Fratur Mhani of Conrt and Conrt Strutur - High Prforman, Fibr Rinford Conrt, Spial Loading and Strutural Appliation- B. H. Oh, t al. (d) 2 Kora Conrt Intitut, ISBN 978-89-578-82-2 Blat loading rpon of ultra high prforman onrt and rativ podr onrt lab J.H.J. Kim, N.H. Yi, I.S. Oh & H.S. L Yoni Univrity, Soul, Kora J.K. Choi & Y.G. Cho Hyundai Intitut of Contrution Thnology, Yongin, Kora ABSTRACT: In rnt yar, thr hav bn numrou xploion-rlatd aidnt du to military and trrorit ativiti. Suh inidnt aud not only damag to trutur but alo human aualti, pially in urban ara. To prott trutur and av human liv againt xploion aidnt, bttr undrtanding of th xploion fft on trutur i ndd. In an xploion, th blat load i applid to onrt trutur a an impuliv load of xtrmly hort duration ith vry high prur and hat. Gnrally, onrt i knon to hav a rlativly high blat ritan ompard to othr ontrution matrial. Hovr, normal trngth onrt trutur rquir highr trngth to improv thir ritan againt impat and blat load. Thrfor, a n matrial ith high-nrgy aborption apaity and high ritan to damag i a bttr matrial for blat ritan dign. Rntly, Ultra High Strngth Conrt (UHSC) and Rativ Podr Conrt (RPC) hav bn ativly dvlopd to ignifiantly improv onrt trngth. UHSC and RPC an improv onrt trngth, mmbr iz and ight rdution and orkability improvmnt. High trngth onrt uag in bttr arthquak ritan and inra a building hight and bridg pan. Alo, UHSC and RPC an b implmntd for blat ritan dign of infratrutur du to trror or impat uh a 9. trror attak. Thrfor, in thi tudy, th blat tt ar prformd to invtigat th bhavior of UHSC and RPC lab ubjtd to blat load. Blat av haratriti, inluding inidnt and rfltd prur a ll a maximum and ridual diplamnt and train in tl and onrt urfa ar maurd. Alo, blat damag and failur mod r rordd for ah pimn. From th tt, UHSC and RPC ar hon to fftivly rit blat xploion ompar to normal trngth onrt. INTRODUCTION In rnt yar, thr hav bn numrou xploionrlatd aidnt du to military and trrorit ativiti. Suh inidnt aud not only damag to trutur but alo human aualti. Epially, in mtropolitan ara hih ar xpod to trror attak, th vr loading rlatd aidnt an au grat human aualiti, onomial lo, and publi infratrutur dtrution, and ivilian trutur ollap. To prott trutur and av human liv againt xploion aidnt, bttr undrtanding of th xploion fft on trutur i ndd. In an xploion, th blat load i applid to trutur a an impuliv load of xtrmly hort duration ith vry high prur and hat. Gnrally, onrt i knon to hav a rlativly high blat ritan ompard to othr ontrution matrial. Hovr, normal trngth onrt trutur rquir highr trngth to improv thir ritan againt impat and blat load. Thrfor, a n matrial ith high-nrgy aborption apaity and high ritan to damag i a bttr matrial for blat ritan dign. Rntly, Ultra High Strngth Conrt (UHSC) and Rativ Podr Conrt (RPC) hav bn ativly dvlopd to ignifiantly improv onrt trngth. UHSC and RPC an improv onrt trngth, rdu mmbr iz and lf-ight, and improv orkability. Commonly, UHSC and RPC produ ompriv trngth gratr than 5MPa and omtim up to 8~2MPa. High trngth onrt ar ud to improv arthquak ritan a ll a ontrution of high-ri and long pan bridg. Alo, UHSC and RPC an b implmntd to blat ritan dign of infratrutur againt trror or impat (ASCE 999, Bakr 973). Th Koran building od ha bn modifid in yar 29 hr any high-ri loatd in th ity of Soul ith th hight of ovr 5 abov ground floor or 2m, th trror ritant dign ha to b inorporatd. Thi od rgulation rflt th kn publi intrt on blat ritan and prottiv dign onpt. Hovr, in UHSC or RPC ha bn
rntly J = D ( h, dvlopd, T ) h thir blat ritant apaiti () hav nvr bn tudid. In ordr to proprly and ffiintly Th proportionality inorporat UHSC offiint and RPC D(h,T) into prottiv i alld dign moitur hm, prmability an in-dpth and it rarh i a nonlinar blat funtion ritan of th rlativ bhavior humidity on UHSC h and and tmpratur RPC i T urgntly (Bažant ndd & Najjar at 972). thi tim Th (Kim moitur 29, ma Zinddin balan t al. rquir 27). that Thrfor, th variation in thi in tim tudy, of th atr blat tt ma ar pr prformd volum of to onrt invtigat (atr th ontnt bhavior ) of b UHSC qual to and th unit RPC divrgn lab ubjtd of th moitur to blat flux load. J Blat av haratriti inluding inidnt and rfltd prur a ll a maximum and ridual diplamnt and train = in tl J and onrt urfa ar maurd. (2) t Alo, blat damag and failur mod r rordd for Th ah atr pimn. ontnt From an th b tt, xprd UHSC a and th RPC um ar of th hon vaporabl to fftivly atr rit blat xploion ompard to normal trngth onrt. Bad on th (apillary atr, atr vapor, and adorbd atr) and th non-vaporabl tt rult, th blat dign produr ill b uggtd. (hmially bound) atr n (Mill 966, Pantazopoulo & Mill 995). It i raonabl to aum that th vaporabl atr i a funtion of rlativ humidity, h, dgr of hydration, 2 LITERATURE LEVIEW, and dgr of ilia fum ration,, i.. = (h,, ) = ag-dpndnt