CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw...

s{]mhmjv tlmjv

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... CS-Xp-]- -cm-jv{so-bw t\cnsp {]Xnk nbpw ^mknãv hn]øpw apx-em-fn-ø-hn-cp- hnπht mcm hpw _nsp-]n- -B -F-kv-Fkv C Uy \thm- m-\-øn-s bpw kzmx-{ y-k-a-c-øn-s bpw D z-e-amb ]mc-º-cysø XI m {ian- p p. s{]mhm-jv tlmjv

s{]mhmjv tlmjv CRISIS OF LEFTISM, DANGER OF FASCISM AND ANTI-CAPITALIST REVOLUTIONARY STRUGGLE (Malayalam Translation) Provash Ghosh Published by Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) SUCI(C) Kerala State Committee TC 12/1242, Law College jn. Kunnukuzhi, Trivandrum 695 035 Ph: 0471-2307151, Mob: 9387110272 e-mail: sucickeralasc@gmail.com First Print December 2014 Price : Rs.20/-

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... D -S w t]pv apj-hpc... 4 CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k- nbpw ^mknãv hn]øpw apx-em-fn-ø-hn-cp hnπ-h-t m-cm- hpw... 5 sxc-s -Sp- n-t\m-sp icn-bmb am IvknÃv kao-]\w... 6 cmjv{so-b-{]-_p- -X-bn- mø _lp-p-\-ßƒ _q jzm {]Nm-c-W-Øn s v \n lmbcmbn Hgp-In-t m-ip p... 7 kn]n-sf(-fw)- s IcpØv Kh-s v A[n-Im-c-am-bn-cp p; CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobam-bn-cp- n-... 10 kn]n-sf(-fw) CS-Xp-]- -cm-jv{so-bsø If- -s -SpØn... 12 CS-Xp-] cmjv{so-bsø XI ØXv kn]n-sf(-fw) BWv; A msx he-xp-] i n-i-f... 16 _nsp-]nbpss hf bv v If-sam-cp- n-bxv kn]n-sf(-fw)... 20 _nsp]n IpØ-I-ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øns Zmk- m... 25 _n.-sp.]n Db Øp ^mknãv `ojwn... 26 B -F-kv-Fkns Bi-b-ßƒ \thm- m\ \mb-i- m-cpss BZ i-ßƒ v hncp w... 27 kp`mjvn{µ t_m-kv ]d- Xv... 31 BcmWv bym lnµp? hnth-im-\-µ-t\m, B.-F-kv.-F-kv- -_n.-sp.-]ntbm?... 33 am Ivknkw am{x-amwv axøns Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ÿm\-sa-s v icn-bmbn Nq n- m- n-bxv... 38 B -F-kv-Fkv kzmx-{ y-k-a-csø FXn Øp... 44 hni-k-\-sa I]-S-hm-KvZm\w... 51 apx-em-fnøw C v hyh-km-b-ßsføs \in- n- p- p... 56 kn]n-sfbpw kn]n-sf(-fw)- Dw Hcn- epw am Ivknkw A\ph Øn- n- n... 63 kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv Bflm-`n-am-\-tØmsS apt -dm-\p am w Im n-ø p... 67 kwkvir-xn-bpss \ne-\n-ev]n\pth n \ΩpsS Ip n-isf c n- pi... 74 am\hkwkvir-xn-bpss hntam-n-\-øn\pth n Fkv.-bp.-kn.-sF(-kn)sb i n-s -Sp-ØpI... 74 A\p-_ w : kn]n-sf(-fw) \bn- p CS-Xp-ap- -WnbpsS hn]p-eo-i-c-w-tømsv FkvbpknsF (IΩyq-Wn-Ãv) {Inbm-flIambn {]Xn-I-cn p p... 77

s{]mhmjv tlmjv apj-hpc kap- X am IvknÃv Zm i-\n-i\pw alm-\mb sxmgnemfnh t\xmhpw Fkvbp-kn-sF(-I-Ωyq-Wn-Ãv) ]m n-bpss ÿm]i P\-d sk-{i- -dn-bp-amb kjmhv in_vzmkv tlm-jns 38- mw Nc-a-hm jn-i-tøm-s-\p-_- n v BKÃv 5 \v sim -Ø-bn \S A\p-kva-cW- k-tω-f-\-øn ]m n P\-d sk-{i- dn kjmhv s{]mhm-jv tlmjv \S-Ønb {]kw-k-øns ]cn-`mj. A -kº -amb B {]kwkw cmpyw C v t\cn-sp cmjv{so-bhpw kmaqlyhpw kmwkvim-cn-i-hp-amb sh p-hn-fn-isf imkv{xo-b-ambn hni-i-e\w snbvxpsim v, h - _lp-p-\ -ka-c-ßƒ v Zni-Im- p p. kwl-]-cn-hm i n-iƒ krjvsn- p-sim- n-cn- p- Bi-b- p-g- -ßsf am Ivkn-kw- -se-\n-\n-kw in_v- Zmkv tlmjv Nn -I-fpsS shfn- -Øn D z-e-ambn hni-i-e\w snøp Cu {]kw-k-w F m ]ptcm-k-a\ P\m-[n-]Xy hnizm-kn- Iƒ pw am -Z i\w \ Ipsa v Rßƒ hniz-kn- p p. kn]n-sf(-fw) \bn- p CS-Xp-ap- Wn, tzio-b-x-e-øn Fkvbp-kn-sF(-kn) Dƒs -ss-bp {]ÿm-\-ß-sf- qsn Dƒs - SpØn hni-kn- n- m Xocp-am-\n- -Xmb hm Ø-Iƒ tzio-b am[ya-ßƒ henb {]m[m-\y-tømss dnt m v snbvxn-cp- -t m. Cu hnj-b-øn ]m n-bpss \ne-]msv hy -am- n-s m v P\-d sk-{i- dn kjmhv s{]mhmjv tlmjv \S-Ønb ]{X-k-tΩ-f-\- Øn hnx-cwwsnbvx Ipdn v A\p-_- -ambn tn Øn-cn- p p. sfiy-ap- -Wnsb kw_- n- p am IvknÃv ImgvN- m-ss-s pw ]ptcm-k-a-\-i- n-i-fpss C sø I Ø-hy-sa-s pw B ]{X- p-dn v kphy- -ambn hni-zo-i-cn- p- p. kn.-si.-eq-t mkv sk{i- -dn, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw Fkv.-bp.-kn.-sF(-I-Ωyq-Wn-Ãv) 01. 12. 2014 ticf kwÿm\ IΩn n

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... CS-Xp-]- cm-jv{so-bw t\cnsp {]Xn-k nbpw ^mknãv hn]øpw apx-em-fn-ø-hn-cp- hnπht mcm hpw \ΩpsS ]m n Fkvbp-kn-sF(-kn)-bpsS ÿm]i P\-d sk-{i- -dnbpw, \ΩpsS t\xmhpw BNm-cy\pw, Cu bpk-w Z in kap- X am IvknÃv Zm i-\n-i-cn-sem-cm-fp-amb kjmhv in_vzmkv tlmjns A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-W-amb Pohn-X-k-acsØ BKÃv 5 \v \mw A\pkvacn- p- p. At±-l-Øns Aaqey-ß-fmb {]t_m-[-\-ßƒ A\p-kva-cn- p- p. am Ivkn-kw- se-\n-\n-ksø C Uy aæn kaq Ø-h -cn- p-sim v AXns [mc-wsb kº- -am- p-ibpw ]pxn-sbmcp am\-ønte-bv p-b Øp-Ibpw snbvx-xn-eqss kjmhv in_vzmkv -tlmjv \ap-s mcp {]tbm-k-]- Xn {]Zm\w snbvxn- p- v. \mw B coxnimkv{xw {]tbm-kn v C sø cmjv{sob kml-ncyw hne-bncp-øp-ibpw A]-{K-Yn pibpw snøp- p. B hni-i-e-\sø ASn-ÿm-\-s -SpØn \ΩpsS I Ω-]- Xn Xøm-dm- p- p. Aßs\-bmWv \mw \ΩpsS AKm-[-amb ZpxJsØ hnπ-h-i-c-amb Icp-Ømbn ]cn-h Ø-\-s -Sp-Øp- Xpw `mhn-{]-h Ø-\-ßƒ Gs -Sp- p- -Xpw. ]e kjm- fpw A\p-`m-hn-Ifpw \nc-h[n {]iv\-ßƒ C sø tbmk-øn N snøwsa v Ft m- S-`y n- n- p- v. B {]iv\-ß-sf mw Cu tbmk-øn N snøm km[n- -W-sa- n-. F nepw {][m-\-s hnj-b-

6 s{]mhmjv tlmjv ßƒ v Du \ In-s m v Ign-bp- {X hnj-b-ßƒ N snøm {ian- mw. sxc-s -Sp- n-t\m-sp \ΩpsS kao-]\w, sxc-s -Sp v ^e-øns `hn-jy-øv, A[n-Im-c-Øn-te-bv p _nsp-]n-bpss Xncn- p-h-c-hv, ^mknãv hn]øv, ] n-a-_w-kmfn kn]n-sf(-fw)- -t\ ]cm-p-bw, CS-Xp-] {]ÿm-\- Øns {]iv\-ßƒ, hcpw\mfp-i-fn Fßs\ h - -_-lp- P\ ka-c-ßƒ hf Øn-sb-Sp mw apjy-ambpw Cu {]iv\- ßƒ N snøm {ian- mw. ag s]øm km y-x-bp- v. N m hnjbw hfsc hn]p-e-am-b-xn-\m Aev]w IqSp-X kabw th n-hcpw. AXp-t]mse Xs kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlm-jn-s bpw a pw IrXn-I-fn- \n p Nne {]k `mkßƒ \nßsf hmbn- p-tiƒ n- m\pw Rm\p-t±-in- p- p. sxc-s -Sp- n-t\m-sp-ff icn-bmb am IvknÃv kao-]\w BZyta Xs ]d-b-s, am Ivkn-kw- -se-\n-\n-kw- -in-_vzmkvtlmjv Nn -bm \bn- -s -Sp sxmgn-em-fn-h - m nsb \ne-bn \mw sxc-s -Sp- n-t\msv h p-]p-e Øp h kao-]\w a v ]m n-i-fp-ts-xn \n v Xptemw hn`n- -am- Wv. Hcp \n nx Ime-tØbv v _q jzm-kn- p-th n P\-ßsf `cn- p-ibpw ASn- -a Øp-Ibpw sntø Xv GXv ]m n-bmsw v Xocp-am-\n- m th n-bp- -XmWv _q jzm ]m esa dn sxc-s -Sp-s v alm-\mb se\n F{Xtbm Imew aptº ]d- n- p- -Xm-Wv. F n-cn- n-epw, P\-ßƒ v ]m esa n-s\- n hymtam-l-ap- n-s-tømfw Imew, ]m e-sa v {]- tbm-p-\-clnxam-sw v Ah v t_m y-am-im-øn-s-tømfw Imew, P\-ßƒ hnπ-h-{]-_p- X B n- n- n- m-øn-s-tømfw Imew, ]m e-sa n _q jzm-kn-bpss h -kz-`mhw Xpd- p- Im- pi F D -tøm-ss, hnπ-h-im-cn-iƒ sxc-s -Sp- p-ifn ]s -Sp-t - -Xm-sW pw kjmhv se\n ]d- n- p- v. hnπ-h-øn\v apºp-ff L -Øn se\n\v Xs sxc-s -Sp- n ]s -Sp-t - -Xmbpw h n- p- v. a v am -ß-sfm- p-an-

- CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... mø kml-n-cy-øn \Ωƒ hnπ-h-im-cn-iƒ v sxc-s -Sp- n ]s -Sp-t - n-h-cp-sa v \ΩpsS alm-\mb t\xmhv kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv ]d- n- p- v. \mw sxc-s -Sp- n ]s -Sp- p- Xv a v am -sam- p-an- mø kml-n-cy-ønemwv, AXm-bXv \n - n-x-cm-bn-øo-cp kml-n-cy-ønemwv, F m-w-t±lw ]d- -sx v {]txyiw {i n- p-i. Fs - m, hnπ-h- m n-bpss {][m\ I Øhyw sxmgn-em-fn-h - t m-cm- -ßƒ hf Øn-sb-Sp- p-i, _lp-p-\-{]-t m-`-ßƒ si n- -Sp- p-i, _lp-p-\-ßƒ v hnπ-h-{]-_p- -X-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ka-c-ho-cyhpw hnzym-`ym-khpw ]I p-\ In Ahsc kwl- Sn- n- pi F p- -Xm-Wv. F nepw sxc-s -Sp v \S- p-ibpw P\-ßƒ AXn ]s -Sp- p-ibpw snøp-tºmƒ, kml-n-cy-ßfpss kω ±w aqew \Ωfpw AXn ]s -Sp- p- p. sxc-s - Sp- n ]s -Sp- p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS {][m\ D w _lp-p-\-ßsf ]m e-sa dn hymtam-l-øn \n v tamnn- n- p-i-bpw, Ah v hnπ-h-t_m[w ]I p -\ Ip-Ibpw, sxc-s -Sp v cwk-øp _q jzm- - - tkmjy su-tam-{im- niv ]m n-isf Xpd- p-im- p- Ibpw snbvxv P\-ßsf kwl-sn- n- p-i-sb- -Xm-sW v kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv \sω ]Tn- n- n- p- v. B ASn-ÿm- \-Øn GsX- nepw ko n hnp-bn- m km[n- m \ -Xv. hnp-bn- n-s - nepw taev]-d e y-tømss \mw sxc-s - Sp- n ]s -Sp- p- p. a v _q jzm tkmjy su-tam-{im- niv ]m n-i-sf-t mse {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw BZ ihpw _en-i-gn- p-sim pw Fß-s\bpw ko v t\spi F -X \ΩpsS e yw. AXmWv kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv ]d- -Xv. cmjv{so-b-{]-_p- -X-bn- mø _lp-p-\-ßƒ _q jzm {]Nm-c-W-Øn s v \n -lm-b-cmbn Hgp-In-t m-ip p \ΩpsS cmpyøv \S- p sxc-s -Sp- p-i-fpss kz`mhw a\- n-em- m klm-bn- p- Xpw, C sø kml-n-cy-øn hfsc {]k- -hpamb as mcp Imcyw IqSn At±lw Nq n- m pi-bp- m-bn. 1969- At±lw ]d p: sxc-s -Sp v 7

