(The index refers to the continuous pagination) Accuracy in physical models methods for assessing overall assessment acquisition of information acrylonitrile hazards polymerisation toxic effects toxic load/effect relation acrylonitrile incidents, historical review base event probabilities cumulative frequency curve derivation of failure rates description failure rate data fault tree overall impact assessment probability analysis adiabatic flow advection speed air changes ammonia behaviour after spillage exit velocity expansion hazards jet mortality index probit function toxic effects toxic load/effect relation ammonia-air mixture, properties 45, 72,674 63,243,674 33 250 30 87 98,612,713 342 92,344 109,350 81 446 93,438 562 459 82 97 451 101,250 96 88 277 303 247,346,640 130,676,718 722 720 113 677' 726 253 345,698 341 344,698 635,718 781
782 ammonia cloud, non-buoyant, thermodynamic limits 634 ammonia incidents, historical review 132,351 111 base event probabilities 462,716,744 bundwall 130 115,135,397,641,678 cumulative frequency curve 563 derivation of failure rates 125,478 description 111 fault tree 122,468 overall impact assessment 128,250 probability analysis 122 risk contours 560 113 analysis, block diagram attenuation coefficient Base event probabilities base failure rate data basic event blast waves fatalities block diagram of analysis block diagram, risk contour calculation boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion(bleve) boil-off area boil-off, liquid boundary layer bund, vaporisation bundwall for ammonia sphere buoyancy factor buoyancy force burning rate, pool fire Calculation cumulative frequency graphs consequences frequencies risk contours calculation procedure flammable release toxic release 75 326 446 462,716,744 480,716,744 497 513,716,744 374,701,716,746 66 319,692 315,631,774 75 553 58,332,695 288 51 625 288 130 284 298 326 556,575 31, 44 32, 44 551,568 418 396
centreline distance champagne effect checklist method chlorine mortality index probit function toxic effects toxic load/effect relation chlorine incidents, historical review base event probabilities cumulative frequency curve description failure rate data fault tree frequency analysis overall impact assessment cloud, pancake cloud, type cloud expansion cloud experiment, van Ulden combustion flammable material vapour cloud compressible flow concentration ground level indoor concentration profile concrete, thermal properties conclusions conductivity, thermal consequence analysis objectives physical models probability methods hydrodesulphuriser consequences calculation influencing factors 783 77 680 31' 42 253 247,345,698 341 344,698 181,355 151 480,716,744 156,169,401,681 564 151 170 491 170 173,251 154 299,314 53 314,626,693,769 777 56 59,249,312 273,279 304,305 346,640 305 287 13, 33,673,741 286,287 50 50 70 394 93,438 115,135,397,641,678 156,169,404,681 228,413 189,419 205,422,764 31, 44 71
784 continuous dispersion continuous fire thermal radiation Coriolis parameter correlation model critical flow cryogenic liquid spreading and vaporisation vaporisation on land vaporisation on water cumulative frequency graphs calculation validation cut-off value cut-sets Damage blast waves steady state fires transient fires decay of pressure deflagration dense material jet like release surface release derivation of failure rates aumonia storage development, areas for future diffusion, eddy diffusion, turbulent diffusion coefficient diffusion equation diffusivity ground, thermal vapour dilution, initial discharge coefficient discharge duration 304 330 324,694 638 316 272,278 245,287 286,618,684,729 285,617,729 555,559,707 556 575 343 66 458 477 496 511 538 319,631,692 330 334 628 627 297,619 299,619,685 442 459 125,478 170 512 540,746 34,675 639 623 624 625 287 291 55,613,636,753 244,273 269,681