orption/dorption iothrm 2. Charatriti of blat load (Norling Mjonll 997). Undr thi aumption and An by xploion ubtituting i a Equation vry fat hmial into Equation ration produing obtain tranint air prur av alld blat av. 2 on For a fr-air burt, th blat av ill travl aay from th our a a phrial av front a hon in Figur + (a). ( DTh hpak ) = ovrprur & + & and + & th duration of th ovrprur n (3) h vary ith ditan from th xploiv. Th magnitud of th paramtr alo dpnd hr on / th i xploiv th lop matrial of th orption/dorption from hih th xploiv iothrm ompound (alo alld i mad. moitur Uually apaity). th iz of Th th xploiv govrning ompound quation (Equation i givn 3) in mut trm b of ompltd a TNT ight. by appropriat Exploiv boundary bhavior and dpnd initial ondition. a numbr of fator: Th rlation ambint btn tmpratur, th amount ambint of prur, vaporabl xploiv atr and ompoition, rlativ humidity xploiv i matrial alld adorption proprti, and iothrm natur if of maurd th ignition ith our inraing typ. Additional rlativity fator humidity inlud and dorption typ, nrgy, iothrm and duration in th oppoit of th vnt a. Nglting a ll a gomtry thir diffrn of urrounding (Xi t al. (i.., 994), onfind th folloing, or unonfind). orption Whn iothrm a ondnd ill b high ud xplo- ith in iv rfrn i initiatd, to both xploion orption and ration dorption gnrat ondition. vral additional By th ay, haratriti if th hytri uh a blat of av th moitur of vry high iothrm prur, ould fragmntation b takn into from aount, th xploiv to diffrnt a or rlation, trutural vaporabl lmnt, atr hot v ga rlativ ith a humidity, prur from mut b ud up to aording 3 kilobar, to th and ign a of tmpratur th variation of about of th 3,~4,. rlativity humidity. Th main Th blat hap fft of th i impuliv orption prur iothrm loading for HPC from i inflund th blat by av many a paramtr, hon in Figur pially (b) tho (Bakr that 973, influn May & xtnt Smith and 995). rat of th hmial Aftr a ration hort tim, and, th in ovrprur turn, dtrmin bhind por th hok trutur front and drop por rapidly iz ditribution and bom (atr-to-mnt mallr than that ratio, of mnt th urrounding hmial atmophr ompoition, a hon SF ontnt, in Figur uring (b). tim Thi and prur mthod, domain tmpratur, i knon mix a additiv, th ngativ t.). pha. In th Th litratur front of variou th blat formulation av akn an a b it progr found to drib outard th and orption it vloity iothrm drop toard of normal th vloity onrt of (Xi ound t al. in th 994). unditurbd Hovr, atmophr. in th prnt papr Th th haratriti mi-mpirial of a blat xprion av rulting propod from by an Norling xploion Mjornll dpnd (997) mainly i adoptd on th bau phyial it xpliitly aount for th volution of hydration ration and SF ontnt. Thi orption iothrm rad Angl of inidn, Path of hok propagation to point W ( othr h, ) ( ) than, th normal = G point, + ( g ) h Normal ditan, R A Prur Path of hok propagation Horizontal ( g normal ) h to urfa ditan K (, ) Shltr Ground urfa (a) Sphrial fr air blat trm (apillary P o iothrm) rprnt th apillary atr pr unit volum hld P in th Ngativ gl pifi por impul, at i % P o Poitiv pha (, ) = k Duration, + k t o vg vg Ngativ pha Duration, t o G (5) (b) Prur-tim hitory Figur. Sphrial fr air blat (TM5-3 99, Kim t al. 27). hr k vg and k vg ar matrial paramtr. From th maximum amount of atr pr unit volum that an proprti fill all por of (both th apillary our and por th and mdium gl por), through on hih an alulat blat av K a on propagat. obtain To rat rfrn blat xprimnt, om ontrolld xploion hav bn ondutd undr idal ondition. To rlat othr xploion ith non-idal ondition to.88 +.22 G th rfrn xploion, blat aling la an b mployd. (6) K (, ) = Th mot idly ud approah to blat av aling i that formulatd by Hopkinon, hih i ommonly dribd a th ub-root aling la. Th Th ald matrial ditan, paramtr Z, i dfind k uing th Hopkinon-Cranz' b alibratd ub by fitting root la xprimntal a (ASCE 999): data rlvant to vg and k vg and g an fr (vaporabl) atr ontnt in onrt at / 3 / 3 variou Z = R / Eag or (Di Z Luzio = R / W& Cuati 29b). () hr, Z i aling ditan; R i tand-off ditan 2.2 Tmpratur volution from th targt trutur; E i total xploiv thrmal amount Not that, of at nrgy; arly W ag, i in harg th ight hmial of quivalnt ration TNT aoiatd amount. ith Th mnt aling hydration ditan and i SF ud ration for valuation ar xothrmi, of blat th av tmpratur haratriti. fild i not uniform for non-adiabati ytm vn if th nvironmntal tmpratur i ontant. Hat ondution an b 2.2 Rarh trnd dribd in onrt, at lat for tmpratur not Conrt xding i gnrally C (Bažant knon to & hav Kaplan a rlativly 996), high by blat Fourir ritan la, hih apaity rad ompard to othr ontrution matrial. Hovr, onrt trutur, hih r q = not λ Tdignd to hav blat prottiv apaity, (7) rquir rtrofitting during thir rvi lif to improv hr thir q i ritan th hat againt flux, blat T load. i th Rtrofitting abolut mthod tmpratur, of attahing and λ i xtra th hat trutural ondutivity; mmbr in thi or upport to inra th blat ritan i inffiint P (4) hr th firt trm (gl iothrm) rprnt th phyially bound (adorbd) atr and th ond atr. Thi xprion Poitiv pifi i valid impul, only i for lo ontnt of SF. Th offiint G rprnt th amount of rlativ humidity, t A and it t t A +t o +t Ambint, Po A an +t o b xprd o (Norling Mjornll 997) a Proding of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2