8 s{]mhmjv tlmjv _q jzm-cm-jv{so-b-am-wv. _lp-p-\-ßƒ v hnπ-h-{]_p- -X-bns - n, sxmgn-em-fn-h -Øn\v h -kw-l-s-\-bn- m-xn-cn- p- Ibpw Ah h -k-a-c-øn-e- m-xn-cn- p-i-bp-am-sw- n, _lp- P-\-{]-t m-`-ßƒ \S- p-i-bpw P\-ßƒ cmjv{sob-{]-_p -Xbp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn tbmpn v \ne-sim- pibpw snøp Ah-ÿ-bn- m-ø-t mƒ, hyh-km-bn-ifpw h _nkn-\-kp-imcpw {]Xn-tem-a-Im-cn-Ifpw tn v h txm-xn ]Ww aps- nbpw am[y-a-ßsf D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Ønbpw Hcp XcwKw krjvsn- p- Ibpw P\-ßƒ ssht m Øp-cp-ºp-Iƒ t]mse B Hmf-Øns -sbm w t]mhp-ibpw snøp- p. 2 Cu hm p-iƒ C Uysb kw_- n- p-am-{x-a temisø F m apx-em-fnø cmpy-ßsf kw_- n pw hfsctbsd {][m-\-s hbmwv. 1952 apxentßm v C Uy-bn \S- n- p F m sxc-s - Sp- p-i-fnepw _q jzmkn Ah v Xmev]-cy-ap ]m n-isf sxc-s -SpØv A[n-Im-c-Øn-te- p-ibpw a p- -hsc {]Xn- ] Øn-cp-Øp-Ibpw snbvxp-h-cn-i-bm-wv. AXn\pth n _q jzmkn h XpI-Iƒ aps- n, am[y-a-ßfn-eqss henb {]NmcWw Agn p-hn-sp p. kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv CXv ]d-bp-tºmƒ apjy-ambpw A -Sn-am-[y-a-am-Wp- m-bn-cp- -Xv. F m, Ct mƒ Snhn i -amb am[y-a-am-bn cwk-øp-h- n-cn- p- p. Cu coxn-bn _q jzmkn Ah v Xmev]-cy-ap ]m nsb _lp-p-\-ßƒ p-ap-ºn Db Øn-s m- p-h-cp- p. _lp-p-\-ßƒ n-sbn hnπ-h-cm-jv{so-b-øn\v kzm[o-\-an-. sxmgn-em-fn-h -Øns hnim-e-hn-`m-k-ßƒ pw Zcn-{Z-I j- I pw a v A zm-\n- p P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ p-an-s-bn h - ]-c-amb ImgvN- m-sn. AXn-\m, GXv ]m n GXv h -Øns Xmev]-cy-sØ {]Xn-\n-[m\w snøp- p-sh v Ah v a\- n- em-hp- n-. icn-bmb cmjv{so-b-[m-c-w-bn- m-ø-xn-\m km[mcw P\-ßƒ hnπ-h-{]-_p- -X-bp-sS-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn kwl-sn-x-c ; Ah Akw-L-Sn-X-cm-bn-cn- p- p. Aß-s\-sbmcp kml-n-cy-øn Ah \n -lm-b-cmbn _q jzm-{]-nm-c-w-øns -sbm w Hgp-In-\o-ßns m- n-cn- pw. Cu cmpyøv CXp-hscbpw \S- n- p- sxcs -Sp- p-i-fp-ss-sb mw Hcp s]mxp-

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 9 kz-`mh hntijw CXmbn-cp- p. C -gn sxc-s -Sp- nepw AXp-X-s -bmwv kw`-hn- -Xv. tim {K v _q jzm-h -Øns A\p-{K-lm-in- p-i-tfmss Ign ]Øp-h j-ambn A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn- p-i-bmbncp- p. apx-em-fn-h -Øn\v tkh -sn-bvx-xn-eqss tim {K v P\-ßfpsS A{]n-b-Øn-\n-c-bm-bn-. P\-ßƒ v ap n B ]m n-bpss hnizm-kyx ]q Æ-ambpw XI p. AXv _q jzmkn, IpØ-I- Iƒ AYhm tim -td- p-i-ƒ, a\- n-em- n. c m-a-xm-bn, tim {K v Hcp Iq p-i- n-`-c-w-amwv \S-Øn-h- n-cp- -Xv. tim {K v apx-em-fn-h sø tkhn- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p-sh- n t m-epw, ]cn-jvi-cw \S-]-Sn-I-sf- -dn-b-s -Sp DZm-ch -cw kz-im-cy-h -cw BtKm-f-h -cw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ apx-em-fn-h w C n- -Xp-t]mse \n ±bambpw hym]-i-ambpw \S- n-em- m, kjy-i- n-i-fmb {]mtz-in-i- m n-i-fpss FXn v aqew, tim {K- n\v Ign- n-cp- n. Cu ] m-øe-øn, Ign sxc-s -Sp v thf-bn _q jzm-kn, hºn {]Nm-c-W-Øn-eqsS _nsp-]n-sbbpw \tc-{µ-tam-zn-sbbpw cmpy- Øns c -I-cmbn P\-ß-fpsS ap n Db Øn- m n. sxcs -Sp v^-e-sa- m-bn-cp- p-sh v \nßƒ -dn-bmw. sxc-s -Sp- n\v apºv _nsp]n ]d- Xv Ah At Zn \ \mfp-iƒ, sim p-h-cp-sa- m-bn-cp- p. Ah ]d kt m-j-øns \mfp-i-fpss kz`m-h-sa-s v Ct mƒ \nßƒ A\p-`-hn psim- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. A[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dnb-Xn-s\-Øp-S v Ah ]d-bp- Xv Ipd- p-im-e-tøbv v P\- ß-sf-s m v Ibv]p KpfnI Ign- n- p-sa- m-wv. Hs m- mbn Ibv] KpfnIIƒ Ign v P\-Po-hnXw BsI Ibv]v \nd- -Xm-bn-s m- n-cn- p- p. adp-h-i-øv, _q jzmkn, Xt±io-bcpw hntz-io-b-cp-amb apx-em-fn-h w, AXoh k p-jvscmwv. Fs - m, _nsp-]n-sbbpw tamzn-sbbpw A[n-Im-c- Øn-te- m th n Ah aps- nb timsm-\p-timsn cq] apxepw ]en-i-bp-a-s w Xncn- p-]n-sn- m Ign-bp-sa v Ah v Dd- mbn-cn- p- p. CXn\v ]pdsa, _nsp-]n- -B -F-kv-Fkv Db Øp simsnb hn]-øn-s\- n Rm ]n osv hni-zo-i-cn- mw.

10 kn]n-sf(-fw)- s IcpØv Kh-s v A[n-Im-c-am-bn-cp p; CS-Xp-] cmjv{so-b-am-bn-cp- n- s{]mhmjv tlmjv P\-ß-fpsS, hninjy CS-Xp-] hnizm-kn-i-fp-ss, a\- ns\ hf-sc-tbsd Ae- n-s m- n-cn- p as mcp hnjbw N snøm Rm\m-{K-ln- p- p. kn]n-sf(-fw)- \v sxc-s -Sp nep- mb ]cm-p-bsø A[n-I-cn- v, CS-Xp-]- -{]-ÿm-\-øns `mhnsb kw_- n- p Bi P\-ß-fpsS a\- n-ep-zn- n- p- v. ChnsS BZyta ]d-bm-\p- -Xv, CS-Xp-]- o-b-xbpw am Ivkn- -khpw H p-x-s -b F m-wv. icn-bmb am Ivkn-Ãp-Iƒ am Ivkn-ksØ kw_- n- p icn-bmb [mc-wsb ASn-ÿm- \-am- n-bpw, icn-bmb am IvknÃv {]tbm-k-]- Xn A\p-h Øn- p-sim- pw, sxmgn-em-fn-h hnπ-h-øns icn-bmb ASnÿm\ cmjv{so-b-sse Is -Øp- p. icn-bmb hnπ-h-kwkvimcw hni-kn- n-s -Sp- p- Xv GXv am -Øn-em-sW pw a\- n-em- p- p. AXn-s -sb mw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn icn-bmb sxmgnem-fn-h hnπ-h- m n si n- -Sp- p- p. \ΩpsS ]m n Fkv.- bp.-kn.-sf(-kn) cq]o-i-cn- -s - Xv Aß-s\-bm-Wv. \mw CS-Xp- ]- - m-cm-wv. ]s, F m CS-Xp-]- - mcpw am Ivkn-Ãp-If-. kzmx-{ y-k-a-c-øns \mfp-i-fn CS-Xp-]- o-b-xsb hnπh-hm-z-hp-ambn Xpey-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cp- p. A m-eøv Cu cmpyøv bym hnπh am IvknÃv ]m n-bp- m-bn-cp- n-. hnπ-hsø FXn pibpw A\p-c-RvP-\-]c-amb \bw A\p-h Øn- p-ibpw snbvxn-cp Km n-b- m-cmwv A v he-xp-]- -ambn Adn-b-s - n-cp- -Xv. kmbp-[-hn-π-h-øns am -sø, kp`m-jvn- {µ-t_mkv {]Xn-\n-[m\w snbvxn-cp sse\ns\, A\p-Iq-en- n-cp- -h CS-Xp-]- - m-cmbpw Adn-b-s - p. C v, bym am Ivkn-Ãp-I-f-s - nepw am Ivkn-Ãp-I-sf- v kzbw Ah-Imi-s -Sp- -h, am Ivkn-ksØ icn-bmbn a\- n-em- mt\m kzmwio-i-cn- mt\m Ign- n- n- m-ø-hcpw hnπ-h-øns icnbmb ]mx Adn-bm-Ø-h-cp-sa- nepw hnπ-h-øn\v th n A`ne-jn- p- h, Xßƒ sxmgn-em-fn-h -Øn\p-th n s]mcp-xp- p-sh v Ah-Im-i-s -Sp- ]m n-iƒ Cß-s\-bp- -h-sc mw

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... CS-Xp-]- -{]-ÿm-\-ß-fn s]spw. AØ-c-Øn cq]o-i-cn- s - n- p ]m n-i-sf mw CS-Xp-]- - m n-i-fm-wv. Cub-Sn-ÿm- \-Øn \mw Ahn-`-PnX kn]n-sf- -sbbpw ]n osv kn]n-sf- (Fw)- -s\bpw CS-Xp-]- - m n-i-fm-bmwv ]cn-k-wn- n- p- -Xv. ChnsS Hcp Imcyw Du n- -d-bm Rm B{K-ln- p- p. kn]n-sf(-fw)- \v Xnc-s -Sp- n XpS-sc-bp- m-bn-cn- p txm hn-sb-øp-s v CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw Zp -e-am-bn-cn- p- p-sh v ]ecpw Icp-Xp- p; Nne Aßs\ ]d-bp- p-ap- v. Rm tnmzn- s : kn]n-sf(-fw) Ct mgpw ] n-a-_w-kmfn A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p-sh v hbv p-i. Ign sxc-s -Sp- nepw B ]m n h `qcn-] tømss hnp-bn- - Xmbn k ev]n- p-i. Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-s - n CS-Xp-] cmjv{so-b-øn\v IcpØv h n- p-am-bn-cp- psh v \nßƒ Icp- Xp- pt m? Aß-s\-sb- n kn]n-sf(-fw) A[n-Im-c-Øn-encn- p-i-bm-bn-cp- \o 34 h j- m-ehpw CS-Xp-]- -cmjv{sobw AXo-h-i- -am-bn-cp- p-sh- v \mw Icp-tX- nh-cpw. Aß-s\-sb- n, A[n-Imcw \jvs-s - -Xn-s\-Øp-S v s]msp- s\ B ]m n XI v ^e-øn \new-s]m-øn-b-sx- psim- mwv? At mƒ kn]n-sf(-fw)- s i n-bpss Dd-hnSw F m-bn-cp psh tnmzy-ap-zn- p- p. Ah-cpsS h n IcpØv CS-Xp-] {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Ønepw CS-Xp-] ka-c- Ønepw CS-Xp-] XØz-ß-fnepw CS-Xp-] kwkvim-c- Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb H m-bn-cp- pthm? AtXm, Kh-s v A[n-Im-cw, t]meo-kn-s bpw `c-w-kw-hn-[m-\-øn-s bpw ]n pw, A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn- p ]m n-sb- \ne-bn {Inan- \-ep-i-fn \n v In p ]n p-w, `qam-^n-b-i-fp-ssbpw dnb - F-tÃ- p-im-cp-ssbpw _nkn-\- p-im-cp-ssbpw apx-em-fn-am-cp-ssbpw A\p-{K-lm-in- p-iƒ Ch-sbm-s -bm-bn-cp- pthm? AXns\ bym CS-Xp-] cmjv{so-b-sa v hnfn- m-\m-hptam? AhcpsS CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw Kh-s v A[n-Im-csØ B{ibn- v \ne-\n p C\-am-bn-cp- p-sh v kω-xn-t - n-hcpw. Ah A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn- p-tºmƒ B CS-Xp-]- o-bx i - am-bn-cn- pw. A[n-Im-c-Øn \n v ]pd-øm-ip- -txmss B CS- 11