discharge rate gas liquid two phase flow dispersion model characteristics choice between inst./cont. model dense clouds influencing factors jet like release neutral density surface release uncertainty dispersion parameters distance, centreline distribution log-normal population drag coefficient drag force duration discharge positive phase Eddy diffusion employee numbers entrainment errors coefficient rate rate, limiting value relations velocity human in physical models evaporation, liquids event tree event probability methods exit velocity, ammonia expansion, ammonia expansion factor, cloud explosion, probability explosion models comparison correlation model pancake model (Battelle) Taylor model 785 51,269,616 278,617 274 279,615,681,684 53 55 306,621,686 297,299,619,685,761 71 297,619 304,621 299,619,685 245 304,685 77 68 544,775 245,298 298 269,681 631,690,712 639 545,775 246,298,620 298,761 246 300,620,755 300,620 47 383,705 244,616 51,290,618 70 70 722 720 314,626,628,693,769 321,693 315,686 322 316 626,709 627,630,710
786 TNO model TNT equivalent model external events Failure cases, identification failure rate data historical, use failure rates base derivation failure type fatal accident frequency rate fatalities from overpressure fatality statistics fault tree analysis fault trees fire continuous transient fire-ball flame duration radius surface heat flux vertical velocity view factor emissivity heat flux length propagation radius speed tilt flammable gas, limits to mass flammable gas release, mortality index flammable release, calculation procedure flash fire flash vaporisation 60,317,626,688,769,773 316 385,705 31, 42 371,699,714,749 69 374 442 459 478 170 512 540 269,612,614,712 257 315,631,774 256,776 66 442 451 122,468 491 507 527,743,746 57,324 58,331 331 333 332,695 333,696 772 333 326 325 326 627 695 627,630,691,711 327 319 256 418 56, 60 52, 55,271,613,633
forced convection fractional dead time fraction of total heat radiated frequencies, calculation frequency graphs, cumulative calculation frictional velocity friction loss friction velocity Gas discharge gravity spread ground level concentration Hazard analysis block diagram effectiveness study objects hazard and operability study heat absorbed by receiver BLEVE jet flame pool fire heat flux from flame heat flux to liquid pool heat flux, surface BLEVE jet flame pool fire heat flux correction factor heat transfer, limiting heat transfer relation heavy gas dispersion historical evidence historical failure rate data, use historical review of incidents acrylonitrile ammonia chlorine hydrogen sulphide LNG propylene human error hydrodesulphuriser cumulative frequency curve description probability analysis 787 303 373 327,695 32, 44 555,559,707 556 761 275 301 278,617 300,619,761 304,305 75 29 74 31, 43 333 330 328 325 286 333,696 330 327 245,287 287 302 299,622,761 30,257,674,683 69 349,699 109,350 132,351,734 181,355 370 200,361 362 383,705 225 228,413 567 225 235
788 hydrogen sulphide hazards toxic effects toxic load/effect relation hydrogen sulphide incidents, historical review Identification failure cases ignition probability ignition, fatalities ignition sources characteristics incidents, historical review incompressible flow indoor concentration inertia correction factor infiltration rate initial dilution instantaneous dispersion isothermal flow Jet, downward pointing jet flame jet like emission jet of ammonia Karman constant Lateral spreading rate limiting heat transfer limits to mass of flammable gas liquid discharge liquid pool effective height heat flux limiting thickness spread liquid regression rate liquid spill spread vaporisation liquid, volatile, evaporation LNG incidents, historical review base event probabilities cumulative frequency curve 227 227 342 344 370 31, 42 76 313,330,626,766 315 59 313 349,699 272,279,617 346,640 245,284 346 55,613,636,753 305 274 52,618,677,729 329 297,619 677,726 638 300,304 287 319 274 284 286 285 284 326 283,617 283,617,729 290,618 200,361 183 497 189,419 565
