ap 5 ao 5- aacc of ao ao l: a o cou ca cu o uppo a M av c M o qua-m o. Fo M o a H M H a M a µ M. cu a M av av ff caacc. A M av popaa o ff lcc a paal flco a paal ao ll occu. A ob follo ul. ll la: p a β β v v p
flco coffc: a ao coffc: τ fo ppcula polaao a a fo paalll polaao M ca of oal cc τ τ µ a µ. quval-ccu ol of ao l co: Ω H F ao l quao: -fquc a ao l ol ul o aal M po flo. v v v v v v v v[ ] [ ] αβ
aacc pac: No:. aoal aa pac of a ao 5Ω.. ao-l quval-ccu ol.. follo caacc av b au o a lo ao l a MH: 5Ω α.b.5-3 Np β.8πa. D a fo l. ol. 8 π 5.5-3.8π 5 π 8 8 π.8p.5 3 5 8 pf.3 8 p 5 5 5.575 Ω 5. F. A -c ao of vola a al ac coc o a lo ao l caac b a ac p u l a a coucac p u l. a W ov vola a cu ao-l quao. b F al oluo fo a. ol. a b ol l : α β α β v p X X β o-lo l << <<: α β ] α β v [ ] Dool l : α β α β v p p
a-lo l << << : β α ] [ β α v p ] [. A ao a op-ccu vola v 8π a al pac 43Ω coc o a 5Ω ool l. l a a ac of.5ω a lo lcc u a a lo a of.8%. l 5 lo a a a ac loa. F aaou xpo fo vola a cu a a aba locao o l. ol..8%. σ Dool H. α.np a 5.58 β αβ.5.58 5 3 5 5.58. 5 3 5 7.6 5.58 8 3 5 ] [. 8 π π 7.6 5.58 8. π
laop b ao-l paa: σ µ σ a μ o- l: πaj P π a πfµ c πa πa c oaxal-cabl l: πaj πbj o P π a P b o π πfµ c π a b π a b c. o uc ufo ao l u poll.5 a lcc u. Au lbl lo. a F ac of paao fo a 3Ω o- l au of couc.6; a b f au of ou couco fo a 75Ω coaxal l au of c couco.6. π µ D ol. o- l: a.6.5 D a π a D 7 a 4π 3 D 5. 5 π 9.5 36π oaxal l: a.6 π µ b l l b a π a 75 b l a π 7 4π.5 36π 9 b3.9
Paalll pla ao l: x xh x H µ µ β A a x H A a l l l l H J J H D β β ρ ρ A a x u u u u H J J H D β β ρ ρ H µ x H µ x H µ ] [ H J J u u H x H x x x H ] [ F µ µ β µ β v p o paalll pla ao l: σ σ ufac pac: c c c x f X H J π µ J J P u u f c c Ω π
. o a ao l a of o paalll ba p σ c.6 7 of a paa b a lo lcc lab μμ 3 σ -3 of ck.5. opa fquc 5MH. a alcula a p u l. b F a. πf 3 ol. a. Ω σ 8 σ c 7.57 H. F b 8.3 -.4 π 5 6 7..3. o lol pl fo a v caacc pac. a Ho oul lcc ck b ca fo a v pla f lcc a oubl? b Ho oul b ca fo a v f oubl? c Ho oul b ca fo a v f oubl? ol. a c µ b Auao a of ao l: α -ava po lo a fal ac. P P P α β α [ ] uppo o flco α β α β * α P [ ] α P P α P α P P
Mp l: a uuall u av a. c ν p ff Ζ ο ν p ν λ p f λ Ο ff Au qua-m o: a : <.5 lbl. v W a oba a follo: Fo W : Ζ 6 ff l 8 W W.5 ο ff Fo W : Ζ W π ff W.393.667l W.4 W.444 ο ff W v a oba W a follo: Fo W : W A 8 A Α Ζ 6..3 π Fo W>: W B l B l B.6.39
377π Β Ζ a : >.5. ca oba W ff fl. W Fo W ff W : π l π W ff Fo W W 4πW : π l π A ubu W ff o W xpo a. Au o qua-m o: 377 Wff W ΖΟ Ζ Ο f W ff f W f W ff f p c ff f 8p f p 377 ff a Wff.6.9 ff f f H Ζ Ο ff f f p fquc blo c po a b lc v b f Η.3 Ζ Ο u b xp c. Auao a: αα α c Fo a lcc lo lo: Fo a lcc lo: ff αδ B α δ 7.3 λ c ff ff µ Ο B α 4.34 σ ff Ο c Ο Fo W : 8.68 α c Ζ Ο W σ πfµ Ο σ Fo W : π 8.68 P α c πζ Ο W ff πw ff 4πW l W Fo 8.68 <W : α PQ π c πζο Wff P 4 a Q W ff πw ff l
Fo W : Ζ Ο 94..94 l 8.68 W W W W W Q ff ff ff ff ff c π π π α. A -fquc ccu p l.
