Unit INDEX TERM 1 LIFE AND LIVING 13 Unit 1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 13 Page 1.1 Introduction 13 1.2 Photosynthesis 13 1.2.1 Requirements 14 Activity 1 14 1.2.2 Products of photosynthesis 15 Practical investigation 1 17 Exercise 1 20 1.3 Respiration 22 Activity 2 23 1.3.1 Types of respiration 23 Practical investigation 2 24 1.3.2 Comparison between photosynthesis and respiration 25 Exercise 2 26 Summary of Unit1 27 Mind maps of Unit 1 28 Unit 2 INTERACTION AND INTERDEPENDENCIES 29 2.1 Introduction to ecology 30 2.2 Ecosystems 30 Activity 3 32 Activity 4 33 2.3 Interdependency in ecosystems 34 2.3.1 Mutualism 34 2.3.2 Commensalism 35 2.3.3 Parasitism 35 Exercise 3 36 2.4 Feeding relationships 38 2.4.1 Producers and consumers 38 2.4.2 Herbivores 38 2.4.3 Carnivores 40 2.4.3.1 Predators 40 2.4.3.2 Scavengers 41 2.4.3.3 Insectivores 41 2.4.4 Omnivores 41 2.4.5 Detritivores 42 2.4.6 Decomposers 42 Activity 5 43 Exercise 4 44 2.5 Energy flow 47 2.5.1 Food chain 47 Exercise 5 49 2.5.2 Food webs 51 Activity 6 53 2.5.3 Energy pyramids 54 Activity 7 54 Exercise 6 55
2.6 Ecological balance 58 Activity 8 59 2.7 Adaptations 59 2.7.1 Plants 59 2.7.1.1 Xerophytes 60 2.7.1.2 Hydrophytes 62 2.7.2 Animals 63 2.7.2.1 Camel 64 2.7.2.2 Polar bear 65 2.7.2.3 Predators 66 Activity 9 67 2.7.3 Camouflage and mimicry 68 2.8 Conservation of the ecosystem 69 Exercise 7 70 Summary of Unit 2 76 Mind maps of Unit 2 79 Unit 3 MICROORGANISMS 83 3.1 Introduction 83 Activity 10 84 3.2 Types of microorganisms 84 3.2.1 Bacteria 84 3.2.2 Viruses 85 3.2.3 Fungi 85 3.2.4 Algae 85 3.2.5 Protozoa 86 Activity 11 86 3.3 Harmful microorganisms 86 3.3.1 Diseases 86 Activity 12 87 3.3.2 Where harmful microorganisms are found 87 3.3.3 Waterborne diseases 88 3.3.4 Prevention of spread 88 3.3.5 Scientific contributions 89 Activity 13 89 Practical investigation 3 89 3.4 Useful microorganisms 90 3.4.1 Decomposers 90 3.4.2 Water purification 90 3.4.3 Digestive system 90 3.4.4 Production 91 Activity 14 91 Exercise 8 91 Summary of Unit 3 93 Mind maps of Unit 3 95 Glossary 96 Term test 99 TERM 2 MATTER AND MATERIALS 113 Unit 1 ATOMS 113 1.1 Particles 113 Practical task 1 115
Exercise 9 115 1.2 Elements 117 1.3 Compounds 118 1.3.1 Forces between particles 119 Exercise 10 120 Practical task 2 123 1.3.2 Decomposition 124 Practical investigation 4 124 1.4 Mixtures 126 Exercise 11 127 Summary of Unit 1 129 Mind maps of Unit 1 130 Unit 2 PARTICLE MODEL OF MATTER 131 2.1 Particles 131 2.2 Models 131 2.3 States of matter 132 2.4 Diffusion 133 Practical task 3 133 Practical task 4 134 2.5 Physical changes 134 Practical task 5 136 Exercise 12 137 2.6 Density 142 2.6.1 Mass and volume 142 2.6.2 Density of materials 143 Practical investigation 5 145 Practical investigation 6 146 Practical investigation 7 146 Project 147 2.6.3 Applications 147 2.7 Expansion and contraction of materials 148 Practical investigation (demonstration) 8 148 Activity 15 149 2.8 Pressure 149 Practical task 6 150 Practical task 7 150 Exercise 13 151 Summary of Unit 2 155 Mind maps of Unit 2 157 Unit 3 CHEMICAL REACTIONS 159 3.1 Reactions 159 Practical investigation 9 160 Practical investigation 10 161 3.2 Indigenous knowledge systems 162 3.3 Careers 162 Exercise 14 163 Summary of Unit 3 167 Mind maps of Unit 3 168 Glossary 169 Term test 171