in th prptiv of additional ontrution ot and liminating uabl pa. Alo, in thi mthod do not gratly improv th ovrall trutural ritan againt blat load, a mor faibl mthod of rtrofitting to improv blat ritan ould b to u Ultra High Strngth Conrt (UHSC) or Rativ Podr Conrt (RPC). UHSC and RPC ould alo b vry fftiv in n ontrution in thy an b ud for onrt matrial in rinford onrt mmbr. In fat, bam and plat ontrutd uing high trngth onrt (HSC) hod bttr impat ritan apaity than on mad uing normal trngth onrt (NSC) in pat rarh. Hovr, du to oial and govrnmntal ontraint, thi typ of omparion tudy ha not bn arrid ovr to blat ritan apaity tudy, rulting in inuffiint databa of HSC rol a blat riting matrial (Kim 29). Rntly, vral rarhr hav purud tati and impat apaity tudi on fibr rinford onrt mmbr undr tim-dpndnt loading ondition. Th rfrn tudy ha hon that th impat and blat loadd UHSC or RPC tudy rult ar non-xiting and blat loadd HSC tudy rult ar arly xiting at bt (Habl t al. 28). 3 BLAST TEST DETAILS In thi papr, th failur bhavior of rinford UHSC and RPC lab undr blat loading ar tudid. Th tt r prformd a 2 tp pro of prliminary and main tt at Agny for Dfn Dvlopmnt of Kora tting ight. In th prliminary tt tag, TNT 35lb a ud a blat load on ontrol pimn (NSC pimn). Aftr th trial tt, ANFO 35lb a ltd a th blat xploiv harg to b ud for th main tt tag. 3. Blating tt tup In thi tudy, in ordr to liminat th 3-D fft, RC lab pimn ar plad at a am lvl a ground urfa(razaqpur t al. 27). A tl fram i ontrutd and burid in th ground a hon in Figur 2(a). For prvnting th upporting fram ditortion during blat loading, th tiffnr ith 25mm paing ar intalld on all urfa of upporting fram. Rubbr pad of th am idth and lngth a th tl angl lg r plad btn th angl and tt pimn to nur uniform upport ondition. Th xploiv ud for th tt a phrial ANFO, hih a hld by oodn horizontal bar. Figur 2(b) ho th tt pimn tup ith th 35lb ANFO (28.7lb TNT) xploiv harg. Th.5m tandoff from pimn to xploiv middl point i onitntly maintaind. J = ) D ( h, T h Th proportionality offiint D(h,T) moitur prmability and it i a nonlina of th rlativ humidity h and tmpratur & Najjar 972). Th moitur ma balan that th variation in tim of th atr ma volum of onrt (atr ontnt ) b q divrgn of th moitur flux J = J (a) Burid t upporting fram Th atr ontnt an b xprd a of th vaporabl atr (apillary a vapor, and adorbd atr) and th non- (hmially bound) atr n (Mil Pantazopoulo & Mill 995). It i ra aum that th vaporabl atr i a fu rlativ humidity, h, dgr of hydration dgr of ilia fum ration,, i.. = = ag-dpndnt orption/dorption (Norling Mjonll 997). Undr thi aum by ubtituting Equation into Equati (b) Exploiv obtain harg and pimn Figur 2. Ovrvi blat tup. 3.2 Spimn manufaturing + and ( D dtail h) = & + & + h For th rlativ and abolut omparion btn th pimn atd ith UHSC, RCP, and NSC hr RC lab ith th / i th lop of th orption/ dimnion of, iothrm (alo, 5mm and D (7.33mm 2 alld moitur apa ) mh typ rinformnt ith 82mm paing ar ud. Th tl govrning quation (Equation 3) mut b by appropriat boundary and initial onditi ratio of th rinford NSC and UHSC pimn i Th rlation btn th amount of am a th 2 volum % of hort tl fibr ud in atr and rlativ humidity i alld RPC pimn. Th mix proportion for NSC, iothrm if maurd ith inraing UHSC, and RPC ar tabulatd in Tabl 2, 3, and 4, humidity and dorption iothrm in th rptivly. Th 2mm ylindrial pimn a. Nglting thir diffrn (Xi t al. ar prpard for ompriv and tnil trngth th folloing, orption iothrm ill b tt prformd at Hyundai Intitut of Contrution rfrn to both orption and dorption Thnology. Th numbr of pimn ttd for By th ay, if th hytri of th NSC, UHSC, and RPC ar 2, 4, and 4 pimn, rptivly. Th avrag ompriv trngth of iothrm ould b takn into aount, to rlation, vaporabl atr v rlativ humi NSC, UHSC, and RPC ar 25.6, 22., and 23. b ud aording to th ign of th varia MPa, rptivly. Th ompriv trngth ith a rlativity humidity. Th hap of th dviation ovr 5% ar liminatd from onidration. Th tnil trngth of RPC i approximatly iothrm for HPC i inflund by many p pially tho that influn xtnt and 2.3 tim gratr (2.4MPa) than NSC (2.2MPa) and hmial ration and, in turn, dtrm UHSC, (9.2MPa), rptivly, du to th addition trutur and por iz ditribution (atrratio, mnt hmial ompoition, SF of 2 vol.% of hort tl fibr in RPC. uring tim and mthod, tmpratur, mix 3.3 Maurmnt t.). outlin In th litratur variou formulatio found to drib th orption iothrm Th fr fild inidnt prur a maurd at 5m onrt (Xi t al. 994). Hovr, in th from th ntr of th tt lab pimn hr rfltd prur on onrt pimn a maur papr th mi-mpirial xprion pro Norling Mjornll (997) i adoptd b at th ntr of th top urfa of th pimn and Proding of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2
