa Stainless steels AISI 301 annealed 110 758 40 276 60 0.290 8030 28 10 6 193 AISI 301 full hard 185 1280 140 965 8 0.290 8030 28 10 6 193 AISI 430 annealed 75 517 40 276 30 0.280 7750 29 10 6 200 AISI 430 full hard 90 621 80 552 15 0.280 7750 29 10 6 200 AISI 501 annealed 70 483 30 207 28 0.280 7750 29 10 6 200 AISI 501OQT 1000 175 1210 135 931 15 0.280 7750 29 10 6 200 17-4PH H900 210 1450 185 1280 14 0.281 7780 28.5 10 6 197 PH 13-8 Mo H1000 215 1480 205 1410 13 0.279 7720 29.4 10 6 203 Copper and its alloys C14500 copper, soft 32 221 10 69 50 0.323 8940 17 10 6 117 hard 48 331 44 303 20 C17200 eryllium copper, soft 72 496 20 138 20 0.298 8250 19 10 6 131 hard 195 1344 145 1000 4 C36000 brass, soft 44 305 18 124 20 0.308 8530 16 10 6 110 hard 70 480 35 240 4 C54400 bronze, hard 68 469 57 393 20 0.318 8800 17 10 6 117 Magnesiumcast ASTM AZ 63A-T6 40 276 19 131 5 0.066 1830 6.5 10 6 45 Zinccast-ZA 12 58 400 47 324 5 0.218 6030 12 10 6 83 715

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 716 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: A 15 (continued ) Titanium and its alloys Pure alpha Ti-65A Wrought 65 448 55 379 18 0.163 4515 15 10 6 103 Alpha alloy Ti-0.2Pd Wrought 50 345 40 276 20 0.163 4515 14.9 10 6 103 eta alloy Ti-3Al-13V-11Cr Aged 185 1280 175 1210 6 0.176 4875 16.0 10 6 110 Alpha-beta alloy Ti-6A1-4V Aged 170 1170 155 1070 8 0.160 4432 16.5 10 6 114 Nickel-based alloys N06600annealed 70 F (21 C) 93 640 37 255 45 0.304 8420 30 10 6 207 800 F (427 C) 89 614 30 207 49 1200 F (649 C) 65 448 27 186 39 N0611040% cold worked 70 F (21 C) 175 1205 150 1034 18 0.302 8330 30 10 6 207 500 F (260 C) 130 896 18 800 F (427 C) 120 827 18 N04400annealed [At 70 F (21 C] Annealed 80 550 30 207 50 0.318 8800 26 10 6 181 Cold drawn 100 690 75 517 30 This can be used as specific weight or mass density in lbm in 3. 716

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 717 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Appendix 717 A 16 Properties of structural steels. Ultimate Yield Percent Material strength, s u * strength, s y * elongation ASTM no. and products ksi MPa ksi MPa in 2 in A36Carbon steel: shapes, plates, and bars 58 400 36 248 21 A 53grade -pipe 60 414 35 240 A242HSLA corrosion resistants: shapes, plates, and bars 3 4 in thick 70 483 50 345 21 3 4 to 1 1 2 in thick 67 462 46 317 21 1 1 2 to 4 in thick 63 434 42 290 21 A500Cold-formed structural tubing Round, grade 58 400 42 290 23 Round grade C 62 427 46 317 21 Shaped, grade 58 400 46 317 23 Shaped, grade C 62 427 50 345 21 A501Hot-formed structural tubing, round or shaped 58 400 36 248 23 A514Quenched and tempered alloy steel; plate 2 1 2 in thick 110 758 100 690 18 2 1 2 to 6 in thick 100 690 90 620 16 A572HSLA columbium-vanadium steel: shapes, plates and bars Grade 42 60 414 42 290 24 Grade 50 65 448 50 345 21 Grade 60 75 517 60 414 18 Grade 65 80 552 65 448 17 A913HSLA, grade 65: shapes 80 552 65 448 17 A992HSLA: W-Shapes only 65 448 50 345 21 *Minimum values; may range higher. HSLA-High strength low-alloy The American Institute of Steel Construction specifies E 29 10 6 psi (200 GPa) for structural steel.

