SOME ASPECTS REGARDING THE CURRENT CLIMATIC TRENDS IN ORADEA, IN THE GLOBAL WARMING CONTEXT

Similar documents
THERMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE YEARS AND MONTHS OF THE AGRICULTURAL PERIOD , AT ORADEA

EXTREME TEMPERATURES IN THE CITY OF SĂCUENI BIHOR

THE REGIME OF THE ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION IN THE BARCĂU HYDROGRAPHICAL BASIN

CASE STUDY REGARDING SOIL TEMPERATURE IN THE PLAIN OF THE CRIȘ RIVERS

THE MAXIMUM QUANTITIES OF RAIN-FALL IN 24 HOURS IN THE CRIŞUL REPEDE HYDROGRAPHIC AREA

RELATIVE AIR MOISTURE IN CRISUL REPEDE DRAINAGE AREA

THE REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND THE CLIMATIC WATER DEFICIT IN THE WESTERN PLAIN OF ROMANIA, NORTH OF THE MURE RIVER

The Annals of Valahia University of Târgovişte, Geographical Series, Tome 4-5,

THE THERMAL REGIME IN CRIŞUL NEGRU DRAINAGE BASIN

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CONVECTIVE STORMS BASED ON ORADEA AND BOBOHALMA WSR-98D RADAR IN JULY

PARTICULIARITIES OF FLOODS ON RIVERS IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN SUBCARPATHIANS AND THE NEIGHBOURING

HEAT WAVES FREQUENCY IN SOUTHERN ROMANIA, BETWEEN

THE RISKS ASSOCIATED TO THE HOARFROST PHENOMENON IN THE WEST PLAIN

CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGES AT BAIA MARE URBAN SYSTEM LEVEL. Mirela COMAN, Bogdan CIORUŢA

PATTERNS OF THE MAXIMUM RAINFALL AMOUNTS REGISTERED IN 24 HOURS WITHIN THE OLTENIA PLAIN

AN EXCESSIVELY FROSTY MONTH - JANUARY 1963

SPECIFIC THERMO-PLUVIOMETRIC FEATURES ON THE WESTERN MOUNTAINS SIDE OF WESTERN CARPATHIANS

FROM THE WEATHER TO CLIMATE IN THE WESTERN PLAIN

THE INFLUENCE OF MEDITERRANEAN CYCLONES ON THE WEATHER IN OLTENIA DURING THE FIRST MONTH OF SUMMER

PRESENT ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, VOL. 5, no. 1, 2011

University of Oradea, University Street, no. 1, Oradea, Romania, Ph.D. student in Geography, * * * * * *

THE FREQUENCY OF THE CLOUD TYPES IN THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN OF THE CRISUL REPEDE RIVER

COLD AND HEAT WAVES IN THE BARLAD PLATEAU BETWEEN

Observed and near future projections of weather extremes in Romania

SEASONAL FLOW REGIME ON THE RIVERS FROM CĂLIMANI MOUNTAINS

DOI /pesd PESD, VOL. 11, no. 1, 2017

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FLOODS FREQUENCE ON TELEORMAN AND GALBEN RIVERS

Chapter outline. Reference 12/13/2016

LAB J - WORLD CLIMATE ZONES

THE LIQUID PRECIPITATION ABUNDANCE OF THE PRUT BASIN IN JULY 2008

Adopt a Drifter Lesson Plan by Mary Cook, Middle School Science Teacher, Ahlf Jr. High School, Searcy, Arkansas

THE IMPACT OF THE TORRENTIAL PRECIPITATIONS IN THE FORMATION OF FLOODS IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF SATU MARE

RECENT CHANGES IN THUNDERSTORM ACTIVITY IN VASLUI

POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND DRYNESS / DROUGHT PHENOMENA IN COVURLUI FIELD AND BRATEŞ FLOODPLAIN

THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DIMENSION OF THE CLIMATIC FACTOR IN THE DYNAMIC OF MORPHOGENETIC PROCESSES

