Avns in Chmistry Volum 2014, Artil ID 143567, 7 pgs http://x.oi.org/10.1155/2014/143567 Rsrh Artil Slnium (S) Rgults Sling Growth in Wht unr Drought Strss Fhim Nwz, 1 Muhmm Ysin Ashrf, 2 Rshi Ahm, 1 Ejz Ahm Wrih, 1 n Rn Numn Shir 1 1 Dprtmnt of Crop Physiology, Univrsity of Agriultur, Fisl 3, Pkistn 2 Nulr Institut for Agriultur n Biology (NIAB), P.O. Box No. 128, Fisl, Pkistn Corrsponn shoul rss to Fhim Nwz; fhim5382@gmil.om Riv 19 April 2014; Rvis 6 July 2014; Apt 9 July 2014; Pulish 22 July 2014 Ami Eitor: Wn-Chi Hou Copyright 2014 Fhim Nwz t l. This is n opn ss rtil istriut unr th Crtiv Commons Attriution Lins, whih prmits unrstrit us, istriution, n rproution in ny mium, provi th originl work is proprly it. Slnium (S) is n ssntil mironutrint with rng of physiologil n ntioxitiv proprtis. Rports rgring fft of S pplition on plnts growth n vlopmnt r not onsistnt. Th intifition of fftiv S os n pplition mtho is ruil for ttr unrstning of S trnslotion within rop plnts unr rought strss. Th prsnt stuy im t invstigting th rol of S supplmnttion in improving th rought tolrn potntil of wht t rly growth stgs. Two wht gnotyps (Kohistn-97 n Psn-) wr grown in plsti pots (8 12 m) in grn/wir-hous xprimnts. Rsults monstrt tht th growth n iomss of slings inrs t high S folir onntrtions n rs t low n high S frtigtion lvls. Th slings xhiit th highst vlus for plnt hight strss tolrn inx (PHSI), root lngth strss tolrn inx (RLSI), ry mttr strss tolrn inx (DMSI), n frsh mttr strss tolrn inis (FMSI) t S frtigtion lvl of 7.35 μm, whrs S folir trtmnt of 7.06 μm rsult in mximum vlus for ths inis. Th slings folirly spry with S mintin highr DMSI n FMSI thn thos frtigt with S whih suggsts tht S folir spry is mor fftiv thn S frtigtion for improving rought tolrn. 1. Introution Drought strss hs mrg s th singl most ritil thrt to worl foo surity. It sriously limits griulturl proutivity, spilly in rs whr rinfll is limiting or unrlil, so improving yil unr limit wtr onitions hs om ruil trgt for ri n smiri rgions of th worl [1 3]. Exposur to rought strss poss srious hllngs for th survivl of plnts, us it rsults in impir grmintion n sling growth [4] n ffts mny growth vrils of th plnt [5, 6], thus ruing fitnss n hrvstl yil of plnts [3]. Th physiologil n ntioxint proprtis of slnium (S) hv inrs th uriosity of mny iologists in rnt pst. Although it os not tk prt in vrious vitl mtoli prosss in plnts, it my hlp to ru th mg unr physiologil strsss [7, 8]. Rntly, S hs n rport to ountrt th trimntl ffts of vrious nvironmntl strsss suh s hvy mtls [9], UV-B [10, 11], xss wtr [12], slt [13], ol [14], high tmprtur [15], snsn [16], n sition [17]. Howvr, rports on th rol of S in plnts unr wtr strss onitions r snty. It my rgult wtr sttus [18] n inrs iomss proution [19] y th tivtion of ntioxint pprtus of wtr strss plnts [20, 21]. Numrous strtgis, nmly, s rssing/oting [22], s soking [19], soil pplition [23], n folir spry [24], hv n us to supply S in plnts. Howvr, th simpliity n prtiility of soil n folir pplition mk thm wily pt mong ths mthos. Svrl stuis onfirm th positiv rol of soil S frtiliztion in vrious rops/plnts suh s ri [24, 25], miz [26], wil rly [27], n soyn [28]. Th folir S pplition hs n rport to signifintly promot growth in vgtls suh s onion uls n lvs [29], rrot roots n lvs