Tabl J = D 2. ( Mix h, T ) proportion h of normal trngth onrt (NSC). () xpliitly aount for th volution of hydration Max. Siz of Targt Slump W/B S/a Bindr ration (kg) and SF ontnt. FA (kg) Thi orption CA iothrm AE Coar Aggrgat Th (mm) proportionality (MPa) offiint D(h,T) i alld Strngth Watr (kg) (mm) (%) (%) rad Cmnt Fly-ah S S2 (kg) (kg) 25 moitur prmability 24 and it i a 49.8 nonlinar 47.7 funtion 63 294 33 66 264 957 2.45 of th rlativ humidity h and tmpratur T (Bažant Tabl & Najjar 3. Mix 972). proportion Th rang moitur of Ultra ma High balan Strngth rquir Conrt (UHSC). ( h,, ) = G (, ) + W/B that (%) th variation S/a in (%) tim of th Watr atr (kg) ma pr Bindr unit (kg) FA (kg) CA (kg) ( g AE (%) ) h < volum 2 of onrt < 39. (atr ontnt < 4 ) b qual < to 3 th < 45 < 7 ~3 (4) divrgn of th moitur flux J ( g ) h Tabl 4. Mix proportion rang of Rativ Podr Conrt (RPC). K (, ) W/B (%) Cmnt (kg) Watr (kg) Silia Fum (%) FA (kg) Fillr (2.2~2 μm ) Admixtur (%) Stl Fibr (%) = J < 2 t < 8 > 2 ~3 (2) 8~ 2kg ~ ~3 2 46 mm Th atr mm ontnt an b xprd a th um of th vaporabl atr (apillary atr, atr vapor, and adorbd atr) and th non-vaporabl (hmially bound) atr D n (Mill 966, Pantazopoulo & Mill 995). It i raonabl to aum that th vaporabl atr i a funtion of rlativ humidity, h, dgr of hydration,, and 46 mm LVDT (Bhavior dipl.) LVDT (Ridual dipl.) dgr of ilia fum ration,, i.. Prur trandur = (h,, ) Strain Gaug = ag-dpndnt orption/dorption iothrm 23 mm 23 mm Alromtr (Norling Mjonll (a) 997). Stl train Undr gaug thi aumption and mm mm by ubtituting Equation into Equation 2 on obtain mm + 5 mm 23 mm hr / i th lop of th orption/dorption mm 3 3 ( D h) = n (3) h & + & + iothrm (alo alld moitur apaity). Th 23 mm 23 mm 23 mm 5 mm govrning < quation T O P > (Equation 3) mut < B O T b T O M ompltd > by appropriat (b) boundary Gaug on and onrt initial urfa ondition. Figur Th 3. Loation rlation of btn mauring th nor. amount of vaporabl atr and rlativ humidity i alld adorption 23mm iothrm from if th maurd ntr. (.g., ith /3 inraing point of pimn rlativity diagonal humidity lngth). and dorption To maur iothrm train, in th 6mm oppoit train gaug a. Nglting ar attahd thir on diffrn rinforing (Xi tl t at al. tnil 994), rgion th folloing, and 3mm orption train gaug iothrm ar attahd ill b ud on on- ith in rt rfrn top and to both bottom orption urfa and a dorption hon Figur ondition. 3. In a By th of rtrofittd ay, if pimn, th hytri FRP train of th gaug moitur ar attahd iothrm intad ould of b onrt takn into train aount, gaug to on diffrnt bottom urfa. rlation, Alo, vaporabl LVDT atr on v th rlativ pimn humidity, ntr mut ar ud b ud to maur aording th to maximum th ign of and th ridual variation diplamnt. rlativity humidity. Th hap of th orption of th iothrm for HPC i inflund by many paramtr, pially tho that influn xtnt and rat of th 4 hmial BLAST ration TEST RESULTS and, in turn, dtrmin por trutur and por iz ditribution (atr-to-mnt UHSC ratio, mnt and RPC hmial RC lab ompoition, ar blat loadd SF to ontnt, analyz thir uring ritan tim and prforman. mthod, tmpratur, In th prliminary mix additiv, tting t.). tag, In th NSC litratur RC lab variou a ttd formulation to timat an th b blat found raking to drib bhavior th orption and th iothrm rquird of xploiv normal harg ight for th main tt. onrt (Xi t al. 994). Hovr, in th prnt papr th mi-mpirial xprion propod by Norling Mjornll (997) i adoptd bau it & 5 5 mm hr th firt trm (gl iothrm) rprnt th phyially bound (adorbd) atr and th ond trm (apillary iothrm) rprnt th apillary atr. Thi xprion i valid only for lo ontnt of SF. Th offiint G rprnt th amount of atr pr unit volum hld in th gl por at % rlativ humidity, and it an b xprd (Norling Mjornll 997) a G (, ) = k + k vg vg hr k vg and k vg ar matrial paramtr. From th maximum amount of atr pr unit volum that an Figur fill all 4. por Exploiv (both n apillary by ANFO por 35lb. and gl por), on an alulat K a on obtain Fr fild prur (MPa).3.25 K (, ) =.5.88 +.22.2. Inidnt prur_conwep Fr fild Prur_UHSC2 g GFr fild Prur_ RPC2 2 3 4 Tim (m) (a) Fr fild prur 2.2 Tmpratur volution Rflt prur (MPa) 3 25 aoiatd ith mnt hydration and SF ration ar xothrmi, Prur_ConWEP 2 th tmpratur fild i not uniform Rflt Prur_UHSC2 dribd in onrt, at lat for tmpratur not = λ T -5..5..5 2. 2.5 3. Tim (m) (5) hr q i th (b) hat Rflt flux, prur T i th abolut Figur tmpratur, 5. Maurd and prur λ i th on pimn hat ondutivity; (ANFO 35lb). in thi (6).5 Th matrial paramtr k vg and k vg and g an b alibratd. by fitting xprimntal data rlvant to fr (vaporabl) atr ontnt in onrt at -.5 variou ag (Di Luzio & Cuati 29b). Not that, at arly ag, in th hmial ration for non-adiabati ytm vn if th nvironmntal Rflt Prur_ RPC2 5 tmpratur i ontant. Hat ondution an b xding C (Bažant & Kaplan 996), by 5 Fourir la, hih rad q (7) Proding of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2