THUNDERSTORM OCCURENCE AND ASSOCIATED FLIGHT HAZARDS IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF ROMANIA

Chapter 3 Section 3 World Climate Regions In-Depth Resources: Unit 1

Plan for operational nowcasting system implementation in Pulkovo airport (St. Petersburg, Russia)

VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION AND LIQUID FLOW IN THE DESNĂŢUI HYDROGRAPHICAL BASIN

MONITORING HYDRO-CLIMATIC HAZARD IN THE AREA OF ORAVITA: ASSESSING DROUGHT HAZARD

Guided Notes: Atmosphere Layers of the Atmosphere

Our climate system is based on the location of hot and cold air mass regions and the atmospheric circulation created by trade winds and westerlies.

RAINFALL AGGRESSIVENESS EVALUATION

Use the terms from the following list to complete the sentences below. Each term may be used only once.

Climatic Classification of an Industrial Area of Eastern Mediterranean (Thriassio Plain: Greece)

The of that surrounds the Earth. Atmosphere. A greenhouse that has produced the most global. Carbon Dioxide

Unit 4 Review Guide: Weather

Lesson 3 Latitude is Everything

DEPARTMENT OF EARTH & CLIMATE SCIENCES Name SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY Nov 29, ERTH 360 Test #2 200 pts

What is Climate? Understanding and predicting climatic changes are the basic goals of climatology.

FORMATION OF AIR MASSES

4. Fill in the table about the 4 different types of air masses. Air Masses Source Region Type of Air Symbol

RISK ASPECTS IN THE WARM SEASON CLIMATOLOGICAL AND SYNOPTIC CHARACTERISATION DURING SUMMER 2014 IN WESTERN REGION OF ROMANIA

ANALYSIS OF CLIMATIC RISK PHENOMENA PRODUCED AT LUNGULEŢU, DÂMBOVIŢA COUNTY ON 20 JULY 2011

2015: A YEAR IN REVIEW F.S. ANSLOW

Activity 2.2: Recognizing Change (Observation vs. Inference)

THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA TERRITORY S VULNERABILITY (EXPOSURE) TO THE MANIFESTATION OF SOME CLIMATE RISKS

Lecture 28: Observed Climate Variability and Change

PRESENT ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, NR. 4, 2010

Banu C. 1, Banu T. 1, Moatăr Mihaela 1, Ştefan Carolina 1, Banu T. 1, Stanciu S. 2

How strong does wind have to be to topple a garbage can?

TOPICS: What are Thunderstorms? Ingredients Stages Types Lightning Downburst and Microburst

Variations of atmospheric electric field and meteorological parameters in Kamchatka in

CHAPTER 11 THUNDERSTORMS AND TORNADOES MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

On the Risk Assessment of Severe Convective Storms and Some Weather Hazards over Bulgaria ( ) - Meteorological Approach

Claim: Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods. REBUTTAL

GEOGRAPHY EYA NOTES. Weather. atmosphere. Weather and climate

CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF WINTER TOURISM IN THE ORIENTAL CARPATHIANS. CASE STUDY: HARGHITA MOUNTAINS

Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis

GENERAL ASPECTS CONCERNING THE CLIMATE OF THE OLTENIA REGION. CASE STUDY: THE OLT COUNTY

Section 13-1: Thunderstorms

THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION WITH SEDIMENTABLE POWDERS IN BIHOR COUNTY AREA OVER THE PERIOD

1 What Is Climate? TAKE A LOOK 2. Explain Why do areas near the equator tend to have high temperatures?

What Is the Weather Like in Different Regions of the United States?

Claim: Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods.

SUMMER TEMPERATURE EXTREMES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE SOUTH-EAST DEVELOPMENT REGION

CLIMATE. UNIT TWO March 2019

Environmental Science Chapter 13 Atmosphere and Climate Change Review

THE BLIZZARD FROM OCTOBER 2014 AND ITS IMPACT ON AIR FLIGHTS

Hydrological risk phenomena caused by rainfalls in the north-western part of Romania

Guided Notes Weather. Part 2: Meteorology Air Masses Fronts Weather Maps Storms Storm Preparation

THE INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN CLIMATE VARIABILITY MECHANISM ON AIR TEMPERATURES IN ROMANIA. Nicoleta Ionac 1, Monica Matei 2

Unseasonable weather conditions in Japan in August 2014

CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE AUTUMN 2010 IN OLTENIA

Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa

October Precipitation Statistics (124 Years) Rank: Figure 2: Historical October precipitation time series for Maryland.

Lecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 20 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens

Weather: Air Patterns

Meteorology. Chapter 15 Worksheet 1

3/31/17. No CLASS FRIDAY. End of subsidence unit. Next up: SEVERE WEATHER. Video - Severe Weather (Tornadoes) #23 - Weather - Principles I

THE MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM FROM

Storm and Storm Systems Related Vocabulary and Definitions. Magnitudes are measured differently for different hazard types:

Extremes Events in Climate Change Projections Jana Sillmann

Climate Chapter 19. Earth Science, 10e. Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke Southwestern Illinois College

Lecture #14 March 29, 2010, Monday. Air Masses & Fronts

Current and future climate of the Cook Islands. Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning Program

5.2. IDENTIFICATION OF NATURAL HAZARDS OF CONCERN

The Weather Wire. Contents: Summer 2018 Outlook. Summer 2018 Outlook Drought Monitor May Summary/Statistics June Preview Rainfall Totals

Energy Systems, Structures and Processes Essential Standard: Analyze patterns of global climate change over time Learning Objective: Differentiate

UNIT 1. WEATHER AND CLIMATE. PRIMARY 4/ Social Science Pedro Antonio López Hernández

Transcription:

Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Fascicula Protecţia Mediului Vol. XXI, 2013 SOME ASPECTS REGARDING THE CURRENT CLIMATIC TRENDS IN ORADEA, IN THE GLOBAL WARMING CONTEXT Şerban Eugenia*, Mut Corina Elena** * University of Oradea, Faculty of Environmental Protection, Gen.Magheru st., no.26, 410048, Oradea, Romania, e-mail: eugeniaserban@yahoo.com ** Master Student, University of Oradea, Faculty of Environmental Protection, Gen.Magheru st., no.26, 410048, Oradea, Romania, e-mail: mut.corina@yahoo.com Abstract To highlight the climatic effects of global warming in Oradea city, we have analyzed, in this paper, some climatic elements that best highlight it: air temperature, precipitation, thunderstorms and hail. For these elements we have analyzed their annual average, maximum and minimum values for the period 1961-2011, as well as their linear trend, which revealed their evolution. The result was that the average annual temperature in Oradea has been rising over the 51 years analyzed. The increasing trend can be explained also, by the growth of the city area and by the increased traffic in the city and its outskirts, in recent years. The annual precipitation amounts have been increasing in Oradea, but the increase was reduced. In the last interval of years, 1996-2011, both the rainiest and the driest years were recorded. This can be attributed to the global warming of the atmosphere, which results in the occurrence of pluviometric extremes. In the recent years one could notice that the thunderstorms may occur even in the winter months. The linear trend of the annual number of days with thunderstorms is slightly increasing. The hail was present in Oradea particularly between the years 1970-2001. Towards the end of the analyzed period, it decreased in frequency. This does not mean, however, that it has not occurred in these years across Oradea city or its surroundings, but rather that it was absent in the area of the weather station Oradea. The linear trend of the annual number of days with hail is constant. Key words: trend, global warming, air temperature, precipitation, thunderstorm, hail. INTRODUCTION In recent years, global warming has become a very topical subject, increasingly debated by scientists and media, as it has an impact both on the environment and on human society. Global warming has led, in our country, to a number of changes in the environment, manifested by long periods of drought, alternating with periods of excessive rainfall and many dangerous meteorological phenomena, noticed because of their high intensity and frequency, such as: extremely abundant rainfall, with torrential character, high intensity thunderstorms, large hail, heat waves alternating with cold waves, intense squalls and even tornadoes. All these have caused extensive damage in several areas: economy (especially agriculture), environmental protection, health etc. Thus, the study below started from this premise, especially the negative effects generated by this global phenomenon that has multiple implications in all fields. 731

