Content Standards: A. Students will understand that among the science disciplines, there are unifying themes: systems, order, organization, and interactions; evidence, models, and explanations; constancy, change, and measurement; evolution, equilibrium, and energy; and form and function. Explain what physicists explore in relation to a chemist or a biologist Define and use the scientific method Identify the standard units used to measure in the metric system Convert standard numbers into scientific notation and scientific notation to standard number Add, subtract, multiply, and divide numbers using scientific notation Explain the difference between accuracy and precision Identify significant digits in calculations done with experimental data Display data in graphical form Identify graphs by their mathematical relationship Manipulate equations Explain and use the following terms: reference point, position, distance, average velocity, displacement, instantaneous velocity Calculate average velocity, displacement, and time Identify difference between negative and positive velocities and how they are calculated Interpret position and velocity in time graphs Explain and use the following terms: average acceleration, instantaneous acceleration, and constant velocity and acceleration Calculate velocity using constant acceleration Calculate displacement using velocity, time, and acceleration Complete calculations using gravity as an acceleration Science s Page 1 of 10 Approved by the Board 04-18-2005
Explain the different types of forces Explain the 3 laws of motion Explain the difference between mass and weight D.12.7 D.12.8 Identify the two kinds of mass Perform calculations involving the relationship of mass, force, and acceleration Explain the types of friction and calculate the coefficient of friction for materials Add vectors that are one and two dimensions Use trigonometric relationships to solve vectors Add perpendicular vectors Find components of vectors Add vectors at any angle using resolution of vectors Calculate vectors that are produced on objects on a horizontal surface and on an inclined plane Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of projectile motion D.12.7 D.12.8 Calculate range, time, and horizontal and vertical velocities from objects launched horizontally and at an angle Explain and use the following terms: periodic motion, circular motion, centripetal acceleration, period, centripetal forces Calculate centripetal acceleration and forces Explain what torque is, and the components of simple harmonic motion Describe Kepler's Law of Planetary Motion and use those relationships to solve period and radius problems Explain the theory of Universal Gravitation Describe how Cavendish was able to calculate the weight of the earth Science s Page 2 of 10 Approved by the Board 04-18-2005
D.12.7 D.12.8 D.12.7 D.12.8 D.12.9 D.12.10 Describe the motion of planets and satellites Calculate the period and velocity of objects rotating around another object Explain how someone could feel weightless even though there is a gravitational force Explain the impulse-momentum theorem and use it to solve calculations of impulse and momentum changes Explain how Newton's 3 rd Law is used with momentum to solve problems of collision in one or two dimensions Calculate the velocity and mass of objects using the law of conservation of momentum Explain the differences between internal and external forces Explain and use the following terms: work, power, energy Explain and calculate mechanical advantage of simple machines Calculate the efficiency of simple machines Describe the difference between potential and kinetic energy Calculate mass, velocity, and height using the equations of kinetic and potential energy Describe the law of conservation of energy Explain the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions Determine whether to use the law of conservation of momentum or energy to solve a collision problem Explain the kinetic-molecular theory and how thermal energy transfers from one body to another Explain the difference between thermal energy, temperature, and heat Explain thermal equilibrium and how a thermometer uses this to measure temperature Science s Page 3 of 10 Approved by the Board 04-18-2005
D.12.9 D.12.10 D.12.9 Explain Absolute Zero Use a calorimeter and specific heat equations to determine amounts of mass, temperatures, or specific heat of objects Explain the 1 st and 2 nd law of thermodynamics and state examples of these principles Describe light and the types of light in the electromagnetic spectrum Explain how the additive and subtractive process works with pigments and colors to produce other colors and light Describe how light can be polarized Explain the method Rutherford used to determine the structure of the atom Describe the nuclear model D.12.10 Distinguish continuous spectra from line spectra; contrast emission spectra and absorption spectra Understand the connection between photon energy and energy level differences Use the orbital radius and energy level equations to solve problems using the Bohr model Describe the shortcomings of the Bohr model Describe the quantum model of the atom Describe a laser and the properties of laser light Define atomic number and mass number; find the charge and mass of a nucleus Define an isotope and a nuclide; calculate the number of neutrons, protons, and electrons in an isotope Science s Page 4 of 10 Approved by the Board 04-18-2005
Describe 3 modes of radioactive decay Define half-life Balance nuclear equations showing the result of nuclear reactions D.12.10 Describe the operation of linear accelerators and synchrotrons and the operation of different particle detectors Define the two families of fundamental particles Explain the difference between particles and force carriers Describe antiparticles and quarles Recognize the role and nature of the strong nuclear force; define the binding energy Relate the energy released in a nuclear reaction to change in binding energy before and after the reaction Define artificially produced radioactive isotopes and describe their medical uses Define nuclear fission and a chain reaction Describe the operation of one or more types of nuclear reactors Describe the fusion process and the formation of the helium atom Calculate the pressure an object has exerted on it by a force in a confined area Describe the 3 principles involving liquids and gases Explain the difference between adhesion and cohesion Explain the difference in crystal and amorphic solids Calculate amount of expansions objects undergo due to heat being added Explain the types of waves and describe the parts of a standing wave Calculate the frequency, wavelengths, or velocity of a wave Science s Page 5 of 10 Approved by the Board 04-18-2005