12 s{]mhmjv tlmjv Xp-]- o-b-x-bpss apgp-h i nbpw tnm p-t]m-ip- p. bym CS-Xp-]- cmjv{sobw Hcn- epw Cß-s\-bm-hp-Ibn. BZyta Rm ]d-bm-\m-{k-ln- p- Xv CXm-Wv. kn]n-sf(-fw) CS-Xp-]- cm-jv{so-bsø If- -s -SpØn Hcn- ] n-a-_w-km-fn bym CS-Xp-]- o-bx \ne- \n- n-cp- p. kzmx-{ y-k-a-c-im-eøv kp`mjvn{µt_m-kns t\xr-xzsø ti{µo-i-cn v CS-Xp-]- cmjv{sobw kpo-h-am-bncp p. hn`-p-\-øn\v apºp C Uy-bn Ahn-`-PnX _wkmƒ Bbn-cp p \thm- m\-øns kncm-ti{µw F Imcyw \nßsf Hm Ωn- n- m Rm B{K-ln- p- p. Hcp-h-iØv hnzym-k-mk-dn-s\bpw ic-xvn-{µ-nm- Pn-sbbpw cho-{µ-\myv SmtKmdn-s\bpw Izmkn \{kpƒ C m-an-s\bpw a pw ti{µo-i-cn v Hcp kmwkvim-cni afiew krjvsn- -s - p. adp-h-i-øv, cmjv{so-bcw-køv kp`m-jvn-{µ-t_m-kn-s\bpw JpZndmw t_mkn-s\bpw _mlm PXn-s\bpw {]oxn-e-x-sbbpw a pw ti{µo-i-cn v hnπh-[m-cbpw hf p-h- p. Cßs\ ]nd-hn-sim CS-Xp-] at\m-`m-h-øn\v tkmhn-b v hnπ-hhpw ssn\okv hnπ-hhpw DtØ-P\w \ In. c mw temi-bp- -Øn tkmhn-b v bqwnb alm-\mb Ãmens t\xrxz-øn ^mknãv ssk\n-i-i- n v Gev]n I\Ø ]cm-p-b-sø-øp-s v temi-søßpw Ae-b-Sn- p-b IΩyq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\hpw AXn\v IcptØIn. CsX mw A v Ahn-`PnX kn]n-sf- v hºn IcpØv kam n- m klm-bn- p. tkmhn-b v bqwn-b-\n-sebpw ssn\-bn-sebpw IΩyq-WnÃv ]m n-i-fpss ]n p-wbpw A h v e`n- n-cp- p. kn]n-sf(-fw) A v Ahn-`-PnX kn]nsfbv v AI-Øm-bn-cp- psh Imcyw C sø bphm- ƒ dn-b-w-sa- n-. Xßƒ v Fs - nepw Kh-s v cq]o-i-cn- m Ign-bp-sa v A -h kz]v\w ImWpI t]mepw snbvxncp- n-. 1952- se BZy s]mxp sxc-s -Sp- n sim Ø kn n-bnse ]m e-sa v Akwªn ko p-i-fn an -Xnepw hnpbn- Xv tim {K v Bbn-cp- n-, adn v Ahn-`-PnX kn]nsf

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 13 Bbn-cp- p. sim Ø A v Nph v \Kcw F m-w-dn-b-s - n-cp- Xv. ] n-a-_w-km-fnse A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb P\-ßƒ, A ym-]-icpw tumivs amcpw A`n-`m-j-Icpw hnzym n-ifpw bphm- -fpw, CS-Xp-]- -Øn-\mWv thm v snbvxn-cp- -Xv. _wkmfn tim {K- n\v thm v In n-bn-cp- Xv {KmaoW taj-e-bn \n m-bn-cp- p. A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cpsSbnSbn CS-Xp-]- -Øn-\- \p-iq-e-amb hnimcw i -ambncp- p. XpS v 1953- {Smans Nm Pv Hcp ss]k h n- n- -Xn-s\-Xn-cmb ka-cw, 1954- A ym-]-i-k-a-cw, 1956- _wkmƒ _olm eb-\ \o- -Øns\-Xn-cmb ka-cw, 1959- epw 1966- epw ` y-k-a-c-ßƒ Cßs\ B Ime-L- -sam- msi CS-Xp-]- -{]-ÿm-\-øns G hpw Xnf- -ta-dnb \mfp-i-fm-bn-cp- p. \ΩpsS ]m n A v C sø At]- n v hfsc sndp-xm-bn-cp- p. F nepw \mw \ΩpsS hnπh-sse A\p-h Øn- p-sim v Cu _lp-p\ ka-c-ß-fnse mw ]s -Sp-Øp. Ahn-`-PnX kn]nsf ]cn-jvi-c-w-hm-z-]-camb sse\mwv A\p-h Øn- n-cp- Xv. hodp CS-Xp-]- -{]- ÿm-\-øns Ime-L- -am-bn-cp- p AXv. P\-ßƒ kzmx-{ yk-acimeøv kzmx-{ y-k-actk\m-\n-isf \a-kvi-cn- p-am-bncp- sxß-s\-tbm, AXp-t]m-se-bn-s - nepw A m-eøv Ah CS-Xp-]- -{]h ØItcmSv AKm-[-amb BZ-chv ]pe Øn-bncp- p. P\-ßƒ Ahsc hniz-kn- n-cp- p. Ah kxy-k- -cmsw- v Icp-Xn-bn-cp- p. Ah t]meokv a ±-\sø A`n-ap-Jo- I-cn- m\pw s\ n shsn-bp G p-hm-ßm\pw Pbn-en t]mim\pw hnap-j-x-bn- m-ø-h-cm-sw v hnizkn n-cp- p. sns msn ]mh-s - -h-cpss ]Xm-I-bm-sW v Icp-Xn-bn-cp p. Cß-s\-sbm-s -bm-bn-cp p A v P\-ß-fpsS at\m-`m-hw. 1964- Ahn-`-PnX kn]n-sf- -bnse ]nf n-s ^e-ambn kn]n-sf(-fw) cq]o-ir-x-am-bn. 1967- se \nb-a-k`m sxc-s - Sp- n kn]n-sfbpw kn]n-sf(-fw)- Dw c v hyxykvx ap - Wn-Iƒ v cq]w \ In. \ΩpsS ]m nbpw kn]n-sf(-fw)- Dw a pw Hcp ap -Wn-bnepw kn]n-sfbpw _w m-tim {K pw a v Nne ]m n-ifpw as mcp ap -Wn-bn-ep-am-bn-cp- p. thm v `n n- p-sh- n t mepw c v ap -Wn-Iƒ pw IqSn In nb BsI

14 s{]mhmjv tlmjv thm v tim {K- ns thm n-s\- mƒ IqSp-X-em-bn-cp- p. c v ap -Wn-Ifpw tn v Kh-s v cq]o-i-cn- -W-sa- mwv P\- ßƒ Xmev]-cy-s - -Xv. B _lp-p-\m-`n-{]m-b-øns kω ±- Øn, c v ap -Wn-Ifpw tn v H mw sfiy-ap- Wn Khs v cq]o-icn p. H mw sfiy-ap- Wn Kh-s ns\ ti{µ- K-h-s v A[n-Im-c-Øn \n v \o wsnbvxp-sh- n -t mepw, i -amb _lp-p-\-{]-t m-`-øns ]n _-e-øn- 1969- c mw sfiy-ap- Wn Kh-s v cq]oir-x-ambn. Cu c v Kh-s p-i-fnepw \ΩpsS ]m n ] m-fn-bm-bn-cp- p. kn]nsf(fw) A v C -tø-xp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp- n-. F n-epw cmjv{so-b-øn-s bpw ImgvN- m-sn-s bpw kao-]-\-øn-s bpw s]cp-am- -Øn-s bpw ASn-ÿm-\ X-Øz-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn \ΩpsS ]m nbpw kn]n-sf(-fw)- Dw XΩn Kuc-hm-h-l-amb {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-`n- -X-Ifpw sshcp- y-ßfpw DS-se-Sp- p-i-bp- m-bn. kn]n-sf(-fw)-im-cmb kplr-øp- ƒ Cu tbmk-øn kw_- n- p- p-s - n, Zb-hmbn Cu Imcyw H p ]cntim[n pi. A v Rßƒ ]d p: icn, \ap v Kh-s v cq]o-i-cn- mw. ]s, Kh-s v cq]o-i-cn- n v \mw F mwv snøm t]mip- Xv? GsXmcp _q jzm ]m nbpw snøp- - Xp-t]mse `cww \S-Øp-I-bmtWm? apx-em-fn-am-cpss h - Xmev]-cy-a-\p-k-cn v {]h Øn- p-i-bpw, sxmgn-em-fn-h {]ÿm- \sø ASn- -a Øp-I-bpw, {Ia-k-am-[m\w \ne-\n Øm-s\ t]cn emøn- m pw shsn-sh pw \S-Øm t]meo-kn\v A\p-aXn \ Ip-Ibpw snøp-i-bmtwm? se\n\v CØ-c-samcp kml-n-cysø t\cn-ts- n-h- n- n-. AXn-\m, _q jzm Khs n A[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dn-bm IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Ifpw CS-Xp-]- - m n-ifpw Fß-s\-bmWv `cww \S-tØ- -sx- -sx- - Xns\ kw_- n v At±lw Hcp am -\n t±-ihpw \ In-bn- n. B am -\n t±iw \ In-bXv kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv Bbn-cp- p. At±-l-Øns am -\n t±-i-{]-imcw Rßƒ ]d p: sfiy-ap- Wn Kh-s v ]cn-an-x-am-sb- nepw e`yamb hn`-h-ßƒ Zcn-{Z-cmb P\-ß-fpsS \ -bv p-th n hn\ntbm-kn- -Ww. Agn-a-Xn-c-ln-X-amb `cww \S-Ø-Ww. t]meokn-s bpw DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-sSbpw `mk-øp-\n v \nb-a-hn-cp- -amb

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 15 Hcp {]hr-ønbpw A\p-h-Zn- m-xn-cn- p-ibpw Agn-aXn BcpsS `mk-øp-\n- p- m-bmepw I i-\-ambn ssiimcyw snøp-ibpw th-ww. AtXkabwXs, Kh-s v sxmgn-em-fn-i-fp-ssbpw I j-i-cp-ssbpw ka-c-ß-sf t{]m m-ln- n- -Ww. ka-c-ßsf _ew {]tbm-kn v ASn- -a Øm t]meo-kns\ A\p-h-Zn- cpxv. \ymbamb P\m-[n-]-Xy-k-a-c-ßfn CS-s]-Sm t]meokns\ A\p-h-Zn- -cp-xv. AXm-bn-cn- Ww sfiy-ap- Wn Khs ns {]h Ø-\-Øn kzoi-cn-t kao-]-\w. AXmWv icn-bmb CS-Xp-] \ne-]msv. kn]n-sf(-fw), kn]n-sf, B.- F-kv.-]n, t^m th Uv tªm v, _w m-tim {K v F o ]m n- Iƒ B \ne-]msv AwKo-I-cn- m Xøm-dm-bn-cp n. Aß-s\- sb- n Rßƒ Kh-s n tncp- n, ]Icw ]pdsa \n v Kh-s n\v ]n pw \ Imw F v \Ωfpw Adn-bn- p. AXv \ΩpsS hyhÿ AwKo-I-cn- m Ahsc \n - n-x-cm- n. kn]n-sf(fw) C -tø-xp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp- n. kxy-k- - cmb \nc-h[n t\xm- - mcpw tiu amcpw A v B ]m n-bnep- m-bn-cp- p. Ah-cpsS ]m n \ΩpsS \n t±iw AwKo-I-cn- m Xøm-d F Imcyw ]{X-ß-fn-eqsS ]pd-øp-h- m Ah-cpsS t\xm- ƒ v AWn-I-fn \n v Kpcp-X-c-amb tnmzyßsf t\cn-ts- n-h-cp-am-bn-cp- p. AXn-\m Ah Hcp-I-W- n\v \ΩpsS \n t±-i-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn- p- -Xmbn tcjm-aqew kω-xn- p-. F m Ah Hcn- epw AXv ]men- n-. H mw sfiy-ap- Wn Kh-s n sxmgn h-ip v \ΩpsS ]m n- mwv e`n- Xv F -Xn-\m, sxmgn-em-fn-i-fp-ssbpw I j-i-cpssbpw ka-c-ß-fpss Hcp then-tb w Xs A me-øp- mbn. AXn-\m, c mw sfiy-ap- Wn Kh-s n, Sm m-am-cp-ssbpw _n fm-am-cp-ssbpw kω ±-Øns ^e-ambn \ap v sxmgn hip v X n. 1977- tpymxn-_kp sxc-s -Sp- n\v apºv \S-Ønb tduntbm {]kw-k-øn, Fkvbp-kn-sF(-kn) Xß-tfm-sSm- an- m-ø-xn-\m C\nta ] n-a-_w-km-fn ka-c-ßtfm {]t m-`-ßtfm D m-ipsa v `b-s -ts- -Xn-s v hy -am n. Aßs\ At±lw apx-em-fn-am v Dd v simsp-øp. AXn\v th nøs -bm-bn-cp p kn]n-sf(-fw) Imte-Iq n \Ω-fp-am-