4. Blating tt mn had a ll diprd J = D ( h, turtl T ) h bak typ rak pattrn. Th rak lin follod th on prim typ of Whn ANFO 35lb a ud a th xploiv harg, xtrm av of high prur, tmpratur, noi, plati yild lin from Th th proportionality ntr to th 4 ornr, offiint indiating a 2D mmbran moitur plati prmability failur mod. and it i Ho- a nonlina D(h,T) and nrgy diprd out radially. Th photo in Figur 4 ar ANFO 35lb dtonation photo. Sin vr, UHSC pimn of th rlativ rak pattrn humidity hod h and motly tmpratur ANFO dtonation produ dbril xploion, giving a mor of pur prur typ of xploion load- maro-rak onntratd & Najjar 972). nar or Th on th moitur yild lin. ma balan Th RPC pimn that hod th variation prdominantly tim of on th atr dirtional, ntr biting volum of typ, onrt maro-rak. (atr ontnt Sin ) b q ma ing, ANFO xploiv harg i ud for th main tt. RPC pimn i divrgn mad uing of th mnt moitur mortar flux ith J hort fibr, it tndd to b brittl but th rak bridging fft of hort fibr ritd rak propagation hr th maro-rak = J form only in th dir- 4.2 Maurd blat prur rult t Du to th xplodd mtal dbri of TNT tl ontainr impating and damaging th prur gaug intion prpndiular to th prinipl tnil train dirtion a hon in Figur Th 6() atr ontnt an b xprd a talld in th ntr top urfa of th pimn, th of th vaporabl atr (apillary a ompriv blat prur data a not obtaind in 4.4 Dfltion maurmnt vapor, and adorbd from blat atr) tt and th non- th prliminary tag. Th maurd fr fild and rfltd prur of ANFO 35lb ar hon in Figur (hmially bound) atr n (Mil Th inidntal and ridual dfltion ar maurd Pantazopoulo & Mill 995). It i ra 5. And th othr data ar tabulatd in Tabl 6. Th from th blat tt. Both dfltion rult of maximum and ridual maurmnt ar tabulatd in Ta- aum that th vaporabl atr i a fu maurd data ar inonitnt du to th variation rlativ humidity, h, dgr of hydration in xprimntal and nvironmntal ondition (i.., bl 7. In th prliminary tt uing TNT 35lb, th dgr of ilia fum ration, harg hap, harg angl, ind vloity, humidity, maximum maurd dfltion at th ntr of, i.. th = = ag-dpndnt orption/dorption t.). Hovr, th obtaind blat prur data m pimn a byond 25mm maurmnt apaity (Norling Mjonll 997). Undr thi aum to agr ll ith ConWEP data. of th LVDT. Th pimn ntr dfltion-tim by ubtituting Equation into Equati hitori for NSC-TNT 35lb, hih xdd obtain LVDT mauring apaity, and NSC-ANFO 35lb 4.3 Ttd pimn xamination ar hon in Figur 7. A hon in Tabl 7, th Whn th tting i ompltd and th afty i inurd for th inptor, th urfa xamination of maximum and ridual dfltion from ANFO 35lb + ( D h) = & + & + for NSC, UHSC, and RPC ar h 8.57mm and th pimn a prformd. Figur 6(a), 6(b), and 9.3mm, 2.83mm and 3..86mm, and.9mm and 6() ar th hmati draing of NSC, UHSC, and 4.3mm, rptivly. In a of maximum rtrofit hr RPC lab bottom urfa rak ditribution aftr fft, th RPC (35.85%) / i th lop of th orption/ hav mor fftiv than iothrm (alo alld moitur apa ANFO 35lb blating, rptivly. Th NSC pi- UHSC (3.9%). But in a of ridual fft, th govrning quation (Equation 3) mut b UHSC (57.23%) hav mor fftiv than RPC by appropriat boundary and initial onditi Tabl 6. Maurd blat prur. Th rlation btn th amount of SPECIMEN ConWEP NSC2 UHSC UHSC2 atr and RPC rlativ humidity RPC2 i alld Charg ANFO 35lb ANFO 35lb ANFO 35lb ANFO iothrm 35lb ANFO if maurd 35lb ANFO ith 35lb inraing Environmnt Tmp. - 5 8 NR humidity -9 and dorption NR iothrm in th Humid (%) - up 5 56 NR a. Nglting 39 thir NR diffrn (Xi t al. Rflt Prur Impul (MPa-m)2.42 NR NR 3.87 NR 2.83 Cntr (MPa) 7.2 NR NR 6.92 th folloing, NR orption 2.99 iothrm ill b 23mm (MPa) 6.53 26.58 NR 8.76 rfrn 22.62 to both orption 22. and dorption Impul (MPa-m)2.38 3.26 NR 3.2 By th ay, 2.3 if th 22.4 hytri of th Fr Fild Pak ovrprur.7.6.249.9 iothrm ould.6 b takn.9 into aount, to Prur Impul (MPa-m).25.23.9.23 rlation, vaporabl.229 atr.2 v rlativ humi * NR : Not Rord * NSC : Normal trngth onrt(ontrol pimn) b ud aording to th ign of th varia * UHSC : Ultra High Strngth Conrt * RPC : Rativ Podr Conrt rlativity humidity. Th hap of th iothrm for HPC i inflund by many p NSC2 UHSC RPC2 pially tho that influn xtnt and hmial ration and, in turn, dtrm trutur and por iz ditribution (atrratio, mnt hmial ompoition, SF uring tim and mthod, tmpratur, mix t.). In th litratur variou formulatio found to drib th orption iothrm onrt (Xi t al. 994). Hovr, in th papr th mi-mpirial xprion pro (a) NSC (b) UHSC Norling Mjornll () RPC (997) i adoptd b Figur 6. Th rak pattrn of blatd pimn (bottom id). Proding of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2