MATERIAL AND METHODS To highlight the climatic effects of global warming in Oradea city, we have analyzed, in this paper, some climatic elements that best highlight it. For these elements we have analyzed their annual average, maximum and minimum values for the period 1961-2011, as well as their linear trend, which revealed their evolution. The analyzed climatic elements were: air temperature, precipitation, thunderstorms and hail. In the paper we used monthly and annual meteorological data for the climatic elements listed above. The data come from the archives of the Oradea County Weather Station. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Trends of air temperature in Oradea Air temperature is the climatic element that best highlights the global warming of the Earth's atmosphere. Its effects are reflected by the occurrence of thermic extremes, namely the heat waves, generated by the advections of warm, tropical air, as well as the cold waves, generated by the advections of cold, arctic air. Thermic extremes have begun to be increasingly common in recent years, both in our country and in many regions of the world. The annual average temperatures recorded, at the weather station Oradea, values between 9.0 C and 12.0 C, ranging around the multi-annual average value of 10.4 C (during 1961-2011) (Fig. 1). This multi-annual average value of temperature is a characteristic of lowland regions of our country, a region where the weather station Oradea is located. ( C) 13 12 11 10 9 8 Air temperature y = 0,023x + 9,8242 R 2 = 0,2077 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Oradea Linear (Oradea) Fig. 1. Annual average air temperature and their linear trend, at the weather station Oradea (1961-2011) 732

The lowest annual average value of 9.0 C was recorded in 1985, which was the coldest year of the analyzed period. The highest annual average value rose to 12.0 C and occurred in 2000 and 2007, which were two excessively warm and dry years in the whole country. Figure 1 shows that during the first part of the analyzed period, from 1961 to 1991, temperatures were lower, while in its second part, between 1992 and 2011, temperatures began to rise more. The warmest years were 1994, 2000, 2002 and the interval 2007-2009. The coldest years were 1978, 1980 and 1985. An analysis of the linear trend for the studied period (1961-2011) shows that it is increasing. So, the average annual temperature in Oradea has been rising over the 51 years analyzed. This trend concurs with the one found by many Romanian and foreign climatologists, who noted the air temperature increase in recent years in our country and in many parts of the Globe, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere (Litynski et al., 2003; Luterbacher, Xoplaki, 2003; IPCC, 2007, http://www.ipcc.ch; Fratianni, Acquaotta, 2010; Cuccia et al., 2010; Vasenciuc, Dragotă, 2002; Tudose, Moldovan, 2006; Măhăra, 2006; Teodoreanu, 2007; Şerban, 2010 etc.). The increasing trend can be explained, in the case of Oradea, also by the growth of the city area and by the increased traffic in the city and its outskirts, in recent years, since the city's ring road went into use, the road that crosses the area adjacent to the weather station. The great urban concentration, with its many asphalt surfaces, leads to the formation of socalled "heat islands" that amplify the diurnal thermic values, especially in warm semester of the year. 2. Trends of precipitation in Oradea The Crisurilor Plain has a temperate continental climate, with prevalent oceanic influences, as it is wide open to West, to the Pannonian Plain, and therefore exposed to frequent advections of moist air masses from the West. This causes the moderate character of the rainfall regime in Oradea. However, pluviometric extremes are recorded here as well, materialized in long-term drought, and also rainfall excess, both considered climatic hazards. As in other regions of the country and in Oradea as well, pluviometric extremes have become increasingly common in recent years, as a consequence of global warming. During 1961-2011, at the weather station Oradea the annual precipitation amounts ranged between 364.2 mm in the driest year, 2000 and 884.0 mm in the rainiest, 1996 (Fig. 2). The average multi-annual precipitation amount is 617.1 mm during the period under review. 733