5- Wav aacc of F ao. o a pu pac a a. Poof...... l l l ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ a a a a ol ca α β alaβl: l l β β a a No: -fquc ccu pu cu : valu lo-fquc ca. A -fquc p o l l caacc pac popaao a of ao l a loa pac. Bu lo-fquc ol p o a.
. A lol a-pac ao l av a caacc pac 5Ω a a pac 43Ω a a opa fquc of MH. F pu pac. 4 ol. β π 5Ω 4 3 3 v π 4π 4 3 5 a 5 3 6.3 9.87 4π 5 4 3 a 3. A ao l of caacc pac 5Ω o b ac o a loa 4Ω ou a l l of ao ao l of caacc pac. F qu l a fo ac. ol. 4 a β 5 5 38.7 Ω 4 a β.5λ. Pov a a axu po af fo a vola ouc a al pac o a loa pac ov a lol ao l * pac look o loa l. Wa axu po af ffcc? Poof Po ou [ *] [ X X ] W a X X Po ou Max * ca Po ou 4 P [ *] Po P ou
ao l a ccu l: a o a al ca: a. Op-ccu ao : o col. o-ccu ao : al a 3. Qua-av co a lol ca lλ4 βlπ: 4. Half-av co a lol ca lλ βlπ:. op-ccu a o-ccu pac au a pu al of a a-pac ao l 4 lo a 5-5 Ω a 36 Ω pcvl. a D α a β of l. b D a. 5 ol. a 5 36 89.8 77. 6 36 α.39.35 α β 4 5 5 57.3 57.3 b 58.5 57. 3.8 H cβ 4 5 4 4.5 8.76.4 pf 8.76 cβ. Mau o a.6 lol coaxal cabl a kh o a capacac of 54pF cabl op-ccu a a ucac of.3μh o-ccu. D a lcc a of ula u. 6 54.3 7 ol. a 9 F 5 H.6.6 ol 74.5Ω µ µ µ 4. 5
al xpo fo a o ao l: l- [ [ ] [ [ ] ] β β Fo a lol l [ ]. A MH ao a al ac 5Ω coc o a lol 5Ω a l a 3.6 lo a a a 55Ω loa. F a a a locao fo ao b a pu al a a loa c vola a-av ao o l a ava po lv o loa. ol. 5 Ω f 8 H 5 5 5 35.36 45 Ω 8 π π 3.6 β a β.4π a 8 c 3 3 5 5 5.447.648π 5 5 5 β β π 3 3.5 π a [ ] 5[.447 ] ] Ω.5π b 5.447 7.6 8.43.4π.48π c 3.6 5[.447 ] 4.47 45.5.447. 6 4.47 P av 5. W.447 35.36
a Fo a pu v loa: β β β β β β β β. ac loa. - o-ccu 3. - op-ccu ax & occu a β ax π & ax occu a β π f f f λ > > ax 3... λ < < π λ ax. a-av ao o a ao l a al auabl qual. o o valu of a a ac o a lol l of ko caacc pac ca b b au. ol. f > ax occu a β a occu a β π. ax ax ax ax o. f < π occu a β a ax occu a β π. ax ax. ax ax o
a Fo a lol ao l a aba loa: a β l λ a β F?.. A β -π a u. 3. X. o a lol ao l. a D l caacc ac o a ll av a u pobl a-av ao fo a loa pac 43Ω. b F u a-av ao a copo vola flco coffc. c F locao of vola u a o loa. ol. 4 3 4 3 [ ] 5Ω 4 3 4 3 3 3 π π 9 9 3 3 3 π λ λ λ 3λ π β 8 8 8. W o a lol 5Ω a l a a uko loa pac 3. ac b uccv u c. A f u loca a 5c fo loa. D l a. λ π ol.. λ.4 β 5π λ 3 λ.5.5.5 3 β π. 5π 5 5 3 5 6.7 Ω 3.5.5π 5 a β 4 5 5 a β
5-3 ouco o a x x : -ccl x x : x-ccl
val al pop of -ccl:. c of all -ccl l o -ax.. ccl av a u au a c a o la. 3. -ccl bco povl all a ca fo oa a po fo op-ccu. 4. All -ccl pa ou po. al pop of x-ccl:. c of all x-ccl l o l o fo x> ucv acac l abov ax a o fo x< capacv acac l blo ax.. x ccl bco ax. 3. x-ccl bco povl all a x ca fo oa a po fo op-ccu. 4. All x-ccl pa ou po. ua. All ccl a c a o a a va ufol fo o.. al au fo pov al ax of l a fo o ou po p qual. 3. valu of -ccl pa ou co of ccl a pov-al ax qual a-av ao. Applcao of a lol ao l: β β φ [ ] β β φ φ β kp a a ubac oa clock co a al 4π β fo. ll loca po fo φ c. λ ca avl oa ao clock co λ A ca of alf a avl l l A ca of β π φ.