16 s{]mhmjv tlmjv bp sfiyw XI Ø-Xv. 1977 apx kn]n-sf(-fw) \bn Kh-s n\v a v _q jzm Kh-s p-i-fn \n v bmsxmcp hyxym-k-hp-ap- m-bn-cp- n-. Ah sxmgn-em-fn-iƒ pw I j- I pw t\sc emønbpw txm pw {]tbm-kn- p. hyh-kmb cwkøv kam-[m\w \ne-\n Øm-s\ t]cn ^e-øn kac-ßƒ \ntcm-[n- p. kn]n-sf(-fw) t\xm- ƒ Ah-cpsS t{suvbq-wn-b-\p-i-fn-eq-ss, h -k-a-c-øns t]cn Fßs\ sxmgn-ep-s-a-i-fp-ambn A\p-c-RvP-\-Øn-te s -Sm-sa- pw, Fßs\ apx-em-fn-am v Iog-S-ßm-sa pw sxmgn-em-fn-isf ]Tn- n- p. knwkq-cnepw \µn-{km-anepw Ah Iq - p-cp-xnbpw Iq - _-em kw-k-ßfpw \SØn. {Kma-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn ] m-b-øp-ifn-eqss G hpw hrøn-si Ah-k-c-hmZw hf Øp-Ibpw I j- I-{]-ÿm\ßsf \in- n- p-ibpw snbvxp. Aß-s\, \o 34 h j- mew sim v Ah _lp-p-\-k-a-c-ßsfbpw h - k-a-c-ß-sfbpw \in- n- p-ibpw CS-Xp-] cmjv{so-bsø If- -s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snbvxp. CS-Xp-] cmjv{so-bsø XI ØXv kn]n-sf(-fw) BWv; A msx he-xp-] i n-i-f kz w ]m n- p- n kn]n-sf(-fw) CS-Xp-]- - cmjv{sob- Øn\pw CS-Xp-] {]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øn\pw Hcp hnebpw Iev]n- n-. am Ivkn-k-Øns Imcyw ]d-bp-ibpw th. CS-Xp-]- o-bx ap{zm-hm-iy-øn-sem-xp-ßn. Ah-cpsS `cww FØ-c- Øn-em-bn-cp- p-sh v \nßƒ -dn-bmw. Ah F m-bn-søpw k p-nnx ]m n Xmev]-cy-ßƒ p-th n t]meo-kns\ D]- tbm-k-s -Sp-Øn. Hcp henb {Inan-\ kwlsø hf Øn-sb- Sp-Øp. ]m n-bnse a{ n-amcpw t\xm- fpw Hfnt m sxfnt m dnb -F-tÃ v _nkn-\- n- G s p. F m {]mtzin-i ta-je-i-fnepw Ah-cpsS \nc-h[n {]h Ø-I I]-S-am - ß-fn-eqsS ]W-ap- m- p- -Xn-te s - p. kn]n-sf(-fw)- se Xeap-Xn, kxy-k- -\mb Hcp t\xmhpw a{ n-bp-am-bn-cp _nt\mbv Nu[cn CsX mw I v Atß-b w tcmjm-ip-e-\m-

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 17 b-xp-aqew At±lw kn]n-sf(-fw) `c-wsø hnti-jn- n- Xv dnb -F-tÃ- p-im-cp-ssbpw tim {Sm-IvS amcpssbpw `cww F m-wv. AXmW`n-{]m-b-sa- n At±lw a{ n-k-`-bn \n v cmpn-h-bv- p-i-bmwv th -sx- m-bn-cp p At mƒ tpymxn- _kp ]d- -Xv. AXn\ptijw At±-lsØ Hcp sxc-s -Sp- nepw a -cn- m A\p-h-Zn- n-. kn]n-sf(-fw)- \v thm v snøp- n-s - n kz w ÿeøv Xma-kn- m A\p-h-Zn- p- -X F v kn]n-sf(-fw) t\xm- ƒ P\-ßƒs -Xnsc `ojwn ]pd-s -Sp-hn p. kn]n-sf(-fw)\v thm p-sn-ømø Irjn- msc kz w ]ms-ß-fn ]Wn-sb-Sp- m A\p-h-Zn- n-s pw Ah `oj-wn-s -Sp-Øn. kn]n-sf(-fw) A{I-an-Iƒ GXp ka-bøpw Fhn-sSbpw A{I-a-ßƒ Agn- p-hn- p, P\-ßsf sime-s -Sp-ØpI t]mepw snbvxp. _lp-p-\-ß-fp-ssbpw I j-i-cp-ssbpw ka-cßƒ si n- -Sp-Ø-Xns t]cn \ΩpsS ]m n-bpss t\xm- fpw {]h Ø-I-cp-ambn 161 t]sc kn]n-sf(-fw) sime-s -Sp- Øn. Xßƒ B s -Xn-scbpw I -t -kp-iƒ Npa-Øn-bn- ns - v, ap kn]n-sf(-fw) apjy-a{ n _p -tzhv ` m-nmcy GXm\pw Znhkw apºv sdbvun-ln-bn {]kvxm-hn pi-bp- mbn. HºXv {]mhiyw \ΩpsS ]m n-bpss FwF F Bbncp kjmhv {]t_m-[v ]p sibvøv I -t kn IpSp- s v Ct mƒ Poh-]-cy w in A\p-`-hn- p-h-cn-i-bm-wv. \ΩpsS 49 kjm- ƒ AØ-c-Øn Poh-]-cy w in A\p- `-hn- p-sim n-cn- p- p. CsXm-s -bmwv kn]n-sf(-fw)s snbvxn-iƒ. GsX- nepw kn]n-sf(-fw)imc \nc-h[n Ip - Ir-Xy-ß-fn-te s - mepw Abmƒs -Xnsc t]meokv tãj-\n F^v-sF-B cpn-ã snøm km y-am-bn-cp- n-. kviqfp-ifnepw timtf-pp-i-fnepw A ym-]-i Bcm-bn-cn- -W-sa v Xocpam-\n- n-cp- Xv kn]n-sf(-fw) B-bn-cp- p. Kh-s v Poh-\- m-cpss kn]n-sf(-fw) \nb-{ nx kwl-s-\-bpss GtIm-]-\- k-an-xn-bmwv Poh-\- m-cpss ÿm\- -b- hpw ÿew-am- hpw a pw Xocp-am-\n- n-cp- -Xv. kn]n-sf(-fw) F mtwm snbvxp-h- n-cp- -Xv, IrXy-ambpw AXmWv Ct mƒ XrW-aq tim {K v snbvxp-sim- n-cn- p- -Xv. Cusbm-c-hÿ krjvsn- Xv kn]n-sf(-fw) A msx a m-

18 s{]mhmjv tlmjv cmwv? C v kn]n-sf(-fw) C{Xbpw ISpØ {]Xn-k n t\cn- Sm Imc-W-sa- mwv? Ign ]m e-sa v \nb-a-k`m sxcs -Sp- p-i-fn ] n-a-_w-km-fnse P\-ßƒ kn]n-sf(-fw)- s\-xnsc thm v snbvxxv F p-sim v? ASpØ ImeØv \S ]m e-sa v sxc-s -Sp- n h txm-xn-ep Ir{Xnaw \S- ncp- p-sh- Xv icn-bm-wv. F m AXn\v apºv \S Akwªn- ]m e-sa v sxc-s -Sp- p-i-fn A{Xbpw hym]-i-amb Ir{Xnaw \S- n- n-. Ign \nb-a-k`m sxc-s -Sp- nepw AØcw Ir{Xnaw \S- n- n-. Ign \nb-a-k-`m-sx-c-s -Sp- ns ka-bøv kn]n-sf(-fw) BWv A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp- -Xv. F m P\-ßƒ knwkq \µn{kmw ka-c-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\- s -Sp-Øn-bm-Wv thm v tcj-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xv. P\-ßƒ n-s-bn i - amb kn]n-sf(-fw) hncp at\m-`mhw hf p-h- p. kn]nsf(-fw) t\xm- ƒ kz w sx p-iƒ kω-xn- n- pt m? Ah {]h Ø-Isc Ip -s -Sp-Øp- p. ]m n {]h Ø-I-cpsS Al- bpw hn\-b-an- m-bva-bp-amwv Xncn- -Sn v Imc-W-sa- pw, {]h Ø-I v _lp-p-\-ß-fp-am-bp _ w \jvs-s - n-cn- p- p-sh pw. Aßs\ t\xm- ƒ Ah-cpsS ZpjvsN-bvXn-I-fpsS ]m]-`mcw apgp-h {]h Ø-I-cpsS ta si n-h-bv p-i-bm-wv. ]s, t\xm- ƒ Xs -bmwv {]h Ø-Isc Cu sx mb Imcyßsfms ]Tn- n- -Xv. kn]n-sf(-fw) t\xm- ƒ Cßs\ XpS-cp-I-bm-sW- n Ah v Hcn- epw P\-ß-fpsS hnizm-kam n- m Ign-bn-. ss[cyhpw kxy-k- -X-bp-ap-s - n Ah ] n-a-_w-km-fnse P\-ßƒ p-ap- n kz w sx p- Iƒ Xpd v kω-xn- -s. 34 h jsø `c-w-im-eøv Ah snbvxxv CS-Xp-]- -cm-jv{so-b-øn\pw P\-ßƒ pw FXn-cmb {]hr-øn-i-fm-bn-cp- p-sh v Ah G p-]-d-b-s. ChnsS Rm kjmhv se\ns Aaq-ey-amb Hcp ]mtw A\p-kva-cn- n- -s. At±lw ]d p: Hcp cmjv{so-b- m n kz w sx p-i-tfmsv F v kao-]\w kzoi-cn- p- p-sh- -Xv, B ]m n v F pam{xw Bflm -X-bp-s - -pw, kz w h -tømspw A zm- \n- p _lp-p-\-ß-tfm-sp-ap-ff I Øhyw {]tbm-k-øn AsX-ßs\ \nd-th- p- p-sh- pw hne-bn-cp-øm-\p-ff G hpw {][m-\-s - Xpw Dd- p- -Xp-amb am -am-wv. sx v Xpd v kω-

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 19 Xn- p-i, AXn-\p Imc-W-ßƒ a\- n-em- p-i, AXn-tebv v \bn kml-n-cy-ßsf hni-i-e\w snøp-i, sx v Xncp-Øm-\p- am -ß-sf- n hni-z-ambn N snøpi Kuc-h-kz-`m-hap Hcp ]m n-bpss e -W-w AXm-Wv. B hn[-øn-em-wv B ]m n kz w I Ø-hy-ßƒ \n -ln-t - Xv; h - Øn\pw, XpS v _lp-p-\-ßƒ pw hnzym-`ym-khpw ]cn-io-e- \hpw \ ti- Xv. 1 Hcp bym IΩyq-WnÃv ]m n am{xta kz w sx p-iƒ kxyk -ambpw Xpd a\-t m-ssbpw kω- Xn- m k - -am-ip- p- p. kn]n-sf(-fw) t\xm- ƒ v B kxy-k- -Xbpw ss[cy-hp-apt m? t\m Øv 24 ] Km-\mkv Pn -bnse Bbncw {]h Ø-I `bw aqew sxc-s -Sp v {]h Ø\w \S-Øn-bn F v AhcpsS Hcp t\xmhv {]kvxm-hn- -Xmbn C se ]{X-Øn I p. Fs mcp hnπ-h- m n! Ah F n-s\-bmwv `b-s -Sp- -Xv? Ah \Ωsf Imbn-I-ambn B{I-an- p-sim- n-cp ImeØv \Ωƒ ka-c-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn- p- v. \ΩpsS ]m n-bpss t\xm- fpw {]h Ø-I-cp-ambn 161 t]sc Ah sime-s -Sp-Øn. 1990- kn]n-sf(-fw) Kh-s v shsn-h- p-sim amxbv l Zmdns t]cn-ep c -km- n-a-fi]w Cu tbmk-ÿ-e-øp-xs -bp- v. F n pw \mw kacw XpS p. AXp-ambn X n- pt\m- p-tºmƒ XrW-aq tim {K v kn]n-sf(-fw)- \v F v lm\n-bmwv hcp-øn-bn-cn- p- Xv? At mƒ, t\m Øv 24 ] Km- \mkv Pn -bn-ep Ah-cpsS B Bbncw {]h Ø-I F p- Xcw {]h Ø-I-cmWv! kn]n-sf(-fw) Ah-Im-i-s -Sp- Xv ] na_wkm-fn Ah v aq v e -tømfw AwK-ß-fp-s - m-wv. Ah-cpsS _lp-p-\-kw-l-s-\-iƒs mw IqSn 60-70 e -Øn cw AwK-ß-fpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Ds - mwv ]dbp- -Xv. CS-bv nss Ah Xß-fpsS AwK-ß-sf-s m v {_ntkuv]-tcuv {Ku v \nd-bv p-am-bn-cp- p. Ah-scms FhnsS-t mbn? Ah-sc mw amf-øn-en-cn- p- -sx- p-sim- mwv? kn]n-sf(-fw) t\xm- ƒ Xs -bmwv Ah-cpsS {]h Ø-Isc `ocp- -fm- n-øo Øn-cn- p- -Xv. Ah {]h Ø- Isc cmjv{so-btam {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xtam CS-Xp-]- o-b-xtbm ]Tn- n- n- n. Ah {]h Ø-I-tcmSv Cßs\ am{x-amwv ]d- n-