The annual precipitation amounts varied widely over the years, the fluctuations occurring due to the dependence of precipitation to the general circulation of the atmosphere, which is interconnected with land surface. In general, the maximum amounts exceeded 700 mm and even 800 mm and the years with values above 800 mm were: 1974, 1996, 1999, 2001 and 2010. They were the rainiest years. It is noted that these years were recorded especially in the latter part of the analyzed period (1996-2010). The large amounts of precipitation at the end of analyzed period are due to the air temperature growth, which resulted in an intense thermic convection. (mm) 1000 Precipitation y = 1,0742x + 589,17 R 2 = 0,0163 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Oradea Linear (Oradea) Fig. 2. Annual precipitation amounts and their linear trend, at the weather station Oradea (1961-2011) The annual minimum precipitation amounts had values of less than 450 mm. The years with the lowest values were: 1961, 1990, 1992, 2000 and 2011. These were the driest years. In this case as well it is noticed that the driest years occurred especially in the second part of the analyzed period. It is noted that in the last interval of years, 1996-2011, both the rainiest and the driest years were recorded. This can be attributed to the global warming of the atmosphere, which results in the occurrence of pluviometric extremes. By analyzing the linear trend for the studied period, 1961-2011, we find that it has an increasing tendency. So, the annual precipitation amounts have been increasing in Oradea during the 51 years analyzed, but the increase is reduced. 3. Trends of thunderstorms in Oradea Thunderstorms are complex atmospheric phenomena that consist of repeated lightning, accompanied by thunder. Thunderstorms are climatic 734

hazards specific to the warm semester of the year, but exceptionally they may also occur in the months of the cold semester. In the recent years one could notice that the thunderstorms have became more numerous and intense, and they may occur even in the winter months (Fig. 3). This is attributed to the Cumulonimbus clouds with great vertical development, formed under conditions of enhanced dynamic or thermic convection, so the phenomenon can be linked to the global warming of the atmosphere. Thunderstorms (no.days) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Fig. 3. Monthly average number of days with thunderstorms at the weather station Oradea (1961-2009) (no.days) 70 60 50 40 30 20 Thunderstorms y = 0,0217x + 34,477 R 2 = 0,0012 10 0 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Oradea Linear (Oradea) Fig. 4. Annual number of days with thunderstorms and their linear trend, at the weather station Oradea (1961-2009) At the weather station Oradea, during 1961-2009, the annual number of days with thunderstorms ranged between 13 and 63 days (Fig. 4). The multi-annual average number for the analyzed period is 35 days. The year 735

with the greatest annual number of days with thunderstorms was 1975 and the year with the lowest number was 1961, a dry year. The linear trend of the annual number of days with thunderstorms, over the period 1961-2009, is slightly increasing. Figure 4 shows that thunderstorms were present in Oradea, particularly between the years 1970-1985. Between 1986 and 1995, thunderstorms decreased in frequency and their decrease is attributed to the large number of dry years in this period. In the last part of the analyzed period (1996-2009), thunderstorms fluctuated around the multi-annual average value, presenting lower values in some dry years and higher in some rainy years. 4. Trends of hail in Oradea Hail is a climatic hazard specific to the warm semester of the year. It causes serious local damage within a brief period of time, according to the trajectory of the cloud that generated it. The damage depends on the size and density of the hailstones. In recent years, in our country hail began to have increasing sizes or deposits as a layer of ice. This phenomenon is related to the occurrence of large Cumulonimbus clouds with great vertical development, which, in turn, are the consequence of the increase in the air temperature, thus the global warming. During 1961-2011, the annual number of days with hail ranged, at the weather station Oradea, between 0 and 3 days (Fig. 5). The variations are due to the general circulation of the atmosphere, the features of the land surface and the solar radiation regime. The multi-annual average number for the analyzed period amounted to only 1 day. (no.days) 3,5 Hail y = -0,0002x + 0,9655 R 2 = 9E-06 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Oradea Linear (Oradea) Fig. 5. Annual number of days with hail and their linear trend, at the weather station Oradea (1961-2011) 736

