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All matter is composed of atoms Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed in ordinary chemical reactions. However, these changes CAN occur in nuclear reactions! Atoms of an element have a characteristic average mass which is unique to that element. Atoms of any one element differ in properties from atoms of another element

In 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray tube to deduce the presence of a negatively charged particle. Cathode ray tubes pass electricity through a gas that is contained at a very low pressure.

Cathode rays have identical properties regardless of the element used to produce them. All elements must contain identically charged electrons. Atoms are neutral, so there must be positive particles in the atom to balance the negative charge of the electrons Electrons have so little mass that atoms must contain other particles that account for most of the mass

Thomson believed that the electrons were like plums embedded in a positively charged pudding, thus it was called the plum pudding model.

Alpha particles are helium nuclei Particles were fired at a thin sheet of gold foil Particle hits on the detecting screen (film) are recorded

In the following pictures, there is a target hidden by a cloud. To figure out the shape of the target, we shot some beams into the cloud and recorded where the beams came out. Can you figure out the shape of the target?

Target #1 Target #2

Most of the particles passed right through A few particles were deflected VERY FEW were greatly deflected Conclusions: The nucleus is small The nucleus is dense The nucleus is positively charged

Particle Charge Mass # Location Electron -1 0 Electron cloud Proton +1 1 Nucleus Neutron 0 1 Nucleus

ATOM NUCLEUS ELECTRONS PROTONS NEUTRONS NEGATIVE CHARGE POSITIVE CHARGE NEUTRAL CHARGE QUARKS equal in a Atomic Most Number of the atom s mass. neutral atom equals the # of... C. Johannesson

Most of the mass of the atom is in the nucleus (protons and neutrons) Electrons are found outside of the nucleus (the electron cloud) Most of the volume of the atom is empty space q is a particle called a quark

Atomic number (Z) of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element. Element # of protons Atomic # (Z) Carbon 6 6 Phosphorus 15 15 Gold 79 79

mass # = protons + neutrons always a whole number NOT on the Periodic Table! C. Johannesson Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.

Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope. Mass # = p + + n 0 Nuclide p + n 0 e - Mass # 18 Oxygen - 10 8 8 18 Arsenic - 75 33 42 33 75 Phosphorus - 31 15 16 15 31

Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers. Nuclear symbol: Mass # Atomic # C. Johannesson Hyphen notation: carbon-12

Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. C. Johannesson

Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different masses due to varying numbers of neutrons. Isotope Protons Electrons Neutrons Nucleus Hydrogen 1 (protium) 1 1 0 Hydrogen-2 (deuterium) 1 1 1 Hydrogen-3 (tritium) 1 1 2

Chlorine-37 atomic #: mass #: # of protons: # of electrons: # of neutrons: 17 37 17 17 20 C. Johannesson

Atomic mass is the average of all the naturally isotopes of that element. Carbon = 12.011 Isotope Symbol Composition of the nucleus Carbon-12 12 C 6 protons 6 neutrons Carbon-13 13 C 6 protons 7 neutrons Carbon-14 14 C 6 protons 8 neutrons % in nature 98.89% 1.11% <0.01%

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