20 s{]mhmjv tlmjv cp- Xv : Rßƒ henb ]m n-bm-wv. A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn- p- Xv Rß-fm-Wv. \nßƒ Rß-tfm-sSm w \n m \nßƒ v C bn t\ -ß-fp- m-ipw. t]meokv Rß-fpsS ssibn-em-wv. \nßƒ G hpw Kpcp-X-c-amb Ip w snbvxmepw Hcp {]iv\-hpap- m-hn. Bcpw \nßsf sxmsm ss[cy-s -Sp-I-bn-. Aßs\, t]meokv Ah-cpsS Iogn-em-bn-cp Ime-tØmfw kn]n-sf(fw) t\xm- fpw {]h Ø-Icpw {Inan-\-ep-I-fp-sSbpw kmaq-ly-hn-cp- -cp-ssbpw ]n p-w-tbmss henb [oc- m-cmbn \S- p. hnzym n-i-tfmsv Ah ]d- Xv Ah ]co- -bn ]m m-bn-s - nepw m v Ib w \ Im-sa- pw, \ dnk v \ Im-sa- p-am-bn-cp- p. Aß-s\-bm-W-h ]m nbpss AwK- _ew h n n- -Xv. timtf-pp-i-fnepw bqwn-th-gvkn- n-i-fnepw Ah a v hnzym n-kw-l-s-\-isf bqwn-b sxc-s -Sp- n a -cn- m A\p-h-Zn- n-. timtf-pp-i-fn kn]n-sf(-fw) F mtwm snbvxn-cp- Xv AXp Xs -bmwv Ct mƒ XrWaq snbvxp-sim- n-cn- p- -Xv. kn]n-sf(-fw) ]cn-io-en- n {Inan-\-ep-Iƒ Ct mƒ XrW-aq-ens simsn ]nsn- p-\-s- p-ibm-wv. Hcn- kn]n-sf(-fw)- \v th n {]h -Øn t]meokv Ct mƒ XrW-aq-en\p th n {]h Øn- p- p. At mƒ, t]meokpw DtZym-K-ÿ-hr-µhpw kz w hcp-xn-bn-ep-s - n kn]n-sf-(fw) i -am-wv. As - n Zp -ehpw `ocpxzw \nd- -Xp-am-Wv. `qcn-] w P\-ßfpw kn]n-sf(-fw)- s\ CS-Xp- ]- - m n-bm-bn- mwv IW- m- p- -Xv. AXn-\m, kn]nsf(fw) hncp at\m-`mhw CS-Xp-]- -hn-cp- a-t\m-`m-h-ambn amdp- p. Cß-s\-bmWv kn]n-sf(-fw) CS-Xp-]- -cm-jv{so-b- Øn\v tim w hcp-øn-s m- n-cn- p- -Xv. _nsp-]nbpss hf bv v If-sam-cp- n-bxv kn]n-sf(-fw) kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv 1977- kn]n-sf(-fw) A[n-Imc-Øn-te-dp- Xv I n-. XpS v 34 h jw Ah \S-Ønb `c- W-Øn\pw At±lw km yw hln- n-. 1970-, c mw sfiyap- -Wn-bpsS ImesØ kn]n-sf(-fw)- s\bmwv At±lw

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 21 I Xv. A m-eøv Xs At±lw Cßs\ A`n-{]m-b-s p: am IvknÃv ]m n-sb- -dn-b-s -Sp kn]n-sf(-fw)- \v ]c-amh[n i n h n- n-cp Ime-am-b, Ign sfiy-ap- Wn Kh-s ns Ime-Øv, B ]m n-bpss {]h Ø-I-cp-sSbpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-sSbpw [m jvsyw I v Cu cmpysø P\-ßƒ `b-n-in-x-cm-bn-cp- p...- A-h-cpsS kzm[o\øn s -Sp Bfp- Iƒ n-s-bn-emwv t]meo-kn-s\bpw DtZym-Kÿ-kw-hn-[m-\- søbpw D]-tbm-K-s -SpØn kz w Imcy-ßƒ t\-sp- -Xn-\mbn A\ym-b-amb hnti-jm-h-im-i-ßƒ t\sn-sb-sp- p-i-sb {]h- WX G -hp-a-[niw h n- -Xv. kaq-l-tøm-sp DØ-c-hm-ZnØw h n- p- -Xn\v ]Icw I Ø-hy-\n -l-w-øn \n v Hgn- p-am-dm-\p {]h-wx hf p-h- p. hyxykvx A`n-{]m-b- m-tcm-sp-ff Zm i-\n-i-amb kln-jvwp-x-bv p- ]-Icw, Xcw In p-tºmƒ `ocp-xz-]q Æ-amb B{I-a-W-ß-fn-eqsS FXn-c-`n-{]mb- msc \n»-_vz-cm- pi F K l-wo-b-amb coxn hf ph- p. CXn-s -sb mw {]Xn-{]-h Ø-\-sa \ne-bn, ]n osv tim {K v A[n-Imcw ]nsn-s -Sp-Ø-Xn-s\-Øp-S v kml-ncyw {]Xn-Iq-e-am-b-t mƒ, sfiy-ap- Wn `c-w-im-esø Xos mcn hnπ-h-im-cn-iƒ v an m t]mepw ss[cy-an- m-xm-ip- Xpw \mw I p. kml-ncyw C\n A\p-Iq-e-am-bm Ah ho pw ]gb iucyw hos -Sp- p- Xv ImWmw. Ct mƒøs AXns kqn-\-iƒ ImWp- p- v. Ah-cp-tSXv bym hnπ-h-cm-jv{sob-am-bn-cp-s - n, t\cmbn Nn n- p F m hn`mkw P\-ßfp-sSbpw A\p-{K-lm-in- p-iƒ Ah v e`n- p-am-bn-cp- p. a ±- I-cmb _q jzm h -Øns shdp- n\pw Ah Cc-I-fm-Ip-ambn-cp- p. F m, bym -Øn kw`-hn- n-cn- p- Xv t\ hn]-co-x-amb Imcy-am-Wv. 2 1970-, c mw sfiy-ap- -Wn-bpsS ImeØv, kn]n-sf(-fw)- s snbvxn-iƒ I n v kjmhv in_vzm-kvtlmjv ]d- hm p-i-fm-wnh. A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp 34 h j- mew kn]nsf(-fw) h -k-a-c-ßƒ pw P\-Iob {]t m-`-ßƒ pw a v ]m n-i-fpss {]h Ø-\-ßƒ pw FXnsc \S-Ønb B{I-a- W-ßƒ ]e-a-sßv h n- p. t]meo-kns A{I-a-ßƒ h n p.

22 s{]mhmjv tlmjv kn]n-sf(fw) `oi-cm-hÿ krjvsn- p. t]meo-kns\ k p- NnX Xmev]-cy-ßƒ p-th n hn\n-tbm-kn- pibpw Xß-fpsS N p-i-am- n am pibpw snbvxp. Aß-s\, CS-Xp-]- -cm-jv{sob-øn\v Bsc- nepw simsnb lm\n hcp-øn-h- n- p-s - n AXv XrW-aq tim {Kt m at -sx- nepw {]Xn-tem-a-i- ntbm A, kn]n-sf(-fw) Xs -bm-wv. AXn-\m, kn]nsf(fw) t\xm- -tfmsv F\n v ]d-bm-\p-f-fxv, Ah-cpsS {]h Ø-Isc A\m-h-iy-ambn Ip -s -Sp-Ø-cp-sX- m-wv. Ah IÆm-Sn-bn kz w apjw t\m -s. kxy-k- -Xbpw ss[cyhp-ap-s - n Ah-cXv Xpd v kω-xn- -Ww. 34 h jsø `c- W-Im-eØv Xßƒ \nc-h[n A\ym-b-ßƒ {]h Øn- p-sh pw Ct mƒ B sx p-iƒ Xncp-Øp-I-bm-sW pw Ah Xpd v {]Jym-]n- s. ]s, h -\-bn-eqss AXv km y-am-hp-i-bn. P\-ßƒ XrW-aq-ens\ F{X ITn\-am-bmWv hna in p- sx v t\m q. Ah XrW-aq-en-s\-Xnsc apjw Xncn- p-ibmwv. B ]m n kn]n-sf(-fw)- s AtX ]mx ]n p-s-cp p F -XmWv P\-ß-fpsS hna i-\w. kn]n-sf(fw) snbvxn-cp- -sx- mtwm AXpXs XrW-aqepw snøp- -Xmbn P\-ßƒ ImWp- p. XrW-aq tim {K- n\v _Z-embn P\-ßƒ v kn]n-sf(fw)- s\ ImWm Ign-bm-Ø-sX- p-sim- mwv? Fs - m, 34 h jsø kn]n-sf(-fw) Zp `-c-w-øns ImeØv P\-ßƒ v izmkw ap p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. AXn-\p-Ø-chmZn kn]n-sf(-fw) Xs -bm-wv. _nsp-]n v ] na _wkm-fn Fs - nepw kzm[o\w D m- m Ign- n- p-s - n AXn\pØ-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ kn]nsf(-fw) t\xm- -fm-wv. kjm-hv in-_vzm-kv tlm-jns as mcp \nco- Ww \nßsf hmbn- p tiƒ n- m Rm\m-{K-ln- p- p. 1969- -emwv At±lw AXv ]d- -Xv. B alm-\mb am IvknÃv Zm i-\n-i F{X-am{Xw Zo L-ho- -W-ap- -bm-fm-bn-cp- p-sh v t\m q. A v _nsp]n D m-bn-cp- n-. ]Icw P\-kw-L-am- Wp- m-bn-cp- -Xv. kn]n-sf(-fw)- s\ hna in psim v ISpØ DXvI-WvT-tbmsS At±lw ]d p: Cu kml-n-cy-øn, P\-kw-L-sØ-t m-se-bp ax-tz-io-b-hm-zn-iƒ X w-]m- -

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 23 Øncn- p-i-bm-wv. ] nb Ah-k-c-Øn\v th n Ah ImØncn- p- p. CS-Xp-]- -{]-ÿm-\-tømsv C pw P\-ßƒ n-s-bnep BI jww Ft m-gmtwm C m-xm-ip- Xv, At mƒ Ah cwkøv {]Xy- -s -Spw. `cn- p kn]n-sf(-fw) t\xm- ƒ CXv a\- n-em- p- n-. IΩyq-Wn-k-Øns {]Xy-b-imkv{Xhpw ASn-ÿm\ XØz-ßfpw ssish-sn- p-sim v Ah, GXm v tim {K v t\xm- -sf-t mse Xs, hmnm-tsm]hpw a[p-c-øn s]mxn kw`m-j-w-ßfpw sim p Iui-eß-fn-eqsS P\-ßsf Bi-b- p-g- -Øn-em- p-i-bm-wv. Aßs\ Ah-cn-hnsS IΩyq-Wn-ksØ A]-Io Øn-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw IΩyq- Wn-k-Øns {]Xn- m-bsb If- -s -Sp-Øp-I-bp-am-Wv. 3 kn]nsf(-fw) IΩyq-Wn-k-Øns {]Xn- mb XI p-ibpw If- - s -Sp-Øp-I-bp-am-sW- pw, P\-kwLw AXns\ apx-se-sp-øpsim v kz w i n h n- n- m-\p Ah-kcw ImØncn p- I-bm-sW pw h j-ßƒ p-ap-ºv, 1969, kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv ap -dn-bn v \ In. At±-l-Øns B hm p-iƒ C sø bmym y-hp-ambn F p-am{xw s]mcp-ø-s -Sp- psh v t\m p-i. Ign 34 h j- mew sim v kn]n-sf- (Fw) CS-Xp-] cmjv{so-b-øn\v Af-h lm\n hcp-øn-hbv p-i-bpw, Aßs\ _nsp-]n v AXns hrøn-si incp-b Øm hgn-sbm-cp- n-s m-sp- p-ibpw snbvxn-cn- p- p. Rm\pw CXmWv \nß-tfmsv ]d-bm-\m-{k-ln- p- -Xv. \ap v kn]n-sf(-fw)- -t\mtsm at -sx- nepw ]m n-tbmtsm hntcm-[-sam- p-an-. \ΩpsS hntbm-pn v {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-chpw cmjv{so-bhpw sxmgn-em-fn-h Xmev]-cy-Øn \n p-s-se-sp- - p- -Xp-am-Wv. kn]n-sf(-fw) t\xm- ƒ Ah-cpsS sx p-iƒ Xpd- p-k-ω-xn- -s. Bflm -X-bn- mø Nne {]kvxm-h-\-itfm sx p-isf sh -]q-item Nne t\xm- sf \o w snøtem H p-a-, Bh-iy-am-bn- p-f-fxv \b-ß-fn-ep am -am-wv. Ah ka-tcm- p-i-amb CS-Xp-] cmjv{so-b-øn-tebv v as-ßn-hcs. Ah Xv km[n- ptam? kn]n-sf(-fw)- s kxy-k - cmb {]h Ø-Icpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS t\xr-xz-tømsv Cu tnmzyw tnmzn- -Ww. bym am IvknÃv ]m n-sb

