[ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL JUNE 2018] E ISSN 2348 1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 Urban Expansion of the City Kolkata since last 25 years using Remote Sensing Soumita Banerjee Researcher, Faculty Council of Science (Geography), Jadavpur University. Received: March 17, 2018 Accepted: April 20, 2018 ABSTRACT Urban Sprawl or the continuous process of expansion of a city in both the terms of its physical and demographical characteristics is perhaps the most triggering factor for the urban environmental degradation. The city of Kolkata is no exception in terms of the unplanned growth. A study has shown that over last thirty years, this city has expanded over almost 8 sq. km area due to the reasons like high population pressure, industrialization, new family structure, housing investment etc. This paper aims at showing the increasing rate of urban expansion on the satellite images from the year 1993 till date at an interval of twelve years along with the directional analysis and seeks some suitable measures to plan for a sustainable urban sprawl. Keywords: Urban Sprawl, LANDSAT, Urban Expansion, Landscape Change. Introduction: Urban Sprawl or Urban Expansion is the unplanned or the unwanted growth of a city towards its adjacent rural areas at the cost of urban environmental quality due to High population pressure, Lower land rates, Improvement of infrastructure, Rise in standard of living, Lack of urban planning, Lower tax rates etc. The effects of this expansions result mainly into land use change and consequent increase in traffic and public infrastructure, health issues, environmental issues and changed social lives. For this study the Kolkata Municipal Corporation area Kolkata (22 28 N to 22 37 30 N and 88 17 30 E to 88 25 E) is selected but for parameters like drainage, roads the map of Kolkata Metropolitan Area is needed to be studied. As the record of year 2016 is concerned, Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) holds a population of 5,017,208 (5 million) in an area of 1851 square kilometre and within that proper KMC region is of 185 square kilometres being divided into 144 wards. Actually, Kolkata long back in the decades of 1690, was a port. In the 19 th century the Britishers started to raise industries here. Consequently, population started to concentrate and that trend of migration for a better life from the whole Eastern India still continues giving the population a real hike. 1. 2. 3. Objectives: The Paper aims To study the pattern of urbanisation in the city of Kolkata and its suburbs. To measure the growth of urban sprawl specially the change of land use pattern to allow this growth. To suggest some measures to make this expansion in a better planned way. Database: The database for the remote sensing portion was catered by LANDSAT Images for the year 1993, LANDSAT ETM Image for the year 2005 and 2016 LANDSAT ETM + Images and the statistical data has been mainly derived from the official website of world population review and Census of India,2011. Methodology: Statistical Analysis and Image Classification with help of the software ERDAS were taken as far as the methodology is concerned. The Scenario of Population in the city of Kolkata: Kolkata has been experiencing a strict rise in population since the beginning of this millennium and specially they are making themselves accommodated in the city sprawl area. 422 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper
[VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL JUNE 2018] e ISSN 2348 1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 Table 1: Growth of Population in the City Kolkata since 1800 Year Population Growth Rate Growth (in '000) (%) 1800 8191 0.003686053-10901 1810 14877 0.061494733 6686 1820 21047 0.035303027 6170 1830 19030-0.010023561-2017 1840 17768-0.006838271-1262 1850 17095-0.003853861-673 1860 16433-0.003941663-662 1870 15733-0.004343648-700 1880 16813 0.006661286 1080 1890 16521-0.001750476-292 1900 18340 0.010499958 1819 1910 18041-0.001642402-299 1920 18532 0.002688811 491 1930 17679-0.004701063-853 1940 17759 0.000451595 80 1950 4513 0 0 1950 17912 0.000858213 153 1955 5055 0.022942365 542 1960 18493 0.003197241 581 1960 5652 0.02257742 597 1965 6261 0.020676957 609 1970 18999 0.002703053 506 1970 6926 0.020393672 665 1975 7888 0.0263533 962 1980 9030 0.027410902 1142 1980 23328 0.020738925 4329 1985 9946 0.019511528 916 1990 24824 0.006235014 1496 1990 10890 0.018300331 944 1995 11924 0.018307207 1034 2000 13058 0.01833563 1134 2005 13702 0.009674667 644 2010 42259 0.026957268 17435 2010 14283 0.00834023 581 2015 14865 0.008019876 582 2015 45591 0.015294376 3332 2018 15288 0.009396792 423 2020 15726 0.014223802 438 2025 17285 0.019084562 1559 2030 19092 0.02008511 1807 Summary Statistics for the Population till 2015 Mean 16090.5 Standard Error 1433.061 Median 16477 Mode #N/A Standard Deviation 8598.366 Sample Variance 73931905 Kurtosis 4.855931 Skewness 1.771903 Range 41078 Minimum 4513 Maximum 45591 Sum 579258 Count 36 Summary Statistics of the Growth Rate since the year 1800 Mean 0.011582724 Standard Error 0.002193732 Median 0.009535729 Mode #N/A Standard Deviation 0.013874379 Sample Variance 0.000192498 Kurtosis 2.786437731 Skewness 1.133950606 Range 0.071518294 Minimum -0.01002356 Maximum 0.061494733 Sum 0.46330896 Count 40 Source: Table 1 (http://worldpopulationreview.com/ world-cities/kolkata-population/) Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 423
[ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL JUNE 2018] E ISSN 2348 1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 (Computed by Author) Source: https://www.google.co.in/search?q=urban+sprawl+in+kolkata&source=lnms&tbm=is ch&sa=x&ved=0ahukewimpphop8bxahwjmo8khfisaoyq_auicygc&biw=1 366&bih=672 (accessed on March,2018) The major reasons behind the urban sprawl in Kolkata are the huge population pressure due to migration from the whole Eastern India which has led to excessive urbanisation and in most of the cases it was unplanned and due to the faulty urban policies, the settlements and the industries started to appear here and there. The major effect that it has put was on the land use converting the green spaces into the human habitations. The LANDSAT images are classified to show the changes in the land use patterns over the years. 424 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper
[VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL JUNE 2018] e ISSN 2348 1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 Land Use and Land Cover of Kolkata Municipal Corporation Area from the year of 1993,2005 and 2016 Respectively In the land use image of the year 1993 the lots of green spaces are found which were converted into agricultural lands due to meet the demand of the food and again those agricultural lands were penetrated with settlements-all Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 425
[ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL JUNE 2018] E ISSN 2348 1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 The Changes in the Land Use Portions are detected. From the Year 1993 to 2005 426 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper
[VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL JUNE 2018] e ISSN 2348 1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 From 2005 to 2016 Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 427
[ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL JUNE 2018] E ISSN 2348 1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 The Directional Analysis of the Urban Sprawl that has occurred in and around the KMC region: Directions 1993 2005 2016 North 89.4879 125.9325 161.1737 North east 47.7207 65.925 106.2729 East 19.2087 25.4439 28.5354 South East 8.7255 31.2948 90.6975 South 6.7329 22.1796 41.6241 South West 6.6915 12.3624 26.5842 West 13.7502 20.8962 46.1772 North West 10.1052 14.6628 33.5457 Total 202.4226 318.6972 534.6107 Some of the Remedial measures those can be usually taken to control unplanned growth of City Kolkata probably are: To tally the processes of urban growth and urban sprawl. To predict the future pattern of growth based on the previous or existing nature of expansion. 428 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper
[VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL JUNE 2018] e ISSN 2348 1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 Expand the city in a planned way keeping enough green spaces alive. Preserving the Water Bodies. Revitalising the old hubs of a city. Providing a sense of place. Expansion of Public Transports. Over all a centralised approach than a decentralised one. A city when it is already built it is very hard to apply something new in case of infrastructures or change the perception of the living citizens over there- promoting urban green roof, kitchen gardens can be some effective ways to negate the impacts of urban sprawl at the grass root level and then it can be penetrated in the higher levels of Urbanism. References: 1. Das. Tusi, et al. (2016) Urban sprawl and urban growth detection analysis: A comparative study of Kolkata municipal corporation and Haora municipal corporation, International Journal of Geomatics And Geosciences, Volume 7, No 1. Bhatta B, (2008), Spatio temporal analysis to detect urban sprawl using Geoinformatics: A case study of Kolkata, Journal of Forum of Scientist, Engineers and Technologists, 12(2), pp 434-442 2. Harika.M, Balakrishna.K (2012), Land use/land cover changes detectation and urban sprawl Analysis, International Journal of Advance Scientific Research and Technology, 2(2), 3. Ramachandra.T.V, et. Al. (2014) Urban structure in Kolkata: metrics and modelling through geo-informatics, Società Italiana di Fotogrammetria e Topografia (SIFET) 4. Sen. S (October - December 2011) Effect of Urban Sprawl on Human Habitation in Urban Fringe and Peri- Urban Areas in Kolkata Metropolitan Area, Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 8-4, 58-66 http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/kolkata-also-a-victim-of-urbansprawl/article6508272.ece ((accessed on March,2018) 5. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/159507/10/10_chapter%204.pdf (accessed on March,2018) Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. ~ Nelson Mandela Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 429