derivation of failure rates description fault tree overall impact assessment probability analysis log-normal distribution Mach number meteorological data selected conditions uncertainty mixing length mixing relation Monin-Obukhov length Monte Carlo method mortality index ammonia chlorine flammable gas Natural convection neutral density dispersion transition nitrogen blanketing Overall assessment, methods accuracy overall impact, assessment summary of results overall impact assessment hydrodesulphuriser overpressure fatalities overpressure, peak Pancake cloud pancake explosion model (Battelle) peak overpressure fatalities 789 512 183 507 197,251 193 187 68 628 388 77 249 640,761 302 638 33, 67,679 253,683 254 254 256 303 304 303 106 32,741 250 48 241,682 101,250 128,250 173,251 237,252 197,251 212,252 319 315,631,774 628,711,769 305,314 626,709 628,701,769 319 315,631 '774
790 physical models accuracy/uncertainty errors piston velocity planetary boundary layer plume centreline velocity polymerisation of acrylonitrile pool fire pool, limiting thickness population distribution positive phase duration potential temperature pressure wave decay probability analysis hydrodesulphuriser probability in consequence analysis probability, methods for estimating probability of explosion probability of ignition probability of weather class probit function ammonia chlorine propylene incidents, historical review base event probabilities cloud formation cumulative frequency curve derivation of failure rates description fault tree overall impact assessment probability analysis protection by remaining indoors Radiation, thermal continuous fire function of flame height transient fire 50 63 244,616 628,769 625 298 98,612,713 57,325,695 284 544,775 631,690,712 638 319,631,692 628 96 122,133 170 235 193 209 70 65 321,693 313,320,626,766 390,764 343 345,698 247,345,698 362 202 513,716,744 754 205,422,764 566 540,746 202 527,743,746 212,252 209 203,751 247,345,641 324,694 771 331,696
rain-out regression rate, liquid release continuous from pressure storage influencing factors instantaneous probability Richardson number risk contours block diagram calculation validation risk maps roughness length Security screening soil, thermal properties sonic gas discharge spread and evaporation spreading constant spread of liquid spill stability parameter steady state fire surface area of jet flame surface heat flux BLEVE jet flame pool fire surface release, dense material surface roughness parameter Taylor explosion model temperature gradient thermal dose levels thermal properties, soil/concrete thermal radiation continuous fire function of flame height transient fire thermodynamic limits, ammonia cloud thickness, spreading pool, limiting TNO explosion model TNT equivalent TNT explosion model 791 52,613,636,642,726,753 326 53, 55 52, 55 71 53, 55 78 300,620,685 551,558,707 553 551 568 552 304,579 23 287 278 245,287 246,300,619 283 246,290,292,301,638,685 324 331 329 333,696 330 327 246,299,619,685 246,301 627,630,710 638 335 287 324,694 771 331,695 634 285 60,317,626,769,773 316 316
792 top event topography toxic criteria toxic effects acrylonitrile ammonia chlorine hydrogen sulphide toxicity model uncertainty toxic load/effect relation toxic release, calculation procedure transient fire thermal radiation transition criterion transition to neutral density Transloc model turbulence scale length turbulence spreading rate turbulence velocity turbulent diffusion two phase flow types of cloud Uncertainty uncertainty range uncertainty in physical models, identification hydrodesulphuriser Vaporisation and spreading vaporisation from bund vaporisation from liquid spill vaporisation rate cryogenic liquid on land cryogenic liquid on water vapour diffusivity vapour/liquid ratio velocity entrainment flame friction 66 617,623 61,340 342 341,697 341,697 342 340,696 247 62,344,698 396 334 331,695 246' 621", 685 303,621 623,712 301 304 245,298,301 623 272,279,615,681,684 53 45, 72 33 63,244 76 88 113 154 227 187 203,751 288 288 283,617 283 286,618,684 285,617 291 52 300,620 628,630,691,711 301
793 frictional piston plume centreline turbulence vertical, fire-ball venting rate view factor BLEVE fuel-air mixture pool fire vulnerability model Warning time weather class, probability wind drag force wind profile 761 628,769 298 245,298,301 772 247,346,640 333 771 327,695 344,698 612 390,764 298 303,620,637