24 s{]mhmjv tlmjv \ne-bn \Ωƒ ka-tcm- p-i-amb CS-Xp-] cmjv{sob sse Zo L-Im-e-ambn A\p-h Øn- p-h-cn-i-bm-wv. ]s, Ah katcm- p-i-amb CS-Xp-]- -cm-jv{so-bsø If- -s -Sp-Øn. AX-h kω-xn- ptam? Cs - n P\-ßƒs -ßs\ Ahsc hniz-kn- m Ignbpw? Ahsc kw_- n- n-s-tømfw CXmWv ]co-. kxy-k- -Xbpw Bflm -Xbpw hodp h - -_lp- P\ ka-c-ßfpw IqSmsX CS-Xp-]- -{]-ÿm-\sø i n-s - Sp-Øm Ign-bn-. AkXyw ]d- nt m h \bn-eq-sstbm Iui-e-ß-ƒ {]tbm-kn- nt m AXv km[n p-i-bn-. IqSmsX, Ah-cpsS kxy-k- -cmb {]h Ø-Icpw A\p-Iqen-Ifpw CS-Xp-]- -hn-izm-kn-i-fmb a v P\-ßfpw as mcp Imcyw a\- n-em- n-bn-cn- Ww. AXm-b-Xv, ChnsS {]iv\w tihew kn]n-sf(-fw) ]m n Nne sx p-iƒ hcpøn F -X. adn v B sx p-iƒ F p kz`m-h-øn-ep- -h-bmwv F v \n Æ-bn- -s -ts- n-cn- p- p. kn]n-sf(fw)- s snbvxn-i-sf mw, Hcp tkmjy su-tam-{im- niv ]m n*-sb \ne-bn-ep Ah-cpsS h -kz-`m-h-øn\v tn {]hr-øn-i-fm-bn-cp- p. t]cn am IvknÃv te_ D v F p- -Xp-sIm v am{xw Hcp ]m n IΩyq-WnÃv ]m n-bm-ip-am-bn-cp-s - n djy-bnse sa sjhniv ]m nbpw IΩyq-WnÃv ]m n-bm-ip-am-bn-cp- p. se\n\v t_mƒsj-hniv ]m n thsd si n- -Sp-t n hcp-am-bn-cp- n. c mw C \m-j-w Xncp-Ø hm-z-]-c-amb A]-N-b-Øn\v Cc-bm-Ip-Ibpw snøp-am-bn-cp- n-. Ahn-`-PnX kn]n-sfbpw ]n m-eøv kn]n-sf(-fw)- Dw Bbn-c-Øn-sØm- m-bn-cøn Aº-Xp-I-fnepw Adp-]-Xp-I-fnepw _lp-p-\-k-a-c-ß-fn hln- Xv tkmjy su-tam-{im- niv ]m n-i-sf ] m-bn-cp- p. AXm-b-Xv, A zm-\-øn\pw aqe-[-\-øn-\p-an-s-bnse A\p-c-RvPI i n-i-sf ] v. AXp-t]mse Xs kn]n-sf(-fw) A[n- Im-c-Øn-te-dn-b-t mƒ, Ah-cpsS tkmjy su-tam-{im- niv kz`mh-øn\v tn -h-æw, _q jzm-]m n-i-sf-t mse, _q jzm-h - * apx-em-fn-h -Øn\pw sxmgn-em-fn-h -Øn\pw CS-bn Nm m- SpIbpw sxmgn-em-fn-h hnπ-h-{]-ÿm-\-øn\v lm\n-h-cp-øn-s m v apx-em-fn-h sø tkhn- pibpw snøp ]m n

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... Øns Xmev]-cym w {]h Øn- p. AXn-\m, IΩyq-Wn-ktØmSv B`n-ap-Jy-ap- -h A\n-hm-cy-ambpw B ]m n-sb- n \ncm-i-cm-ip-ibpw Ahsc Dt]- n- p-ibpw snøp-w. ]s, Ah AtXkabwXs icn-bmb am IvknÃv ]m nsb Is Øn i n-s -Sp-tØ- -Xp- v. IΩyq-Wn-k-hpw CS-Xp-] cmjv{so-b-hpw i ns S-W-sa v Ah Bflm -ambn B{Kln- p- p-sh- n, Ah Zo L-Imew B ]m n-bn {]h Øn- -Xp-aqew D m-im-hp A -amb hnim-c-øn\v ASn-s - p-t]mhp-itbm \ncm-i-cm-ip-itbm snø-cp-xv. _nsp]n IpØ-I-ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øns Zmk- m 25 _nsp-]n-sb- - n-bp Fs A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ Rm ]d- p- I-gn- p. Ign temivk`m sxc-s -Sp- n\v apºv IpØ-I- Ifpw hntz-i-ap-x-em-fn-amcpw tim -td v taj-ebpw _nsp-]nsb A[n-Im-c-Øn-te- m Xocp-am-\n- n-cp- p. C m-e-a-{xbpw Ah - p-th n {]hr-øn-sb-sp-øn-cp tim {K- n-s\-s m v X mew {]tbm-p-\-an-s IW- p-iq- -ens ASn-ÿm-\- Øn-em-bn-cp p AXv. Aßs\ Ah _nsp-]n v th n `oaamb XpI aps n {]Nm-cWw \S-Øn. KpP-dm-Ønse hwi-l-xybpss kq{x-[m-c-s\ v Icp-X-s -Sp- -bm-fmwv \tc-{µ-tam-zn. \nc- ]-cm-[n-i-fpss c w ]pc ssii-fmwv At±-l-Øn-t -Xv. B hy n am[y-a-{]-nm-c-w-øn-eqss Hcp kp{]-`m-x-øn cmpy- Øns c -I-\mbn Ah-X-cn- n- -s - p. Cß-s\-bmWv _q jzmkn srmsn-bn-s-bn t\xm- - msc krjvsn- p- -Xv. A[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dn- -gn- m _q jzm-kn-bp-ssbpw IpØ-I- I-fp-sSbpw B -Iƒ A -cw-{]xn \nd-th- n-s m- m-sa v _nsp]n Ah-cp-ambn Icm-dn-te s - p. A[n-Im-c-e-_v[n-sb-Øp- S v Ah snbvxp-sim- n-cn- p- Xv IrXy-ambpw AXm-Wv. AtXkabw, _nsp-]n v Bi-b-]-c-ambn c m-i XrXzw \ In-s m- n-cn- p B -F-kv-F-kn\v hnzym-`ymk -kmwkv- ImcnI cwk-ß-fnepw Bi-b-a-fi-e-Øn-epw Ah-cpsS lnµpxz- {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw {]N-cn- n- m-\p-ff Ah-k-cw e`n- n-cn- p- p.

26 s{]mhmjv tlmjv _nsp]n H -b-sn v {]Xn-tcm[hpw sdbn thbpw C jp-d kpapƒs -ss-bp taj-e-i-fn t\cn- p hntz-i-\n-t -]w, IqSp- X s]mxp-ta-j-e-i-fpss kzim-cy-h-ev -cww XpS-ßnb \S-]- Sn-I-fpsS Hcp ]c-ºc Xs \S- n hcp-øn. tim {K pw cmjv{sob Xocp-am-\-{]-Im-c-ap-ff \S-]-Sn-I-sf \ne-bn CsX mw \S- n-em- m {ian- n-cp- -Xm-Wv. F m kjy-i- n-i-ƒ krjvsn- n-cp XS- -ßƒ aqew F mw \S- n-em- m Ah v Ign- n-cp- n-. _nsp]n sdbn th bm{x- q-enbpw Nc- p-iq-enbpw H -b-sn v `oa-ambn h n- n- p. P\-t -a-øn\v th n ]cn-an-x-am-sb- n-ep-w G s -Sp-Øn-bn-cp k_vkn-un- Iƒ _nsp]n ]n h-en- p-i-bm-wv. C -\-hn-e-iƒ h n- n- p- p. Nne Ibv]p Kpfn-I-Iƒ Ignt Xocq-sh- v ]d- mwv Ah P\-ß-fpsS ta CsX mw ASn-t -ev]n- p- Xv. Ibv]p IqSp-X Kpfn-I-Iƒ C\nbpw hcm-\n-cn- p- p. _nsp- ]n-bpss [\-Im-cy-a{ n Hcp ]pxnb kn m w Ah-X-cn- n- ncn- p- p. _nkn-\- n\v A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn- p-i-sb- m ]mhßƒ v A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn- pi F p Xs -bm-w w F XmWv B kn m- w. kº- -cpss ]W- m- p-iƒ F{X ho p- pthm A{Xbpw KpWw ]mh-ßƒ v In pw F mwv At±-l-Øns A`n-{]m-bw. ]W- m ImcpWyw txm n ]mhßƒ v `n \ Ip-a-t{X. kº- kº- -cm-bxv ]mhßƒ v Ah-Im-i-s - Xv A]-l-cn- n- m-sw v km[m-cw P\- ßƒ -dn-bmw. sxmgn-em-fn-isf NqjWw snbvxmwv apx-em-fnam em`-ap- m- p- -Xv. F m _nsp-]nbpw Ah-cpsS a{ nbpw ]d-bp- Xv apx-em-fn-am v F p-am{xw em`-ap- m- Iptam A{Xbpw I v ]mh-ßƒ v sa -ap- m-ip-sa- m-wv. _nkn-\- n-\-\q-iq-e-sa- m ]mh-ßƒ -\p-iqew F kn m- -Øns kmcmwiw CXm-Wv. CXn-s\- n Nne Imcy-ßƒ IqSn Rm ]n osv ]d-bmw. _nsp]n Db Øp ^mknãv hn]øv c mw temi-bp- m-\- -cw, P Ω-\n-bp-sSbpw C -en-bp-ssbpw ]cm-p-b-tømss ^mknkw ]cm-p-b-s - n-cn- p- p-sh hmzw {]Nmcw t\sn-b-t mƒ kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv AXn-t\mSv

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... hntbm-pn- p-i-bp- m-bn. P Ω-\n-bp-sSbpw C -en-bp-ssbpw ]X- \-Øn\v ^mknkw ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-Ø-s - n-cn- p- p-sh v A an F -t±lw A`n-{]m-b-s - p. hni-kn-xtam Ahn-I-kn-Xtam Bb F m apx-em-fn-ø- -km-{am-pyxz cmpy-ß-fn-sebpw Hcp kmam\ykz`m-h-ambn ^mknkw {]Xy- -s - n-cn- p psh v At±lw ]d- p. At±lw Nq n- m n: aqe-[\w C -tø-xpt]mse IpØ-I-I-fpsS ssibn ti{µo-ir-x-am-bn-øo n n- m-xn-cp Ime-Øv, sndp-ins aqe-[-\w am{xw \ne-\n p-ibpw kzx-{ -a- -cw {]m_-ey-øn-en-cn- p-ibpwsnbvxn-cp ImeØv, apx-em-fnøw DZmc P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\pth n \ne-sim- p. IpØI {]Xy- -s -Sp-Ibpw aqe-[-\-øns ti{µo-i-cww kw`hn- p-ibpw snbvx-txmss B DZm-c-P-\m-[n-]Xyw Xntcm-`-hn p. Cu IpØ-I-aq-e-[-\-am-Wv ^mkn-k-øns kmº-øn-im-sn-ød. A[n-Imcw `c-w-kw-hn-[m-\-øn-s bpw DtZym-K-ÿ-ta-[m-hn-Xz- Øn-s bpw ] ti{µo-i-cn- -s -Sp- Xv ^mkn-k-øns cmjv{sob kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-hpam-wv. ^mkn-k-øn Iogn imkv{xob ImgvN- mtsm bp n-k-l-amb Nn tbm kzx-{ amb kwhm-z-øn-\p Ah-k-ctam D m-hp-i-bn-, adn v ax- Øn-t -Xp-t]m-se-bp-ff A -amb hnizm-k-øn\p am{xta ÿm\-ap- m-hp-i-bp p F pw kjmhv in_vzmkv tlmjv Nq n- m- p-ibp- mbn. b{ -ßfpw Bbp-[-ßfpw D m-zn- n- m- th n am{xambn-cn pw imkv{xsø D]-tbm-K-s -Sp- ØpI. Nn m-afi-e-øn imkv{x-øns kmt -Xn-I-h-i-ßfp-sSbpw Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øn-s bpw eb\w krjvsn- pw. CXmWv ^mknãv kwkvim-cw. cmpyøv ^mknkw Bhn-jvI-cn- m BZyw Bcw`n Xv tim {K v Bbn-cp- p. C v Cu ] Xn B -F-kv-F-kv -_n-sp-]nbn-eqss IqSpX i -ambpw `oj-wambpw \S nem m {ian- p-i-bm-wv C Uy apx-em-fnøw. B -F-kv-F-kns Bi-b-ßƒ \thm- m\ \mb-i- m-cpss BZ i-ßƒ v hncp w 27 Ct mƒ ]mty-]- -Xn-bn thz-k-wn-xhpw `K-h-XvKo-XbpsS `mk-ßfpw thzm- hpw Dƒs -Sp-ØpI-bm-Wv. KpP-dm-Ønepw