. U ca o f pu pac of a co of a 5Ω lol ao l a. avl lo a a a o-ccu. ol. v 5.λ Ω. ca a co of a x po P c o x lf of ca; F.. Mov alo p of ca b. avl oa ao a clock co o P. A P a a x. 75 o. 75 5.75 36.3 Ω.. A lol ao l of l.434λ a caacc pac Ω a a pac 68Ω. F a vola flco coffc b a-av ao c pu pac a locao of a vola axu o l. ol. a v l.434λ Ω 68. ca a.6.8 po P F.. W c a o a a ccl of au OP. 6. OP c 3. Da a l OP a x o P o pp. a. o avl oa ao cal..6. b. 6 ccl c pov-al ax OP oc a 4. c o f pu pac:. Mov P a. b a oal of.434 avl oa ao f o.5 a fu o.54 o P 3.. Jo O a P 3 b a a l c c. 6 ccl a P 3. 3. a.69 a x. a P 3..69. 69 Ω. o fo P o P 3. 6 ccl c pov-al ax oc OP a P M vola a axu. u a vola axu appa a.5-. λ o.3 λ fo loa.
Applcao of a lo ao l α β α α β α φ φ W ca o pl ov clo -ccl; auxla calculao ca fo -α faco.. pu pac of a o-ccu lo ao l of l a caacc pac 75Ω appoxal al 455Ω. a F α a β of l. b D pu pac f o-ccu plac b a loa pac 67.5-45Ω. ol. a 45 5 75.6 3. ca a P F. Da a a l fo o O ou P o P. α Mau OP OP. 89 α l l.4.9 Np.89 4 co a ac P c P. avl oa ao. λ..8π.8π β 4π λ. 8π. β.π a. 4 b o f pu pac fo:. 67.5 45 75.9. 6 o ca a P.. Da a a l fo O ou P o P avl oa ao a.364. 3. Da a ccl c a O au OP. 4. Mov P alo p b. avl oa ao o P 3 a.364..564 o.64. 5. Jo P 3 a O b a a l c ccl a P 3. 6. Mak o l OP 3 a po P uc a OP 3 α OP. 89. 7. A P a.64. 7. 75.64.7 48..3 Ω
5-4 ao-l pac Mac pac ac b λ4-afo:. A al ao o f qual po ou a lol a ao l of caacc pac 5Ω o o paa v loa 64Ω a 5Ω. Qua-av afo a u o ac loa o 5Ω l. a D qu caacc pac of qua-av l. b F a-av ao o ac l. ol. a Ω. 64 8 5 5 Ω b Mac co No. : 64 8 64 8 Mac co No. : 5 5 5 5 Ω... 5..33.33. 99.33
Applcao of a oba aac: Y Y Y Y Y b Y. F pu aac of a op-ccu l of caacc pac 3Ω a l.4λ. ol.. Fo a op-ccu l a fo po P oc o x of pac ca a.5 F.. Mov alo p of ca b.4 avl oa ao o P 3 a.9. 3. Da a a l fo P 3 ou O c a P 3 o oppo. 4. a a P 3 :. 6 Y.6. 87. 3
Applcao of a l-ub ac: Y YB Y Y B B Y B Y b B -b a l B qu o cacl aa pa. U ca a a aac ca poc a follo fo l-ub ac:. po p oal loa aac.. Da -ccl fo c ll c ccl a o po. A po B b B a B b B. Bo a pobl oluo. 3. D loa-co l a fo al b po p a po p B a B. D ub l l B a l B fo al b o-ccu po o x of ca o po p b B a b B pcvl.. l-ub Mac:
. A 5Ω ao l coc o a loa pac 35-47.5Ω. F poo a l of a o-ccu ub qu o ac l. ol. v 5 35 47.5 Ω.7. 95 Ω. o ca a P. Da a ccl c a O au OP.. Da a a l fo P ou O o P o p c ccl a P c p. No.9 a P o avl oa ao cal. 3. o po of co of ccl ccl. A P 3 : B. bb. A P 4 : B. bb ; 4. oluo fo poo of ub: Fo P 3 fo P o P 3 : Fo P 4 fo P o P 4 : Fo P 3 fo P c o 3.68.9 λ. 59λ.33.9 λ. 3λ P c p b. B.36.5 λ. λ B P c o " 4.39.5 Fo P 4 fo B : : P c p b B. λ. 389λ
5-5 ouco o -paa -paa: [ ] fo aal -fquc ccu. Df x [ x x ] x [ x x ] a b l a l a b l a l a l b l a l b l a l b l a l a l b l b l a l a a l. a l a l b l l a l b l a N -paa oba b f fc pla: b l b a l a b l b a l a b b a a a
-paa: l a l b l b l a a