2 Avns in Chmistry [], rish flowrs n lvs [31], grli uls [32], n rls lik wht [33]. Th uptk n umultion of S within nrrow rng r nfiil for plnts [34] n r trmin y th plnts ility to sor n mtoliz S. It is wll oumnt tht inrs in iity, iron oxis/hyroxis, n orgni mttr n high ly ontnt of soil rs th iovilility of S to plnts [35, 36]. Th soil moistur lso ffts th vilility of S to plnts s it is mor vill unr low pripittion onitions [6]. Morovr, tivly growing tissus usully ontin lrg mounts of S [37] n umultion is highr in shoot n lf thn in root tissus [38]. Thrfor, S frtigtion n folir spry r muh mor vil n fftiv pprohs thn soil pplition to inrs S trnslotion within plnts. This stuy ws onut with th hypothsis tht S supply mitigts vrs ffts of wtr strss in wht slings. 2. Mtrils n Mthos 2.1. S Mtril n Exprimntl Dsign. Two pot xprimnts wr onut in wir/grn hous to trmin pproprit rts of S pplition s frtigtion n folir spry, fftiv in improving th rought tolrn n iomss in wht plnts sujt to wtr strss t sling stg. Th ss of two rommn spring wht gnotyps, tht is, Kohistn-97 n Psn-, tgoriz s rought tolrnt n snsitiv, rsptivly, in our rlir rports [39], wr us for th stuy. Th ss wr otin from Ayyu Agriulturl Rsrh Institut (AARI), Fisl (Pkistn). Th xprimnts wr li out in th ompltly rnomiz sign (CRD) with thr rpts. Eh rpt onsist of 10-sling pot in h xprimnt. Twnty rnomly slt ss of h gnotyp wr striliz with 5% soium hypohlorit solution for fiv minuts n ltr ir-ri to thir originl moistur lvl for onuting xprimnts. 2.2. Drought Strss Trtmnts. In h xprimnt, tn ss of h gnotyp wr sown t % fil pity (% FC) inplstipots(8i 12 lngth m) ontining 4 g of striliz, wsh, fin rivr sn. On st of pots (ontrol) ws wtr rgulrly whil wtr strss ws impos in th othr st of pots y stopping wtr pplition ftr sling mrgn. Amount of wtr vport ws lult ily n ontrol plnts wr rwtr oringly. Th pots wr pl unr ontroll tmprtur t 25 C, 16 h y lngth, 200 μmol m 2 s 1 photosynthti tiv rition (PAR), n 75 % rltiv humiity for four wks in growth hmr (Snyo-Gllnkmp, UK). Aftr four wks, fiv plnts wr hrvst rnomly from h pot for th lultion of physiologil inis. Th slings wr pl in n ovn t 65 C for 72 hours to ror sling ry wight. Both xprimnts wr rpt thri n th t prsnt is th mn of vlus otin in thr xprimnts. 2.3. Slnium (S) Trtmnts. Th S frtigtion oss of 3.68 (0.25 mg L 1 ), 7.35 (0. mg L 1 ), 11.03 (0.75 mg L 1 ), n 14. μm (1.00mgL 1 ) n S folir trtmnts of 1.76 (0.12 mg L 1 ), 3.53 (0.24 mg L 1 ), 5.29 (0.36 mg L 1 ), n 7.06 μm(0.48mgl 1 ) wr vlop y issolving N 2 SO 4 (Sigm-Alrih, USA) in istill wtr. Th slings wr frtigt n folirly spry with S ftr thr ys of xposur to strss. Th following formul s sri y []wr us for th lultion of plnt hight strss tolrn inx (PHSI), root lngth strss tolrn inx (RLSI), n frsh n ry mttr strss tolrn inis (FMSI, DMSI). PHSI (%) = [plnt hight of strss plnt/plnt hight of ontrol plnt] ; DMSI (%) = [ry mttr of strss plnt/ry mttr of ontrol plnt] ; RLSI (%) = [root lngth of strss plnt/root lngth of ontrol plnt] ; SFSI (%) = [shoot frsh wights of strss plnts/shoot frsh wights of ontrol plnts] ; RFSI (%) = [root frsh wights of strss plnts/root frsh wights of ontrol plnts]. 