J = D ( h, T ) h 5 Th proportionality offiint D(h,T) i alld moitur -5 prmability and it i a nonlinar funtion Diplamnt (mm) -5 that th variation in tim of NSC_TNT th atr 35lb ma pr unit volum -2of onrt (atr ontnt NSC_ANFO ) 35lbb qual to th -25 NSC TNT, ANFO Exd Maurmnt Capaity -3 5 5 2 Tim (m) (a) NSC 5 UHSC_ vapor, and adorbd atr) and th non-vaporabl UHSC_2 Diplamnt (mm) -5 aum that th vaporabl atr i a funtion of rlativ humidity, - h, dgr Ridual of Diplamnt hydration,, and Maximum Diplamnt -5 = ag-dpndnt orption/dorption ANFO 35lb, UHSC iothrm Diplamnt (mm xpliitly 2 aount for th volution of hydration Alration (g) ( h,, 5 ) = G (, ) NSC_ANFO 35 lb ANFO 35lb, NSC Maximum alration = 85.5 g + ( g ) h -5 ( g ) h K 3(, ) 6 9 2 5 Tim (m) Mjornll 997) a (a) NSC 2 hr th firt trm (gl iothrm) rprnt th UHSC 2 2 atr. Thi xprion i valid only for lo ontnt ANFO 35lb, UHSC of SF. Th 8 offiint Maximum alration G rprnt, UHSC = Not th Rportd amount of atr pr unit volum Maximum alration, hld in UHSC th 2 gl = 42 por g at % 4 (b) UHSC (b) UHSC hr k vg and k vg ar matrial paramtr. From th 35 maximum amount of atr pr unit volum that an 3 RPC + ( D h) = & + RPC_ & + & 25 5 n (3) fill all por (both apillary por and gl por), on h RPC 2 RPC_2 an alulat 2 K a on obtain 5 ANFO 35lb, RPC Maximum alration, RPC= 2844.6 g hr / i th lop of th orption/dorption -5 Maximum alration, RPC 2= 2465.2 g 5 iothrm (alo alld moitur apaity). Th.88 +.22 G - govrning quation (Equation 3) mut b ompltd (6) K (, -5 ) = by appropriat boundary and -5 ANFO initial 35lb, ondition. RPC - Th rlation btn th amount of vaporabl -5-2 atr and rlativ humidity i alld adorption 2 4 6 8 5 5 2 iothrm if maurd Tim ith (m) inraing rlativity Th matrial paramtr Tim k(m) vg and k vg and g an humidity and dorption () RPC iothrm in th oppoit b alibratd by fitting () xprimntal RPC data rlvant to Figur a. Nglting 7. Diplamnt thir bhavior diffrn of onrt (Xi t pimn al. 994), ntr in Figur fr 8. (vaporabl) Spimn alration atr undr ontnt blat in loading. onrt at point undr blat loading. th folloing, orption iothrm ill b ud ith variou ag (Di Luzio & Cuati 29b). rfrn to both orption and dorption ondition. and diplamnt for NSC, UHSC, and RPC pimn ar ompard, RPC data at th pimn ntr (52.29%). By th ay, if th hytri of th moitur A hon in Tabl 7, th bottom ntr onrt tnd 2.2 Tmpratur iothrm ould b takn into aount, to diffrnt to b l than volution tho of NSC and UHSC pimn. It man RPC pimn hav mor blat ri- train r ovr 6,µε for NSC and UHSC rlation, vaporabl atr v rlativ humidity, mut pimn. Hovr, hn th train maurmnt Not that, at arly ag, in th hmial ration b ud aording to th ign of th variation of th tan aoiatd apaity ith than mnt othr. hydration Thi rult and SF i probably ration rlativity humidity. Th hap of th orption ar xothrmi, th tmpratur fild i not uniform Tabl iothrm 7. Maurd for HPC blat i tt inflund rult. by many paramtr, for non-adiabati ytm vn if th nvironmntal SPECIMEN pially tho that influn NSC xtnt and rat NSC2 of th UHSC tmpratur i UHSC2 ontant. Hat RPC ondution RPC2 an b Charg hmial ration and, in TNT turn, 35lb dtrmin ANFO por 35lb ANFO 35lb ANFO 35lb ANFO 35lb ANFO 35lb dribd in onrt, at lat for tmpratur not Max. diplamnt (mm) Ovr 25 8.565.57 5.4.73 3.9 Avrag trutur of and max dip.(mm) por iz ditribution 8.565 (atr-to-mnt 2.829 xding C (Bažant.9 & Kaplan 996), by Rtrofit ratio, Efft mnt (%) hmial ompoition, - SF ontnt, 3.9 Fourir la, hih rad 35.85 Ridual uring tim diplamnt and mthod, (mm) tmpratur, 2.26 mix 5.79 additiv,.86 5.86 3.22 5.4 Avrag t.). In of th ridual litratur dip.(mm) variou 9.25 formulation an b 3.86 q = λ T 4.36 (7) Rtrofit found Efft to drib (%) th orption - iothrm of normal 57.23 52.29 Strain onrt (Xi Stl t al. up 994). Hovr, 62 in th 5964 prnt 2796 2832 - - Stl bottom 5998 283 67 hr q i 7553.6 th hat flux, - T i th - abolut papr th mi-mpirial Conrt up xprion NR propod 848 by 452 tmpratur, 282 and λ i th 98 hat ondutivity; 2424 in thi Norling Mjornll Conrt (997) bottom i 67 adoptd bau NR it 625 88 NR 493 * NR : Not Rord *-: Non-attahd gaug Proding of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2 () of th rlativ humidity h and tmpratur T (Bažant - & Najjar 972). Th moitur ma balan rquir divrgn of th moitur flux J t = J (2) Th atr ontnt an b xprd a th um of th vaporabl atr (apillary atr, atr (hmially bound) atr n (Mill 966, Pantazopoulo & Mill 995). It i raonabl to dgr of ilia fum ration,, i.. = (h,, ) (Norling -2 Mjonll 997). Undr thi aumption and by ubtituting Equation 5 into 5 Equation 2 2 on Tim (m) obtain ration and SF ontnt. Thi orption iothrm rad 5 Alration (g) Alration (g) (4) phyially 6 bound (adorbd) atr and th ond trm (apillary iothrm) rprnt th apillary rlativ humidity, and it an b xprd (Norling -4 3 6 9 2 5 G (, ) = k + k vg vg Tim (m) (5)