28 s{]mhmjv tlmjv a y-{]-tz-inepw AXn\v XpS- -an- p-i-gn- p. KoXbpw cmam-b- Whpw alm-`m-c-xhpw ]mty-]- -Xn-bn Dƒs -Sp-Ø-W-sa v Hcp PUvPnbpw D]-tZin ncn- p- p. F m, bpk-ß-fpss ]g- -ap-f-fxpw Ime-l-c-W-s - -Xp-amb BNm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw A - hn-izm-k-ß-fp-ssbpw a y-im-e-l- -Øn-t -Xmb Ccp- n-s bpw ]nsn-bn-em-bn-cp C Uy kaq-lsø Adn-hns shfn- -Øntebv v B\-bn- -Xv, \thm- m-\-øns ]pe-cn-bn cmpm dmw taml -dmbv Bbn-cp- p-sh v \nßƒ -dn-bmw. At±lw ]d p: Cu cmpysø Ccp- n Xf- n-sp-i-sb- -XmWv {_n ojv \nb-a-\n Ωm-W-k-`-bpsS \b-sa- n, AXn\v G hpw tbmpn H mwv kwkvirx hnzym-`ymk k{º-zm-bw. F m, Xt±iob P\-X-bpsS ]ptcm-k-xn-bmwv Kh-s ns Dt±iyw F - Xn-\m Kh-s v, KWn-Xhpw {]IrXn XØz-Nn- bpw ck-x- { hpw ico-c-l-s-\m-im-kv{xhpw, H w D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-amb a v imkv{x-ßfpw, Dƒs -Sp- Xpw IqSp-X DZm-c-hp-amb Hcp t_m[- \-k-{º-zm-bsø t{]m m-ln- n- pw. ImWp hkvxp- ƒs m pw bym -Øn-ep \ne-\n-ev]n-s v ]Tn- n- p thzm XØz-Øn-eqsS bphm- ƒ kaq-l-ønse sa -s AwK-ß-fm-bn-Øo-cp-I-bp-an-. Kh-s v, C Uy-bn \ne-\n- p-h-cp Xc-Øn-ep hn m\w ]I p \ Ip- -Xn-\mbn lnµp ]fin- p-i-fpss Iogn kwkvirxw kviqfp-iƒ XpSßp- -Xm-bmWv Ct mƒ ImWp- -Xv. c m-bncw sim w apºv Adn-bm-am-bn-cp Imcy-ßƒ, Dulm-t]m-l-ßƒ \S-Øp- -Xn ka -cmb Nne ]n osv krjvsn hy hpw A -iq- \y-hp-amb hymjym-\ßƒ kln-xw, BWv AhnsS hnzym n- Iƒ v e`n- m t]mip- -Xv. 4 cmpm dmwtamls hm p-i-fm- Wn-h. At±lw kwkvir-xhpw thzm- hpw ]Tn- n- p- -Xn\v FXn-cm-bn-cp- p-sh- mwv CXv hy -am- p- -Xv. B -F-kv-Fkv- -_n-sp-]n-bpss A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ cmpm dmw-tamls ]mt-ßƒs -Xn-cm-Wv. dmwtamls Imev]m-Sp-Isf ]n p-s mwv hnzymkm-k h -Xv. hnzym-km-k GXm\pw Nph-Sp-Iƒ IqSn apt m ph psim v Cßs\ ]d p: Nne Imc-W-ß-fm... kwkvir-x-tim-tf-pn thzm- hpw kmwjyhpw XpS pw ]Tn- n- m \mw _m y-ÿ-cm-wv. F m, thzm- hpw

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 29 kmwjyhpw sx mb XØz-Nn- m-]- -Xn-I-fm-sW Xv Ct mƒ \nkvx -amb Imcy-am-Wv. 5 t\m q, hnzym-km-k ]d- Xv thz-ßfpw thzm- hpw sx mb Zm i-\ni ] -Xn-I-fm-Wv F -m-wv. Ah ]Tn- n- m At±-l-Øn\v Xmev]-cy-ap- m-bncp- n-. ]s, AXn-\-t±lw \n - n-x-\m-hp-i-bm-bn-cp- p. {iocma-irjvw ]c-a-lw-k hnzym-km-k-dns ho n sn v At±-lsØ BZ-cn- n- p- v. hnth-im-\-µ\v hnzym-km-k-dn-t\msv AKm-[-amb BZ-c-hp- m-bn-cp- p. ]q t - y-bn Xm Dƒs ss-bp bphm- ƒ H -S w hnzym-km-k-dn \n v {]tnm-z-\- apƒs m- -h-cm-sw v hnth-im-\-µ Xs ]d n p v. hnzym-km-k thz- -th-zm- ßsf sx mb XØz-Nn- m-]- - XnIƒ- F v hnti-jn- n- n- p Imcyw hnth-im-\-µ\v Adnbm-am-bn-cp- p. hnzym-km-k \nco-iz-c-hm-zn-bm-bn-cp- p-sh pw hnth-im-\-µ\v Adnbmambn-cp- p. thzm- hpw kmwjyhpw sx mb XØz-Nn- m-]- -Xn-I-fm-sW- pw, ax-]-c-amb Bi-bßƒ sx m-sw- p-am-bn-cp p hnzym-km-k-dns A`n-{]m-bw. At±lw ]d p: thzhpw thzm- hpw sx mb XØz-Nn- m- ]- -Xn-I-fm-sW v a\- n-em- m hnzym n-isf klmbn p bqtdm-]y XØz-Nn Ahsc ]Tn- n- -Ww. 33 At±lw ]d-bp-i-bp- mbn: kwkvirxw timgvkns `mk-ambn Ah (th-zm- hpw kmwjyhpw ]cn-`m-j-i ) ]Tn- n- ptºmƒø-s, Ah-bpsS kzm[o-\-øn\v ]cn-lm-c-ap- m- p- - Xn-\p-th- n, Cw o-jvtim-gvkns `mk-ambn icn-bmb XØz-Nn sim v \mw Ahsb FXn p-ibpw thww...- C Uy-bnse ]Tn- p- -h-cp-ss-bn-s-bn-ep A -hn-izm-k-ßƒ Atd-_y-bnse Jeo-^-bp-tS-Xn-s\- mƒ H pw Ipd- hb F v ]d-tb n hcp- -Xn F\n v e -bp- v. Ah-cpsS imkv{x-ßƒ F mw k - -cmb Ejn-am-cn \n v DS-se-Sp-Ø-h-bm-sW- pw, AXn- \m Ah-bn Hcp sx pw D m-hpi km y-a-s pw Ah hniz-kn- p- p. 5 Cß-s\-bmWv hnzym-km-k ax-{k-ÿ-ßƒs - Xnsc ]d- -Xv. At±lw ]d p: _wkm-fnbpw Cw ojpw Cu c v `mj-ifpw Adn-bp- -h-cpw, AtXkabwXs ax-]- c-amb ap hn-[n-i-fn \n v ap n t\sn-b-h-cp-amb A ym-]- Isc \ap- m-h-iy-ap v. 6

30 s{]mhmjv tlmjv CXmWv ]fin v Cuiz-c-N{µ hnzym-km-k. At±lw Xs \mev ]mt-]p-kvx-i-ßƒ cnn- n- p- v. sszh-sø- p-dn- p-ff Hcp N bpw B ]pkvx-i-ß-fn-en-. At±lw sszh-øn hnizkn n-cp- n-. At±lw D]-tZ-in p: `qan-im-kv{xw, Ncn-{Xw, Poh- N-cn-{Xw, KWn-Xw, Pyman-Xn, {]IrXn XØz-Nn-, A imkv{xw, ico-c-[ Ω-imkv{Xw F n-h-bmwv ]Tn- n-t - -Xv. 6 Cu cmpysø F m alm- mcpw BcpsS apºn-emtwm AXym- Z-c-]q w inc v \an- n-cp- Xv B hnzym-km-k-dns ImgvN- msv CØ-c-Øn-em-bn-cp p. C Uy \thm- m-\-øns \mb-i- m-cm-bn-cp dmwtaml\pw Cuiz-c-N{µ hnzym-km-kdpw ax-hn- Zym-`ym-ksØ FXn p-i-bpw, {]IrXn XØz-Nn- -bp-ssbpw imkv{x-]-t-\-øn-s bpw {]m[m\yw Du n- -d-bp-ibpw snbvxncp- p-sh v ImWm Ignbpw. ]s, tim {K v AXn\v t\sc hn]-co-x-am-bmwv {]h Øn- -Xv. Ct mƒ B -F-kv- Fkpw _nsp-]nbpw tim {K- ns sx mb \ne-]m-sn\v IqSp- X hym]vxn \ Ip-I-bm-Wv. cho-{µ-\myv SmtKm Hcp hnizm-kn-bm-bn-cp- p-sh- n t mepw At±lw Cßs\ ]d p: axw \ Ip anyym-t_m[w a\pjys ssnx\yw sisp-øp- p. AXv Ahs _p nsb c - Ønepw amwk-ønepw Aen- p-tn A -iq-\yhpw PUhp-amb s]cp-am -Øns si p-]m-sp-i-fn s -Sp-Øp- p. _p n _ -\-ÿ-am-bn-cn- p- n-søv a\p-jyxzw srcn- -a Ø-s - Sp p. AØ-c-Øn-ep `mky-lo-\-amb cmpyøv `uxn-ihpw am\-kn-ihpw cmjv{so-b-hp-amb F m Zu `m-ky-ßfpw hni-zo- IcWan- m-sxbpw ÿmbn-bmbpw \ne\n p- p. 7 ic-xvn{µ Nm Pn ]d p: Hcp ax-{k-ÿ-øn\pw A{]-am-Zn-Xz-ap- m-hpi km y-a-. thzhpw ax-{k-ÿ-am-wv. AXn-\m AXnepw A_- -ßƒ v Hcp Ipd-hp-an-... F m ax-ßfpw I]-S-amWv {]mir- X-bp-K-ß-fnse A -hn-izm-k-ßƒ. a\p-jy-cm-insb kw_- n- n-s-tøm-fw, AXnepw henb i{xp-hn-... a\p-jy GsX- nepw {]txyi cmpyøns khn-ti-j-amb ]mc-º-cy-øn\pth n krjvsn- -s - -h-\-. a\p-jy aqe-amwv ]mc-ºcy khn-ti-j- X-Iƒ hne-a-xn- -s -Sp- -Xv. B ]mc-ºcyw C v a\p-jy-cmin v KpW-I-c-amtWm F -XmWv ImX-emb {]iv\w. AsXm-

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... gnsi as mw A -amb anyym-[m-c-w-i-fm-wv. a\p-jys ]mc- ºcyw a\p-jy-s\- mƒ hep-x-. AXv ad- p-tºmƒ \ap v a\pjy-s\bpw \jvs-s -Sp- p, Ahs ]mc-º-cy-søbpw \jvss -Sp- p. 8 B \mfp-i-fnse \thm- m-\-øns [oc-amb i_vzam-wn-xv. F m tim {K pw AtXt]mseXs B -F-kv- Fkpw _nsp-]n-bpw, Hcp ^mknãv at\m-l-s\ krjvsn- p- - Xn\p th n, Cu alm- m-cmb \thm- m\ \mbi- m-cpss Nn -Isf FXn p-i-bm-wv. kp`mjvn{µ t_m-kv ]d- Xv 31 C\n Rm as mcp kw`hw ]d-bmw. c mw temi-bp- -Øn\v sxm p-ap-ºmbn kp`m-jvt_mkv C Uy hnsp- -Xn\v apºv At±lw ho p-x-s- -en-em-bn-cp- p. AXn\v apºv Ben- q Pbnenepw. Pbn-en h v Nne Bh-iy-ß-fp- bn- p-sim v At±lw acww hsc \ncm-lm-c-k-acw Bcw-`n- p. {_n o-jp- Im Xs Bh-iy-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn- p-i-bn F m-bn-cp p At±lw hnnm-cn- n-cp- -Xv. AXn-\m, Xm\pw PXn Zm-kn-s\- t mse c -km- nxzw hcn- pi F -Xm-bn-cp p At±-l- Øns Xocp-am-\w. B \mfp-i-fn At±lw c v tej-\-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-I-bp- m-bn. Xs ]m n-bpss {]h Ø-I p \n t±i-am-bn-cp p AXn-sem- v. at Xv C Uy-bnse bph-p-\- ßƒ p am -\n t±-i-hpw. kp`m-jvt_mkv BZy-\m-fp-I-fn thzm- -hn-izm-knbmbn-cp psh v Nq n- m-wn- m Rm\m- {K-ln- p- p. At±lw hnth-im-\-µs Bi-b-ß-fn-tebv v hfsc-tbsd BIr-jvS-\m-bn-cp- p. `uxn-i-hm-z-øn At±lw hniz-kn- n-cp- n-. F m, ]n m-eøv At±lw slk-enb Zzµz-hm-Z-Øns `mk-tøbv v {ItaW Nmbp-I-bp- m-bn. At±lw FgpXn-: {]Xn`m-k-ß-fp-tS-Xmb temi-øns kz`mhw Fs {]iv\sø kw_- n- n-s-tøm-fw, imkv{xw Ct mfw shfn-s -Sp-Ønb Imcy-ßƒ IW- n-se-sp- p-i-bpw, Xpd a\- t m-sp-iq-sn-bp-ff Hcp kao-]\w kzoi-cn- p-ibpw snøp- -XmWv \ -Xv. imkv{xw apt -dp- -Xn-\-\p-k-cn v IqSp-X shfn w e`n- p-sa- p-d- mwv. AtXka-bw-X-s, `uxn-i-hm-z-øns