2.4. Sttistil Anlysis. All th ro t in iffrnt xprimnts uring this stuy wr nlyz sttistilly using nlysis of vrin thniqu n STATISTICA Computr Progrm ws us for this purpos. Tuky tst t 5% proility lvl ws us to ompr mns. 3. Rsults Th highly signifint fft (P < 0.01) of S frtigtion n folir spry ws ror on physiologil inis of oth wht gnotyps (Kohistn-97 n Psn-). Th mximum PHSI vlu (86%) ws not in slings frtigt with 7.35μM S, whrs low PHSI vlus wr ror t high (11.03 μm n14.μm) or low lvls (3.68 μm) of S frtigtion (Figur 1). A grul inrs in PHSI ws osrv y inrsing S folir spry lvls. Th pplition of S t 7.06 μm gv th mximum vlu (88%) for this inx, whil th minimum vlu (63%) ws ror in slings spry with wtr whih ws sttistilly t pr with th vlu (64%) otin for th lowst S trtmnt of 1.76 μm (Figur 1). Nonsignifint iffrns wr ror twn gnotyps in oth S supply mthos (S frtigtion n S folir spry) for PHSI (Figur 1). Th highst vlu for RLSI (159%) ws ror in plnts suppli with 7.35 μm S.A nonsignifint iffrn(p > 0.05) ws osrv twn high S trtmnts, tht is, 11.03 μm n 14. μm, whih h RLSI vlus of 1% n 152%, rsptivly, whrs th lowst vlu for RLSI (141%) ws ror in slings frtigt with 3.68 μm S (Figur 2). Th plnts folirly spry with 7.06 μm S mintin mximum vlu (121%) for RLSI, whih ws 15% highr s ompr to wtr spry slings (103%). Th folir pplition of S t 3.53 μmn5.29μminrsrlsi y 8% n 12%, rsptivly, s ompr to wtr spry
Avns in Chmistry 3 Plnt hight strss S frtigtion (μm) P G : 0.621 P S G : 0.7 Plnt hight strss P G : 0.358 P S G : 0.056 S folir spry (μm) Kohistn-97 Psn- Kohistn-97 Psn- Figur 1: Efft of S frtigtion n S folir spry on plnt hight strss tolrn inx (PHSI) of wht slings. Frtigtion trtmnts inlu frtigtion with 3.68 (0.25 mg L 1 ), 7.35 (0. mg L 1 ), 11.03 (0.75 mg L 1 ), n 14. μm (1.00 mg L 1 ), whrs folir trtmnts inlu folir spry with wtr (WS) n S folir spry with 1.76 (0.12 mg L 1 ), 3.53 (0.24 mg L 1 ), 5.29 (0.36 mg L 1 ), n 7.06 μm (0.48 mg L 1 ). Vlus r mn ± stnr rror. P S :Sffts;P G :gnotypffts;p S G : intrtion ffts of S n gnotyps. Root lngth strss 165 1 155 1 145 1 135 1 125 S frtigtion (μm) P G : 0.002 P S G : 0.022 Root lngth strss 125 120 115 110 105 95 P G : 0.026 P S G : 0.417 S folir spry (μm) Kohistn-97 Psn- Kohistn-97 Psn- Figur 2: Efft of S frtigtion n S folir spry on root lngth strss tolrn inx (RLSI) of wht slings. Frtigtion trtmnts inlu frtigtion with 3.68 (0.25 mg L 1 ), 7.35 (0. mg L 1 ), 11.03 (0.75 mg L 1 ), n 14. μm (1.00 mg L 1 ), whrs folir trtmnts inlu folir spry with wtr (WS) n S folir spry with 1.76 (0.12 mg L 1 ), 3.53 (0.24 mg L 1 ), 5.29 (0.36 mg L 1 ), n 7.06 μm (0.48 mg L 1 ). Vlus r mn ± stnr rror. P S :Sffts;P G :gnotypffts;p S G : intrtion ffts of S n gnotyps. slings (Figur 2). Th rsults show tht S frtigt plnts mintin 31% highr RLSI thn thos folirly ppli with S. Th frtigtion of slings with 7.35 μm n 11.03 μm S gv th mximum vlu (72%) for DMSI, whrs t S frtigtion lvl of 3.68 μm th minimum vlu (67%) ws ror (Figur 3). Th slings ppli with folir S trtmnt of 7.06 μm showninrsof85%nh mximumvlu(89%)somprtoplntssprywith wtr xhiiting minimum vlu (48%) for DMSI. Th folir spryofplntswithsrsultin33%highrdmsithns frtigtion (Figur 3). Wht gnotyp Kohistn-97 show signifintly highr RLSI n DMSI thn Psn- in oth S supply mthos, tht is, S frtigtion n folir spry (Figurs 2 n 3). Th plnts frtigt with 7.35 μm S xhiit th highst vlus for SFSI (53%) n RFSI (%). Th highr S frtigtion lvls of 11.03 μm n 14. μm lso inrs SFSI n RFSI n wr sttistilly rlt to h othr for ths inis (Figurs 4 n 5). Th lowst os of S frtigtion (3.68 μm) rsult in minimum SFSI n RFSI, tht is, 44% n 63%, rsptivly. In slings folirly ppli with S, th folir S trtmnt of 7.06 μm gvthmximum vlus for SFSI (85%) n RFSI (%) (Figur 4). It ws osrv tht S folir spry ws mor fftiv (%) thn S frtigtion in nhning SFSI of th slings (Figur 4), whrs nonsignifint iffrn ws osrv twn S supply mthos for RFSI (Figur 5). 