718 Appendix A17 Typical properties of cast iron.* Material type and grade ksi s u MPa Ultimate strength s uc ksi MPa ksi s us MPa Yield strength ksi s yt MPa Modulus of elasticity, E psi GPa Percent elongation Gray iron ASTM A48 Grade 20 Grade 40 Grade 60 Ductile iron ASTM A536 60-40-18 80-55-6 100-70-3 120-90-2 Austempered ductile iron (ADI) Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Malleable iron ASTM A220 45008 60004 80002 20 40 55 60 80 100 120 125 150 175 200 65 80 95 138 276 379 414 552 690 827 862 1034 1207 1379 448 552 655 80 140 170 180 240 240 240 552 965 1170 1240 1650 1650 1650 32 57 72 57 73 49 65 75 221 393 496 393 503 338 448 517 40 55 70 90 80 100 125 155 45 60 80 276 379 483 621 552 690 862 1069 310 414 552 12.2 10 6 19.4 10 6 21.5 10 6 24 10 6 24 10 6 24 10 6 23 10 6 24 10 6 24 10 6 24 10 6 24 10 6 26 10 6 27 10 6 27 10 6 84 134 148 165 165 165 159 165 165 165 159 170 186 186 <1 <0.8 <0.5 18 6 3 2 10 7 4 1 8 4 2 * The density of cast iron ranges from 0.25 to 0.27 lb m /in 3 (6920 to 7480 kg/m 3 ). Minimum values; may range higher. Approximate values; may range higher or lower by about 15%. A18 Typical properties of aluminum alloys.* Alloy and temper Ultimate strength, s u ksi MPa ksi Yield strength, s y MPa Percent elongation ksi Shear strength, s us MPa 1100-H12 1100-H18 2014-0 2014-T4 2014-T6 3003-0 3003-H12 3003-H18 5154-0 5154-H32 5154-H38 6061-0 6061-T4 6061-T6 7075-0 7075-T6 16 24 27 62 70 16 19 29 35 39 48 18 35 45 33 83 110 165 186 427 483 110 131 200 241 269 331 124 241 310 228 572 15 22 14 42 60 6 18 27 17 30 39 8 21 40 15 73 103 152 97 290 414 41 124 186 117 207 269 55 145 276 103 503 25 15 18 20 13 40 20 10 27 15 10 30 25 17 16 11 10 13 18 38 42 11 12 16 22 22 28 12 24 30 22 48 69 90 124 262 290 76 83 110 152 152 193 83 165 207 152 331 Casting alloys (permanent mold castings) 204.0 T4 206.0 T6 356.0 T6 48 65 41 331 445 283 29 59 30 200 405 207 8 6 10 * Modulus of elasticity E for most aluminum alloys, including 1100, 3003, 6061, and 6063, is 10 10 6 psi (69.0 Gpa). For 2014, E = 10.6 10 6 psi (73.1 GPa). For 5154, E = 10.2 10 6 psi (70.3 GPa). For 7075, E = 10.4 10 6 psi (71.7 GPa). Density of most aluminum alloys is approximately 0.10 lb m /in 3 (2770 kg/m 3 ). Untitled-1.indd 6 05/02/15 6:37 PM

A19 Typical properties of wood. Allowable stress ending Tension parallel to grain Horizontal shear Perpendicular to grain Compression Parallel to grain Modulus of elasticity Type and grade psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa ksi GPa Douglas fir2 to 4 in thick, 6 in and wider No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Hemlock2 to 4 in thick, 6 in and wider No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Southern pine 2½ to 4 in thick, 6 in and wider No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 1750 1450 800 1400 1150 625 1400 1000 650 12.1 10.0 5.5 9.6 7.9 4.3 9.6 6.9 4.5 1050 850 475 825 675 375 825 575 375 7.2 5.9 3.3 5.7 4.7 2.6 5.7 4.0 2.6 95 95 95 75 75 75 80 70 70 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.55 0.48 0.48 385 385 385 245 245 245 270 230 230 2.65 2.65 2.65 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.86 1.59 1.59 1250 1000 600 1000 800 500 850 550 400 8.62 6.90 4.14 6.90 5.52 3.45 5.86 3.79 2.76 1800 1700 1500 1500 1400 1200 1600 1300 1300 12.4 11.7 10.3 10.3 9.7 8.3 11.0 9.0 9.0 719 Untitled-1.indd 7 05/02/15 6:37 PM

