How is the production of wheat connected to Earth and environmental sciences?
Processed Food Production Consistent product Long shelf life Low cost
Twinkie Ingredients Enriched bleached wheat flour [flour, ferrous sulfate, B vitamins (niacin, thiamine mononitrate (B1), riboflavin (B2), folic acid)] Sugar, Corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, dextrose Water Partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening (contains one or more of: soybean, canola or palm oil) Whole eggs Modified cornstarch Cellulose gum Whey Salt Leavenings (sodium acid phyrophosphate, baking soda, monocalcium phosphate) Cornstarch Corn flour Corn dextins, mono and diglcerides Polysorbate 60 Soy lecithin Natural and artificial flavors Soy protein isolate Sodium stearoyl lactylate Sodum and calcium caseinate Calcium suflate Sorbic acid (to retain freshness) Color added (yellow 5, red 40)
Why bleach flour? Any ideas?
Bleaching Flour Chlor alkali industry One of the largest industries in the world Different processes Products: chlorine gas (deadly!) and caustic soda Some of the processes produce hazardous wastes such as mercury http://www.automation.siemens.com/w1/bilder/pi2_internet/branche nloesungen/chlor_alkali_e.jpg 2NaCl + 2H 2 O Cl 2 + H 2 + 2NaOH
Chlorine Common element in Earth s crust Very reactive, not found free in nature
New York State Two raw ingredients: salt and electricity Sits on large salt deposits Hydroelectric power
What is salt?
Salt Production in the US
Dead Sea http://www.atlastours.net/jordan/deadsea.html http://www.terragalleria.com/middle-east/israel/deadsea/picture.isra10333.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dead_sea
Salt Production About 24 million tons produced annually in the US Methods Solar: evaporate water to get salt crystals Mining: blast it out of a mine with dynamite Brine: flush it out of the ground with water and boil it down in an evaporation plant
Salt mine http://www2.journalnow.com/content/2009/mar/14/mine-in-new-yorkstate-is-success-story/business/ Up to 4.4 million tons of rock salt are unearthed each year in the mine at American Rock Salt in Hampton Corners, N.Y. (near Rochester) Formed from an ancient ocean spread over 4 states
Powdered http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/salt-1.jpg
http://www.lindsayfincher.com/gallery/d/14390-2/wieliczka_salt_mine_7_gnomes.jpg
Salt is a mineral. What is a mineral?
What Is a Mineral? Solid Natural Inorganic Ordered internal structure Specific chemical composition 04.01.b
Observe the differences between these two rocks Composed of crystals = crystalline rock Composed of pieces (clasts) = clastic rock 04.02.a
Observe that these rocks have more than one type of mineral 04.02.b Composed of crystals = crystalline rock Composed of pieces (clasts) = clastic rock
Observe that these rocks have large crystals or clasts (photos show the same size of polished slab) 04.02.b Crystalline Clastic
Observe the shape of crystals or clasts in these two rocks 04.02.b Crystalline Clastic
How can you identify one mineral from another?
Distinguishing One Mineral from Another Crystal form Cleavage No cleavage Luster Color 04.03.a
Tests to Help Identify Minerals Hardness Effervescence Streak Density Magnetism 04.03.b
What Controls a Crystal s Shape? Halite (NaCl) Internal structure of halite Sizes and packing of atoms 04.04.a
Orderly arrangement of atoms Crystal Lattice 04.04.b Repeating pattern
How Are Atoms Arranged in a Mineral? Observe some ways atoms are arranged in a mineral 04.04.c1-3 Cubic Tetrahedron Octahedron
Atomic Scale of Mineral Cleavage Brown atoms bonded with blue atoms into flat sheets (strong bonds) Sheets joined by long bonds between sheets (break along weakest bonds) Cleave into sheets 04.05.a
Bonds with Same Strength Mineral can break along three sets of planes without passing through an atom Mineral breaks through the lattice in nearly any direction so it will fracture 04.05.b
Observe the number of cleavage planes in this mineral 04.05.c
04.05.c Observe the number and relative orientation of cleavage planes in this mineral
04.05.c Observe the number and relative orientation of cleavage planes in this mineral
Periodic Table Letters are abbreviation for element 04.06.a1 # is atomic number (number of protons) Color represents type of element
Mineral families Geologist have identified approximately 4000 mineral species. Out of every kg of material in Earth s continental crust, only 12 elements are present in quantities greater than one gram: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, titanium, hydrogen, manganese, and phosphorus.
Major Classes of Rock-Forming Minerals Oxides Carbonates Halides Silicates 04.06.b4 Native minerals Sulfides Sulfates
Silicates
Nonsilicate Minerals: Carbonates Calcite Dolomite 04.09.a
Nonsilicate Minerals: Halides and Sulfates Halite (halide) Gypsum (sulfate) 04.09.a
Nonsilicate Minerals: Oxides Magnetite Hematite 04.09.a
Nonsilicate Minerals: Sulfides Pyrite Galena Copper sulfide 04.09.a
Common Mineral families Silicates based on the strongly bonded complex (SiO 4 ) 4- anion; most abundant Oxide contain the simple oxide anion O 2- Next in abundance Carbonates based on the complex (CO 3 ) 2- anion Sulfates based on the complex (SO 4 ) 2- anion Sulfides are based on the simple S 2- anion
Some important minerals in soils Primary Minerals formed by cooling of molten rock Quartz Silicate Name Feldspar (orthoclase and plagioclase) Silicate Mica (muscovite and biotite) Silicate Dark minerals (e.g., hornblende) Silicate Properties SiO 2 ; hard; weathers very slowly; major component of sands Hard; weathers slowly or moderately to form clay; provides plant nutrients; minor component of sands Appears to glitter in rocks and sands; provides potassium; weathers to form clays Easily weather to form clay Source: Gardiner and Miller, 2008. Soils in Our Environment, 11 th ed., p. 6
Some important minerals in soils Secondary Minerals formed by precipitated or recrystallized from solutions that contained elements from the dissolution of other minerals. Name Carbonates (calcite and dolomite) Gypsum Sulfate Oxide clays (e.g., goethite and gibbsite) Silicate clays (montmorillonite, illite, vermiculite, kaolinite) Properties CaCO 3 and (Ca-Mg)CO 3 ; slowly soluble sources of plant nutrients; common in soils in arid regions CaSO 4-2H 2 O; soft; soluble materials common in soils of arid regions Hydrated (containing structural water) microscopic particles formed from iron and aluminum; common in tropical soils Microscopic particles formed mostly from silica and aluminum; common in soils of temperate climates Source: Gardiner and Miller, 2008. Soils in Our Environment, 11 th ed., p. 6