du to th hort tl fibr rinforing in RPC pimn hr th fibr rtraind rak opning by rak bridging and ontrolling fft. 4.5 Alration maurmnt from blat tt Gnrally, pimn blat bhavior an b analyzd bad on data obtaind from LVDT and alromtr. If LVDT data ar unuabl or impri, pimn alration data an b altrnativly ud. Figur 8(a)~() ho th pimn alration maurmnt for NSC, UHSC, and RPC pimn. A hon Figur 8(a)~(), th alration ranging from,~2,5g hav ourrd. Hovr, th alration maurmnt ar ombind valu of both pimn alration a ll a th impul alration. Alo, for UHSC pimn, th nor a dtahd from onrt urfa hn blat prur a applid, auing impri noi. Thrfor, th data r onidrd unfit for analyi. Alo, RPC pimn hav xtrm high frquny vibration du to no rinformnt. Thrfor, th rinformnt an b afft to pimn bhavior undr blat load. 4.6 Blat dign and analyi pro Bad on th blat tt for NSC, UHSC, and RPC in thi tudy, th blat dign and analyi pro ar uggtd. Mot importantly th building and onr rquirmnt ar ndd for dtrmination of blat ritan apaity of a targtd trutur. To valuat th building rquirmnt, th blat loading on ah omponnt and ritan apaity an b drivd from tt rult or rarh rport. If matrial and trutural ytm ar ltd, dtrmination of dformation limit uing analyi mthod uh a HFPB (High Fidlity Phyi Bad) and SDOF, MDOF, t. i ltd for th blat analyi. Th dtail of dign ill b aompanid ith atifation of th dformation limit bad on th analyi rult. Exploion Hazard Idntifiation Standard Prati Fr Fild Blat Paramtr Componnt Load HFPB (High Fidlity Phyi Bad) Comparing ith BLAST TEST rult Sit Study Analyi Mthod SDOF MDOF Foundation Dign Onr Sp & Standard Building Rquirmnt : Critiality, Oupany, Layout, Siting, t. N Y Exiting Building Prforman Rquirmnt Slt Matrial & Strutural Sytm Prliminary Mmbr Siz Strutural Analyi I Dformation Limit Satifid? Dtail & Doumntation Figur 9. Blat dign and analyi pro. No Matrial Proprti Dformation Limit Anillary Dign 5 CONCLUSION J = ) D ( h, T h From thi tudy, Ultra Th proportionality High Strngth offiint Conrt D(h,T) (UHSC) and Rativ moitur Podr prmability Conrt and (RPC) it i RC a nonlina lab rpon indud of th rlativ by xploiv humidity of h blat and av tmpratur prur ar valuatd & Najjar to undrtand 972). Th th moitur blat ritan apaity blat that riting th variation rpair in matrial tim of and th rt- atr ma ma balan rofittd trutur. volum Th rfltd of onrt blat (atr prur ontnt and ) b q impul valu alulatd divrgn uing of th moitur ConWEP flux r J in raonabl agrmnt ith th xprimntal data. Th prforman omparion of UHSC and RPC pimn to NSC ontrol = J pimn ubjtd to t blat load of ANFO 35 lb ha hon th high blat ritan apaity Th of about atr ontnt 3.9~35.9% an inra b xprd a ith rpt to avrag of th vaporabl maximum diplamnt. atr An (apillary a avrag of ridual diplamnt a mallr than vapor, and adorbd atr) and th non- normal trngth onrt pimn ridual diplamnt, vn though thr a no onitnt (hmially bound) atr n (Mil Pantazopoulo & Mill 995). It i ra trnd du to variation in nvironmntal ondition. aum that th vaporabl atr i a fu Thrfor, to valuat th damag undr blat load, rlativ humidity, h, dgr of hydration failur mod mut b onidrd. From th tt rult, th failur pattrn of both UHSC and RPC dgr of ilia fum ration,, i.. indiat that thy ar muh mor ritant to blat = = ag-dpndnt orption/dorption (Norling Mjonll 997). Undr thi aum loading and hav highr blat ritan apaity than by ubtituting Equation into Equati NSC. obtain ACKNOWLEDGMENTS + ( D h) = & + & + h Th rarh a upportd th finanial upport providd KOSEF (Kora Sin and Enginring hr Foundation, Dvlopmnt / i th lop of th orption/ of High Toughn and iothrm (alo alld moitur apa High Dutility Polyura for Rpair and Rhabilitation govrning quation (Equation 3) mut b of Strutur of Gnral Conrt and b Imprd by appropriat boundary and initial onditi by Load of Impat and Exploion) and KOGAS from Th rlation btn th amount of Minitry of Land, Tranport and Maritim Affair atr and rlativ humidity i alld (Dign tandard of xtrmly larg torag tank and iothrm if maurd ith inraing optimum analyi thniqu). humidity and dorption iothrm in th a. Nglting thir diffrn (Xi t al. th folloing, orption iothrm ill b REFERENCES rfrn to both orption and dorption ASCE, 999. Strutural By Dign th ay, for Phyial if th Surity: hytri Stat of of th th Prati Rport. iothrm Tak Committ ould b on takn Phyial into Surity, aount, to Amrian Soity rlation, of Civil Enginr, vaporabl N atr York. v rlativ humi Bakr, W.E., 973. b Exploion ud aording Air. Wilfrd to th Bakr ign of Enginring, San Antonio. rlativity humidity. Th hap of th th varia Harbl, K., and Gauvrau, P., 28. Rpon of Ultra-High iothrm for HPC i inflund by many p Prforman Fibr Rinford Conrt (UHPFRC) to Impat and Stati Loading. pially Cmnt tho and that Conrt influn Compoit xtnt and 3 : 938-946. hmial ration and, in turn, dtrm Kim, H.J., Nam, J.W., trutur