4. Disussion Th rsults init tht wtr strss vrsly influns wht growth u to poor grmintion n sling stlishmnt. It ws osrv tht frtigtion n folir spry r
4 Avns in Chmistry Dry mttr strss S frtigtion (μm) P S : 0.045 P G : 0.000 P S G : 0.035 Dry mttr strss f g S folir spry (μm) P G : 0.000 P S G : 0.8 Kohistn-97 Psn- Kohistn-97 Psn- Figur 3: Efft of S frtigtion n S folir spry on ry mttr strss tolrn inx (DMSI) of wht slings. Frtigtion trtmnts inlu frtigtion with 3.68 (0.25 mg L 1 ), 7.35 (0. mg L 1 ), 11.03 (0.75 mg L 1 ), n 14. μm (1.00 mg L 1 ), whrs folir trtmnts inlu folir spry with wtr (WS) n S folir spry with 1.76 (0.12 mg L 1 ), 3.53 (0.24 mg L 1 ), 5.29 (0.36 mg L 1 ), n 7.06 μm (0.48 mg L 1 ). Vlus r mn ± stnr rror. P S :Sffts;P G :gnotypffts;p S G : intrtion ffts of S n gnotyps. Shoots frsh wights strss 55 45 35 Kohistn-97 Psn- S frtigtion (μm) P G : 0.438 P S G : 0.557 Shoots frsh wights strss h g f P G : 0.000 P S G : 0.049 Kohistn-97 Psn- S folir spry (μm) Figur 4: Efft of S frtigtion n S folir spry on shoots frsh wights strss tolrn inx (SFSI) of wht slings. Frtigtion trtmnts inlu frtigtion with 3.68 (0.25 mg L 1 ), 7.35 (0. mg L 1 ), 11.03 (0.75 mg L 1 ), n 14. μm (1.00 mg L 1 ), whrs folir trtmnts inlu folir spry with wtr (WS) n S folir spry with 1.76 (0.12 mg L 1 ), 3.53 (0.24 mg L 1 ), 5.29 (0.36 mg L 1 ), n 7.06 μm (0.48 mg L 1 ). Vlus r mn ± stnr rror. P S :Sffts;P G :gnotypffts;p S G : intrtion ffts of S n gnotyps. ffiint, vil, n fftiv pprohs for th pplition of frtilizrs n improving frtilizr us ffiiny [41]. An inrs in physiologil inis with S supply onfirm th hypothsis tht S plys positiv rol in improving rought tolrn of wht slings. Th inrs in PHSI spifis S rol in rgultion of wtr sttus of moistur strss slings [42] n tivtion of plnt hormons rsponsil for ll xpnsion n nlrgmnt [43]. Th mximum PHSI osrv y S frtigtion trtmnt of 7.35 μm (Figur 1) n S folir pplition t 7.06 μm (Figur 1) might ttriut to th S-rgult rs in osmoti potntil tht inrss th wtr rltions of wtr strss slings [44]. Th tivly growing plnt prts suh s young lvs n ss umult lrg mounts of S whih ffts osmorgultion in plnts [37, 45]. Th growth n vlopmnt of plnts is irtly influn y root tivity [46] soitnsrvsnimportnt inx of plnt rsistn [20]. Th inrs in root lngth is n ptiv rspons of wht plnts xpos to rought strss. Th highst RLSI ror in plnts frtigt (Figur 2) n folirly spry (Figur 2)withStrtmntsof7.35μM n 7.06 μm, rsptivly, inits th fftivnss of S in improving plnt rsistn ginst rought strss. Th rils trt with S r hlthir n vigorous with xtnsiv root hirs [47].Yo t l.[20] rport n inrs in root tivity (growth n uptk) of wtr strss slings y xtr S supply rsulting in n inrs in ry mttr whih