The years which recorded the largest annual number of days with hail were: 1965, 1974, and 1997. These years have totalled 3 days with such phenomenon. Throughout the period under review, there were a total of 19 years in which the phenomenon was absent (this means that it was not present on the weather station platform). Figure 5 shows that hail was present in Oradea particularly between the years 1970-2001. Towards the end of the analyzed period, it decreased in frequency. This does not mean, however, that it has not occurred in these years across Oradea city or its surroundings, but rather that it was absent in the area of the weather station Oradea. The linear trend of the annual number of days with hail during the period 1961-2011, is constant. CONCLUSIONS Global warming has caused a number of changes in the environment, manifested by increased frequency and intensity of climatic hazards. In Oradea, climatic effects of global warming have been emphasized, during the years 1961-2011, by the growth trends of annual values of some climatic elements, such as air temperature, precipitation and thunderstorms. Of these, the highest growth is recorded for air temperature. Only the annual number of days with hail remained constant during this time. REFERENCES 1. Cuccia C., Richard Y., Bois B., Castel T., Thevenin D., 2010, Changement climatique: impacts sur la phénologie du Pinot noir en Bourgogne, XXIII ieme Colloque de l Association Internationale de Climatologie Risques et changement climatique, Actes du Colloque, Rennes, France, pp. 143-148. 2. Fratianni S., Acquaotta F., 2010, Les tendances et les indices de changement climatique des séries historiques dans le Nord-Ouest de l Italie, XXIII ieme Colloque de l Association Internationale de Climatologie Risques et changement climatique, Actes du Colloque, Rennes, France, pp. 233-238. 3. Holobâcă I.H., 2010, Studiul secetelor din Transilvania, Edit. Presa Universitară Clujeană, Cluj-Napoca, 242 p. 4. Litynski J., Genest C., Bellemare F., Leclerc Y., 2003, Fluctuation du climat dans l Arctique durant le XX e siècle, Publication de l Association Internationale de Climatologie, vol.15, pp. 420-427. 5. Luterbacher J., Xoplaki E., 2003, 500-year Winter Temperature and Precipitation Variability over the Mediterranean Area and its Connection to the Large-scale Atmospheric Circulation, in Mediterranean Climate Variability and Trends, Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 133-151. 6. Măhăra Gh., 2006, Variabilităţi şi schimbări climatice, Edit. Universităţii din Oradea, Oradea, 74 p. 7. Măhăra Gh., Şerban Eugenia, 2009, Les orages, des hasards climatiques dans la Plaine Occidentale de la Roumanie, XXII ème Colloque de L Association Internationale 737

de Climatologie Extrêmes climatiques: genèse, modélisation et impacts, Geographia Technica, Numéro spécial dédié au 90 ième anniversaire de l Université Roumaine de Cluj, 1-5 septembre 2009, Cluj-Napoca, România, pp. 281-286. 8. Şerban Eugenia, 2010, Hazarde climatice generate de precipitaţii în Câmpia de Vest situată la nord de Mureş, Edit. Universităţii din Oradea, Oradea, 395 p. 9. Şerban Eugenia, 2012, Considerations on the Standardized Air Temperature Anomalies in the Western Plain of Romania, North of the Mureş River, Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Fasc. Protecţia Mediului, vol.xviii, anul 17, Edit. Univ. din Oradea, Oradea, pp. 456-461. 10. Şerban Eugenia, 2012, Protecţia şi monitoringul mediului. Volumul I: Protecţia şi monitoringul aerului şi apei, Edit. Universităţii din Oradea, Oradea, 218 p. 11. Teodoreanu Elena, 2007, Se schimbă clima? O întrebare la început de mileniu, Edit. Paideia, Bucureşti, 319 p. 12. Tudose T., Moldovan Fl., 2006, Evoluţia temperaturii aerului în bazinul hidrografic Someş-Tisa, în perioada 1961-2005, Rev. Riscuri şi Catastrofe, nr.3 (an V), Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, Cluj-Napoca, pp. 93-104. 13. Vasenciuc Felicia, Dragotă Carmen, 2002, Tendinţa de evoluţie a cantităţilor de precipitaţii şi a temperaturii aerului la unele staţii din bazinul Siretului, în perioada 1961-2000, Comunicări de Geografie, Alma Mater Bucurestiensis, Geographia, vol.vi, Edit. Universităţii din Bucureşti, pp. 147-152. 14. * * *, 2008, Clima României, A.N.M., Edit. Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 365 p. 15. http://www.ipcc.ch (Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change) 738