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 720 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: A 20 Typical properties of selected plastics. Tensile Tensile Flexural Flexural strength IZOD strength modulus strength modulus (ft 1b/in Material Type (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) of notch) Nylon 66 Dry 21.0 146 1200 8700 32.0 221 1100 7900 30% Glass 50% R.H. 15.0 102 800 5500 AS Medium-impact 6.0 41 360 2480 11.5 79 310 2140 4.0 High-impact 5.0 34 250 1720 8.0 55 260 1790 7.0 Polycarbonate General-purpose 9.0 62 340 2340 11.0 76 300 2070 12.0 Acrylic Standard 10.5 72 430 2960 16.0 110 460 3170 0.4 High-impact 5.4 37 220 1520 7.0 48 230 1590 1.2 PVC Rigid 6.0 41 350 2410 300 2070 0.4 20.0 (varies widely) Polyimide 25% graphite 5.7 39 12.8 88 900 6210 0.25 powder filler Glass-fiber filler 27.0 186 50.0 345 3250 22 400 17.0 Laminate 50.0 345 70.0 483 4000 27 580 13.0 Acetal Copolymer 8.0 55 410 2830 13.0 90 375 2590 1.3 Polyurethane Elastomer 5.0 34 100 690 0.6 4 No break Phenolic General 6.5 45 1100 7580 9.0 62 1100 7580 0.3 Polyester with glass-fiber mat reinforcement (approx. 30% glass by weight) Lay-up, contact mold 9.0 62 16.0 110 800 5520 Cold press molded 12.0 83 22.0 152 1300 8960 Compression molded 25.0 172 10.0 69 1300 8960 720

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 721 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: Appendix 721 A 21 Design stress guidelines. Direct Normal StressesGeneral machine and structural design Manner of Ductile Materials rittle Materials loading (% Elongation 5%) (% Elongation 5%) Static loads s d s y 2 s d s u 6 Repeated loads s d s u 8 s d s u 10 Impact or shock s d s u 12 s d s u 15 AISC Code: Direct Normal StressesStatic loads on steel members of building-like structures s d s y 1.67 0.60 s y or s d s u 2.00 0.50 s u Whichever is lower. Direct Normal StressesStatic loads on aluminum members of building-like structures Aluminum Association: s d s y 1.65 0.61 s y or s d s u 1.95 0.51 s u Whichever is lower. Design Shear StressesFor direct shear and for torsional shear stresses ased on maximum shear stress theory of failure: t d s ys N 0.5 s y N s y 2N Manner of Design Design loading factor shear stress Static loads Use N 2 t d s y 4 Repeated loads Use N 4 t d s y 8 Shock or impact Use N 6 t d s y 12 Estimates for the Ultimate Strength in Shear Formula s us 0.65 s u s us 0.82 s u s us 0.90 s u s us 1.30 s u Material Aluminum alloys SteelPlain carbon and alloy Malleable iron and copper alloys Gray cast iron Allowable earing Stress SteelFlat surfaces or the projected area of pins in reamed, drilled, or bored holes: s bd 0.90 s y Allowable earing Load, R a,steel roller on flat steel plate U.S. Customary Units SI Metric Units R a (s y 13) (0.03 dl) R a (s y 90) (3.0 10 5 dl) Where: R a Allowable bearing load in kips or kn s y Yield strength of steel in ksi or MPa d Roller diameter in inches or mm L Length of roller in inches or mm (continued)

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 722 TEAM- 103:PEQY138:Appendix: 722 Appendix A 21 (continued)0 Allowable bearing stresses on masonry and soils for use in this book. Allowable bearing stress, bd Material psi MPa Sandstone and limestone 400 2.76 rick in cement mortar 250 1.72 Solid hard rock 350 2.41 Shale or medium rock 140 0.96 Soft rock 70 0.48 Hard clay or compact gravel 55 0.38 Soft clay or loose sand 15 0.10 Concrete: s bd = Kf c = 10.342A 2 >A 1 2f c (ut maximum s bd = 0.68 f c ) Where: f c Rated strength of concrete A 1 earing area A 2 Full area of the support.70.60 K = 0.34 A 2 /A 1.50.40.35 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 A 2 /A 1 F F A 1 = earing area Steel A 2 = Support area Steel Concrete Concrete A 2 /A 1 = 1.0 A 2 /A 1 > 1.0