Avns in Chmistry 5 Roots frsh wights strss P G : 0.046 P S G : 0.008 Roots frsh wights strss S folir spry (μm) P G : 0.201 P S G : 0.127 S frtigtion (μm) Kohistn-97 Psn- Kohistn-97 Psn- Figur 5: Efft of S frtigtion n S folir spry on roots frsh wights strss tolrn inx (RFSI) of wht slings. Frtigtion trtmnts inlu frtigtion with 3.68 (0.25 mg L 1 ), 7.35 (0. mg L 1 ), 11.03 (0.75 mg L 1 ), n 14. μm (1.00 mg L 1 ), whrs folir trtmnts inlu folir spry with wtr (WS) n S folir spry with 1.76 (0.12 mg L 1 ), 3.53 (0.24 mg L 1 ), 5.29 (0.36 mg L 1 ), n 7.06 μm (0.48 mg L 1 ). Vlus r mn ± stnr rror. P S :Sffts;P G :gnotypffts;p S G : intrtion ffts of S n gnotyps. improv DMSI of slings (Figur 3). Similrly, Vli t l. [48] not signifint inrs in totl ry wight of rps ultivrs folirly spry with S unr wtr strss onitions. Th inrs in root lngth n ry wight y S pplition supports th ft tht signifint rltion xists twn root n sling ry wight of wtr strss slings [49, ]. Th frtigtion of slings y S trtmnt of 7.35 μm rsult in th highst iomss umultion (Figurs 4 n 5). Howvr, low S frtigtion oss i not signifintly improv th iomss (SFSI n RFSI). Ths rsults r in lin with th finings of Nwz t l. [19] whoosrv tht S signifintly inrs growth of wtr strss wht slings n wr of th viw tht S rgults wtr sttus unr rought strss. Nonsignifint fft of lowr S oss on iomss hs n rport in wht [20], prnnil rygrss, n strwrry lovr [51]. Th high S frtigtion os (14. μm) us signifint rution in iomss (Figurs 4 n 5). Similr rsults wr rport y Ximénz- Emún t l. [52] in whit lupin (20%) n sunflowr (%) t high S frtiliztion oss. High lvls of S inhiit photosynthsis y rsing th light nrgy sor y th ntnn systm n impir photosynthti mhinry of wht [53] whih rsults in th lowr proution of strh [54, 55] tht my l to rs in th iomss proution. Th highst iomss umultion (SFSI n RFSI) with S folir spry (Figurs 4 n 5) myutothiffusion of S ions tht tks pl from th surf of lvs to pirml lls. Th folir pplition of S hs n rport to stimult growth in lttu [56], grn t [57], n potto [58].Grm [59] osrv signifint inrs in mss of only wtr strss potto turs supplmnt with S, whrs thmssofturswsruyspplitioninwllwtr plnts. Similr rsults wr rport y Hii [] in rly. Th inrs S ffiiny y folir pplition my u to its irt sorption n umultion in th plnts y iffusion from th surf of lvs to pirml lls [61] ut its high onntrtion n us mg to lf surf [62]. Thrfor, onntrtion of solution t frtigtion n folir pplition of S shoul hosn with r, s on rommntions. 5. Conlusion Th intifition of fftiv S os n mtho is ruil for ttr unrstning of S uptk n umultion in wtr strss rop plnts. From th rsults of xprimnts, it ws onlu tht S frtigtion t 7.35 μm nsfolir trtmnt of 7.06 μm signifintly mitigt th vrs ffts of rought strss in wht slings. Th iffrn mong S supply mthos (S frtigtion n S folir spry) suggsts iffrns in thir ffiiny for S uptk in plnts. It ws osrv tht S folir spry ws mor fftiv thn S frtigtion in inrsing DMSI n iomss (SFSI n RFSI) of slings. Howvr, th plnts xhiit mximum RLSI y S frtigtion, whrs nonsignifint iffrn ws ror twn S pplition mthos for PHSI. Conflit of Intrsts Th uthors lr tht thr is no onflit of intrsts rgring th pulition of this ppr. Aknowlgmnt Th uthors r grtful to th Highr Eution Commission (HEC) of Pkistn for th finnil support. Rfrns [1] M. M. Chvs n M. M. Olivir, Mhnisms unrlying plnt rsilin to wtr fiits: prospts for wtr-sving
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