TERN 3 ENERGY AND CHANGE 179 Unit 1 STATIC ELECTRICITY 179 1.1 Friction 179 1.2 Forces between charges 180 1.3 Polarisation 180 Practical investigation 11 181 1.4 Safety 183 Exercise 15 183 Summary of Unit 1 184 Mind maps of Unit 1 185 Unit 2 ENERGY TRANSFER IN ELECTRIC SYSTEMS 187 2.1 Current electricity 187 2.2 Components of an electric circuit 188 2.2.1 Connecting wires 189 2.2.2 Battery 189 2.2.3 Switch 190 Activity 16 191 2.2.4 Resistors 191 Exercise 16 192 2.3 Effects of electrical current 194 2.3.1 Heating effect 194 Activity 17 195 Practical investigation 12 195 Exercise 17 197 2.3.2 Magnetic effect 198 Practical investigation 13 198 2.3.2.1 Explanation 200 2.3.2.2 Applications 200 2.3.3 Chemical effect 201 Practical investigation 14 201 Exercise 18 204 Summary of Unit 2 205 Mind maps of Unit 2 206 Unit 3 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 209 3.1 Series circuit 209 Practical investigation 15 210 Practical investigation 16 211 Exercise 19 213 3.2 Parallel circuit 214 Practical investigation 17 214 Practical investigation 18 216 Practical investigation 19 218 3.3 Other output and input devices 220 3.3.1 Light emission diode 220 3.3.2 Photocell 220 3.3.3 Doorbell or buzzer 220 Activity 18 221 Exercise 20 222 Summary of Unit 3 224 Mind maps of Unit 3 225
Unit 4 VISIBLE LIGHT 227 4.1 Light energy 227 4.2 Propagation 228 Practical investigation (demonstration) 20 228 Exercise 21 230 4.3 Radiation 230 4.4 Spectrum of visible light 231 Practical investigation 21 231 4.5 Transparent, translucent and opaque substances 233 4.6 Absorption 233 4.6.1 Transparent coloured objects 233 4.6.2 Opaque objects 234 4.7 Reflection 235 4.7.1 Smooth surface 235 4.7.2 Rough surface 235 Exercise 22 236 4.8 Observations 236 Exercise 23 238 4.9 Refraction of light 238 4.10 Career possibilities 240 4.10.1 Optometry 240 4.10.2 Photography 240 4.10.3 Astrophysics 241 4.10.4 Careers with optic fibres 241 Exercise 24 241 Summary of Unit 4 242 Mind maps of Unit 4 244 Glossary 250 Term test 251 TERM 4 EARTH AND BEYOND 259 Unit 1 SOLAR SYSTEMS 259 1.1 The sun 259 1.2 Objects around the sun 260 1.2.1 Planets 260 1.2.1.1 Mercury 262 1.2.1.2 Venus 262 1.2.1.3 Earth 263 1.2.1.4 Mars 263 1.2.1.5 Jupiter 264 1.2.1.6 Saturn 264 1.2.1.7 Uranus 265 1.2.1.8 Neptune 265 Activity 19 265 1.2.2 Dwarf planets 266 1.2.3 Moons 266 1.2.4 Asteroids 267 1.2.5 Meteorites 267 1.2.6 Comets 267 Activity 20 269
1.3 The position of earth in the universe 270 Activity 21 271 Exercise 25 272 Summary of Unit 1 274 Mind maps of Unit 1 276 Unit 2 BEYOND THE SOLAR SYSTEM 277 2.1 Galaxies 278 2.2 Milky Way Galaxy 278 Activity 22 279 2.3 Light years, light hours, light minutes 279 2.4 Beyond the Milky Way galaxy 280 Exercise 26 281 Summary of Unit 2 283 Mind maps of Unit 2 284 Unit 3 LOOKING INTO SPACE 285 3.1 Stars and different cultures 285 Activity 23 286 Activity 24 286 3.2 Telescopes 287 3.2.1 Optical telescopes 287 3.2.2 Radio telescopes 288 3.2.3 Space telescopes 288 3.2.4 SALT 288 3.2.5 SKA 289 Exercise 27 290 Summary of Unit 3 294 Mind maps of Unit 3 295 Glossary 296 Term test 297 Information sheet 302 Work cited 303