Kim, S.B., and Kim, por J.H.J., iz and ditribution Byun, K.J., (atrratio, Evaluation mnt of th hmial Rtrofit Prforman ompoition, SF 27. Analytial of Conrt Wall uring Strutur tim Subjtd and mthod, to Blat tmpratur, Load, Journal of th Kora Conrt Intitut 9(2) : 24-25. mix Kim, J.H.J., 29. Exprimntal t.). In th Evaluation litratur for variou th Blat formulatio Ritan Capaity found of Conrt to drib Strutur th uing orption Ultra High iothrm Strngth Conrt. onrt Rport (Xi of Hyundai t al. 994). Intitut Hovr, of Contrution Thnology. papr th mi-mpirial xprion pro in th May, G.C., and Smith, Norling P.D., 995. Mjornll Blat fft (997) on Building: i adoptd b Dign of Building to Optimiz Ritan to Blat Load- Proding of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2
J = ing. DThoma ( h, T ) htlford. () Razaqpur, A.G., Tolba, A., and Conttabil, E., 27. Blat Loading Rpon of Rinford Conrt Panl Rinford Th proportionality ith Extrnally Bondd offiint GFRP Laminat. D(h,T) i Compoit Part prmability B : nginring and 38: 535-546. it i a nonlinar funtion alld moitur TM5-3/AFR of th rlativ 88-2/NAVFAC humidity h and P-39, tmpratur 99. Strutur T (Bažant to Rit th 972). Efft Th of Aidntal moitur Exploion. ma balan Joint rquir Dpart- & Najjar mnt of th Army, Air For and Navy Wahington, DC. that th variation in tim of th atr ma pr unit Yi, N.H., Kim, S.B., Kim, J.H.J, and Cho, Y.G., 29. Bhavior Analyi of onrt of Conrt (atr Strutur ontnt undr ) b Blat qual Loading to th : volum divrgn (I) Exprimnt of th Produr, moitur Journal flux J of th Kora Soity Civil Enginring 29(5A) : 557-564. = J (2) t Th atr ontnt an b xprd a th um of th vaporabl atr (apillary atr, atr vapor, and adorbd atr) and th non-vaporabl (hmially bound) atr n (Mill 966, Pantazopoulo & Mill 995). It i raonabl to aum that th vaporabl atr i a funtion of rlativ humidity, h, dgr of hydration,, and dgr of ilia fum ration,, i.. = (h,, ) = ag-dpndnt orption/dorption iothrm (Norling Mjonll 997). Undr thi aumption and by ubtituting Equation into Equation 2 on obtain + ( D h) = n (3) h & + & + hr / i th lop of th orption/dorption iothrm (alo alld moitur apaity). Th govrning quation (Equation 3) mut b ompltd by appropriat boundary and initial ondition. Th rlation btn th amount of vaporabl atr and rlativ humidity i alld adorption iothrm if maurd ith inraing rlativity humidity and dorption iothrm in th oppoit a. Nglting thir diffrn (Xi t al. 994), in th folloing, orption iothrm ill b ud ith rfrn to both orption and dorption ondition. By th ay, if th hytri of th moitur iothrm ould b takn into aount, to diffrnt rlation, vaporabl atr v rlativ humidity, mut b ud aording to th ign of th variation of th rlativity humidity. Th hap of th orption iothrm for HPC i inflund by many paramtr, pially tho that influn xtnt and rat of th hmial ration and, in turn, dtrmin por trutur and por iz ditribution (atr-to-mnt ratio, mnt hmial ompoition, SF ontnt, uring tim and mthod, tmpratur, mix additiv, t.). In th litratur variou formulation an b found to drib th orption iothrm of normal onrt (Xi t al. 994). Hovr, in th prnt papr th mi-mpirial xprion propod by Norling Mjornll (997) i adoptd bau it & Yi, xpliitly N.H., Kim, aount S.B., Kim, for J.H.J, th and volution Cho, Y.G., of 29. hydration Bhavior Analyi and of SF Conrt ontnt. Strutur Thi undr orption Blat Loading iothrm : ration rad (II) Blat Loading Rpon of Ultra High Strngth Conrt and Rativ Podr Conrt Slab, Journal of th Kora Soity Civil Enginring 29(5A) : 565-575. Zinddin, M., and Krauthammr, T., 27. Dynami Rpon and Bhavior of Rinford Conrt Slab undr ( h Impat,, ) = G ( ) Loading. Intrnational, + Journal of Impat Enginring 34 : 57-534. ( g ) h (4) ( g ) h K (, ) hr th firt trm (gl iothrm) rprnt th phyially bound (adorbd) atr and th ond trm (apillary iothrm) rprnt th apillary atr. Thi xprion i valid only for lo ontnt of SF. Th offiint G rprnt th amount of atr pr unit volum hld in th gl por at % rlativ humidity, and it an b xprd (Norling Mjornll 997) a G (, ) = k + k vg vg (5) hr k vg and k vg ar matrial paramtr. From th maximum amount of atr pr unit volum that an fill all por (both apillary por and gl por), on an alulat K a on obtain K (, ) =.88 +.22 G (6) Th matrial paramtr k vg and k vg and g an b alibratd by fitting xprimntal data rlvant to fr (vaporabl) atr ontnt in onrt at variou ag (Di Luzio & Cuati 29b). 2.2 Tmpratur volution Not that, at arly ag, in th hmial ration aoiatd ith mnt hydration and SF ration ar xothrmi, th tmpratur fild i not uniform for non-adiabati ytm vn if th nvironmntal tmpratur i ontant. Hat ondution an b dribd in onrt, at lat for tmpratur not xding C (Bažant & Kaplan 996), by Fourir la, hih rad q = λ T (7) hr q i th hat flux, T i th abolut tmpratur, and λ i th hat ondutivity; in thi Proding of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2