Describe what happens to the properties of a wave when it passes from one medium into another medium Describe the superposition principle and how that explains real world events involving sound, and signals Describe the Doppler Effect Describe the difference between pitch and loudness Explain what resonance is and how it works in an open and closed tube Describe reflection and refraction of light Calculate the index of refraction of materials using Snell's Law Calculate critical angle for total internal reflection Explain and describe physical phenomenon such as fiber optics, mirages, and rainbows Use ray diagrams to create images for plane mirrors, concave and convex lenses, and mirrors Explain the difference between real vs. virtual image Use the mirror/lens equations to solve for missing variables Determine the magnification of an image Sight examples of how lenses and mirrors are used in everyday places Explain how a double slit and a single slit interference pattern is produced Explain how a diffraction grating can measure the wavelength of light Explain how an object can have a charge Explain what makes a material a good conductor or insulator Explain how a charged object can have a force exerted on it Science s Page 6 of 10 Approved by the Board 04-18-2005
Explain the process of separation of charge by induction Use Coulumb's Law to calculate a missing variable Use the electric field equation to calculate for the missing variable Explain voltage Explain a capacitor and what it is used for Explain how a battery and a generator work Explain the terms: current, resistance, power, and voltage Draw circuit diagrams Calculate information using Ohm's Law and the power equation Explain the difference between series and parallel circuits Explain the advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel circuits Calculate voltage difference, resistance, and current of parallel and series circuits Describe how parallel and series are used in everyday appliances Describe the properties of magnets Describe the relationship between magnetism and electricity Calculate forces on a current in magnetic field Explain how a changing magnetic field produces on electric current Define EMF and calculate EMF Explain how an electric generator works and how it differs from a motor Explain the difference between peak and effective voltage and current State Lenz's Law; explain back-emf and how it affects the operation of motors and generators Science s Page 7 of 10 Approved by the Board 04-18-2005
Explain the nature of self-inductance and its effects in circuits Describe the transformer, explain the connection of turns ratio to voltage ratio; solve transformer problems Describe Thomson's measurement of the charge-to-mass ratio of the electrons Understand the mass spectrometer as an analytical tool Describe formation of electric an magnetic fields without charges Describe the generation of electromagnetic waves by accelerated charges; recognize the use of resonance Know the frequency and wavelength of common electromagnetic waves Explain how electromagnetic waves can be detected Understand the spectrum emitted by a hot body and the basics of the theory that explains this spectrum Define the photoelectric effect; recognize that the quantum theory can explain it while the wave theory can't Use the photoelectric equation to solve problems Define the Compton effect and explain in terms of the momentum and energy of the photon Describe experiments that demonstrate the particle-like properties of electromagnetic radiation Describe evidence of the wave nature of matter Solve problems relating wavelength to particle momentum Recognize the dual nature of both waves and particles and the impact of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Describe electron motion in conductors as the result of a partially-filled band of allowed energy levels Science s Page 8 of 10 Approved by the Board 04-18-2005
Describe insulators, metals, conductors, and semiconductors Understand why diodes conduct charges in one direction only Describe how diodes can be used to produce current that flows in one direction only Recognize how a transistor is constructed and how it can amplify or increase voltage charges Content Standards: B. Students will understand that science is ongoing and inventive, and that scientific understandings have changed over time as new evidence is found. See Performance Standard A Content Standards: C. Students will investigate questions using scientific methods and tools, revise their personal understanding to accommodate knowledge, and communicate these understandings to others. See Performance Standard A Content Standards: D. Students will demonstrate an understanding of the physical and chemical properties of matter, the forms and properties of energy, and the ways in which matter and energy interact. See Performance Standard A Content E. Students will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and systems Standards: of the earth and other bodies in the universe and their interactions. No s Science s Page 9 of 10 Approved by the Board 04-18-2005
Content F. Students will demonstrate an understanding of the characteristics and Standards: structures of living things, the processes of life, and how living things interact with one another and their environment. No s Content G. Students will demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between science and Standards: technology and the ways in which that relationship influences human activities. No s Content H. Students will use scientific information and skills to make decisions about Standards: themselves, Wisconsin, and the world in which they live. No s end of Physics Science s Page 10 of 10 Approved by the Board 04-18-2005