32 s{]mhmjv tlmjv ]gb [mcw ]q Æ-ambpw XI n-cn- p- p-sh v \mw Hm - Ww. AXv, Hcp-h-iØv imkv{xob Kth-j-W-ß-fp-sSbpw adph-iøv Zm i-\n-i-amb bp n-hn-nm-c-øn-s bpw k -ev]-ßfpssbpw B{I-a-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-bn-cp- p. 9 BZy-Im-eØv At±lw `uxn-i-hm-z-øn hniz-kn- n-cp- n F v CXv ImWn- p- p. F m `uxn-i-hm-z-øn-ep-ff At±-l-Øns hnizmk-cm-lnxyw sx m-bn-cp- p-sh- v, imkv{xo-b-amb I p-]n-sn-øß-fp-ssbpw bp n-nn- -bp-ssbpw shfn- -Øn ]n osv sxfnbn- -s - p-sh- pw. C Uy-bnse bph-p-\-x-bv v, sndp- -Øn X\n v kw`-hn- -Xp-t]mse sx p-]- -cpxv F v Icp-Xn-bmWv At±lw Cu hcn-iƒ Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. ilozv `K-XvknwKv bph-p-\- ßsf ax-øns kzm[o-\-øn \n v tamnn- n- p- - Xn\pth n, Rms\mcp \nco-iz-c-hm-zn-bm-wv, F p-sim v? F IrXn cnn- p-i-bp- m-bn. `KXvknwKv Igp-a-c-Øn-te-dp- - Xn\p apºv {]mb-amb Hcp kl XS-hp-Im-c At±-lsØ D]tZin- p: Xm ƒ C{Xbpw \mƒ sszh-øn hniz-kn- n-cp- n. Ct mƒ, Igp-a-c-Øn-te-dp- -Xn\v apºv Zb-hmbn KoX hmbn- p-i. `K-XvknwKv ]p n-cn-tbm-sp-iqsn adp-]sn ]d p: Fs KoX alm-\mb se\ns IrXn-IfmWv. AXv Rm hmbn- p-ign- p. _nsp]n ]d-bp- Xpw snøm Xp\n-bp- -Xp-amb Imcyßƒ dmwtaml\pw hnzym-km-kdpw cho-{µ-\myv SmtKmdpw ic-xvn-{µ-nm- Pnbpw kp`m-jv-n{µt_mkpw `K-XvknwKpw ]d- -Xn\v XnI pw hn]-co-x-am-bxp-sim- mwv Rm CsX mw Nq n- m- p- -Xv. At mƒ CXn Bsc-bmWv \mw A\p-K-ant - Xv? \nßƒ am Ivkn-k-sØtbm Rß-fpsS ]m nsbtbm kzoi-cn- m B{K-ln- p n-s - n t m-epw, ] na _wkm-fn-se, C Uy-bn-se, ]uc- m-sc \ne-bn Nn n- Ww: Cu alm- msc \ncm-i-cn- n v \mw s]mbvt mb B Ccp-f-S \mfp-i-fn-tebv v as-ßn-t m-i-wtam? thz-ßfpw thzm- hpw a\p-kvar-xnbpw A{]-am-Z-ß-fm-sW v Icp-X-s - n-cp B \mfp- I-fn-tebv v \mw as-ßn-t m-i-wtam? Cu Ime-l-c-W-s Bib-ßƒs -Xn-sc-bmWv dmwtaml\pw hnzym-km-kdpw cho{µ- \mypw ic-xvn-{µ\pw kp`m-jvn-{µ\pw \{kpƒ C mapw t]mcm w \S-Øn-b-Xv. ChnsS \mw GXv am w Ah-ew-_n- Ww?

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... B -Fkv-Fkv- -_n-sp]n Cu cmpysø GXv am -Øn-emWv \bn- p-sim- n-cn- p- Xv? ^mknãv Nn -Iƒ v ASn-Ø-d-bn- Sm th n-bp ] -Xn-I-fm-Wn-sX- mw. Cu hnjbw \nßƒ KmV-ambn Nn n- -Ww. BcmWv bym lnµp? hnth-im-\-µ-t\m, B -F-kv-F-kv- -_n-sp-]ntbm? 33 _nsp-]nbpw B -F-kvFkpw kzman hnth-im-\-µs Nn{Xw Ae- -cn- p-h-bv p-i-bpw, hnth-im-\-µs A\p-bm-bn-I-fmbn kzbw Ah-Im-i-s -Sp-Ibpw snøp- p. F m bmym y-sa- mwv? B -F-kvF-kns kn m- -Im-c-\mb tkmƒh FgpXn: AXn-\m, lnµp-ÿm-\nse hntzi hwi- m, H p- In lnµp kwkvim-chpw `mjbpw kzoi-cn- Ww; lnµp-a- XsØ _lp-am-\n- m\pw ` ym-z-c-]q w ImWm\pw ]Tn- Ww; lnµp-hw-i-søbpw kwkvim-c-sø-bpw, AXm-bXv lnµpcm-jv{s-sø, al-xz-h -cn- p- -X- mø bmsxm-cp-hn[ Bibhpw h p-]p-e Øm ]msn- ; lnµp-hw-i-øn ebn- p-tn-cp- -Xn-\mbn Xß-fpsS thdn \ne-\nev]v Dt]- n- -Ww. AXs - n, lnµp-cm-jv{s-øn\v ]q Æ-ambpw Iogvs - v, bmsxm pw Ah-Im-i-s -Sm-sXbpw hnti-jm-h-im-i-ßƒt m {]txy-i-]-cn- K-W-\bvt m t]mis ]ucm-h-im-i-ßƒ p t]mepw Ah-Imi-an- m-sxbpw Cu cmpyøv Pohn- p-sim- -Ww. 10 lnµp- -f- m-ø-h lnµp-a-x-søbpw lnµp-kw-kvim-c-søbpw lnµp-`mj-sbbpw, AXm-bXv kwkvir-x-søbpw, _lp-am-\n- p-sim- Ww F mwv AXn-\ w. As - n Ah v Cu cmpyøv bmsxmcp Ah-Im-ihpw D m-bn-cn- p- -X-. AXmWv B -F-kv-Fkv ta[mhn tkmƒh -dpss Iev]-\. ^mknãv ln vesd cho-{µ-\mypw sf Ão\pw _ Wm-Uv jmbpw sdmsabv tdmf- pw, temisø P\-ß-sfm- m-sibpw A]-e- ]n- -t mƒ tkmƒh ln vesd {]iw-kn- p. At±lw ]d p: hwi-øns ip nbpw kwkvim-chpw ImØp-]pe Øp- -Xn\p th n skan- niv hwi-ß-sf, PqX- m-sc,

34 s{]mhmjv tlmjv \n Ωm \w snbvxv cmpysø ip o-i-cn- -Xn-eqsS P Ω\n temisø sr n- p. hwim-`n-am\w G hpw Db cq]-øn ChnsS {]I-Sn-X-am-bn. kaqew hyxy-kvxx ]pe Øp hwiß-sfbpw kwkvim-c-ß-sf-bpw, F m- n-s\bpw Dƒs m- p GtIm-]n-X-amb Hcp kø-bn-tebv v kzmwio-i-cn- p-i-sb- Xv F{X-am{Xw Akm- y-am-sw pw P Ω\n Im n-ø- p. lnµpÿm-\n-ep \mw a\- n-em- p-ibpw {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw sntø \s mcp ]mt-am-w-xv. 10 ln ve-dpss i_vz-øns ams m-en-bm-wn-xv. C\n, hnth-im-\-µ ]d- -sx-s v t\m mw. At±lw ]d p: {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ _p -a-x- m-cm-hp-itbm, ap o-ßƒ lnµp- -fm-ip-i-tbm, _u - m {InkvXym-\n-I-fm-Ip-Itbm H pw sntø- -Xn-. adn v Cu ax-ß-fn-tem-tcm pw CXc axß-fpss kmcmwiw kzmwio-i-cn- p- -Xn-eqsS ]pjvsn-s - v, AXm-Xns {]Ir-Xa-\p-k-cn pw X\na \ne-\n Ønbpw hf phcpw... thz-ßtfm ss ntfm Jpdmt\m C mø Hcp temiw, F m thz-ß-fp-ssbpw ss n-fn-s bpw Jpdm-s bpw DZv{K- Y-\-Øn-eqsS F m {]hr-øn-ifpw \n -ln- -s -Sp Hcp temiw, Aß-s\-sbmcp L -Øn-tebv v a\p-jy-cm-insb \bn- m-\mwv \mw B{Kln- p- -Xv... \mw F m ax-ß-tfmspw klnjvwpx ]pe ØpI am{x-a-, Ah-sb mw kxy-am-sw v hnizkn- p-ibpw snøp- p. 11,12 At mƒ CXn BcmWv bym lnµp? hnth-im-\-µt\m AtXm B -F-kv-Fkv - _nsp-]ntbm? hnth-im-\-µ Cß-s\bpw ]d p: F\ns mcp ai-\p- m-bn-cp-s - n Ahs\ GIm-{KX ]cn-io-en- n- p-ibpw Hcp JfinI {]m -\bpw at{ m- m-c-w-hp-w ]Tn n- p-ibpw snøpsa- - msx {]txy-in v GsX- nepw ax- ]m-t-ßƒ ]Tn- n- p-am-bn-cp- n-. hf p-h-cp- -X-\p-k-cn- v, ]e A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw D]-tZ-i-ßfpw tiƒ p- -Xn \n v X\n v kxy-sa v t_m y-s -Sp NneXv Ah\v e`n- pw. Htckabw, ]q Æ kzmx-{ y-tøm-ssbpw {]txy-in v Hcp kwl j-hp-an- m-sx-bpw, Fs ai\v _u \pw `mcybv v {InkvXym\nbpw F\n v ap oapw Bbn-cn- m, XnI pw kzm`m-hn-i-am-bn-øs,

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 35 km[n pw. 13 At mƒ \mw hnth-im-\-µs\ lnµp-sh v hnfn- -Wtam AtXm B -F-kv-F-kv- -_n-sp-]nsb lnµp-sh v hnfn- -Wtam F v \nßƒ Xs Nn n- p-i. B -F-kvFkv- -_n-sp]n ]d-bp- -Xv ap ow cmpm- - mcpw N{I-h Øn-amcpw hmfns _e-øn Cu cmpyøv C mw axw {]N-cn- n- p-sh- mwv. F m, hnth-im-\-µ ]d p: ap o-ßƒ C Uy Iog-S- n-btxmss ]mh-ßƒ hntam-n-\- Øns cpnn-b-dn- p. AXp-sIm- mwv Cu cmpysø P\-kw- Jy-bpsS A n-sem v `mkhpw ap o-ß-fm-b-xv. Bbp-[-Øns _ew sim AXv kw`-hn- Xv. Bbp-[-Øn-s bpw \io-i-c- W-{]-hr-Øn-I-fp-sSbpw _e-øn-emwv AXv kw`-hn- -sx v Nn n- p- Xv XnI {`m m-wv. ]mh-ßƒ Pao-µm-c- m-cpssbpw ]ptcm-ln-x- m-cp-ssbpw ]nsn-bn \n p tamn\w B{Kln- n-cp- p. 14 A-[x-ÿnX PmXn- m-cmb ]mh-s lnµp- ƒ lnµp- -fmb Pao-µm-c- m-cp-ssbpw ]ptcm-ln-x- m-cp-ssbpw a ±- \-Øn \n v c -s -Sm th n-bmwv ap o-ß-fm-bxv F w. CXv ]d-bp- Xv km m hnth-im-\-µ. At mƒ BcmWv icn? hnth-im-\-µt\m B -F-kv-Ftkm? hnth-im-\- µs Nn{X-hp-ta n\s- m B -F-kv-F-kn\v Fs - nepw [m Ωn-Im-h-Im-i-apt m? _nsp]n t\xm- ƒ Ncn-{X-kvam-c-I-am-bn-cp _m_vdn akvpnzv XI Øp. Xmen-_m Im A^vLm-\n-ÿm-\nse _p - {]-Xn-a-Iƒ XI Ø-Xn\v Xpeyw lo\-amb \S-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp p AXv. _m_vdn akvpn-zn Bcpw {]m \ \S-Øn-bn-cp n. {]txy-in v Bcpw D]-tbm-Kn- msx InS- n-cp ]gb Hcp si n- S-am-bn-cp p AXv. ]pcm-w-ønse km -ev]ni IYm-]m-{X-amb cmas t]cn-ep hnimcw IpØn-s m n _nsp-]n- -B -F-kv- Fkv B si nsw CSn- p-\n-c-øn. sxc-s Sp n thm v t\spi F e yw am{x-am-bn-cp p AXn\p ]n n. apºpw Rßƒ Ah-tcmSv tnmzn- n- p Hcp tnmzyw Bh Øn- -s : ssnx- \y lnµp-hm-bn-cp- pthm? cma-ir-jvw-]-c-a-lw-k lnµp-hmbn-cp- pthm? hnth-im-\-µ lnµp-hm-bn-cp- pthm? Ah v _m_vdn akvpn-zn-s\- - nbpw AXns Ncn-{X-sØ- - nbpw Adn-

36 s{]mhmjv tlmjv bp-am-bn-cp- nt? ]s, Ah Hcn- epw lnµp- -tfmsv _m_vdn akvpnzv XI Øv X ÿm-\øv cma-t {Xw \n Ωn- -W-sa v Blzm\w snbvxn- n-. B -F-kv-F-kv- -_n-sp]n \pw-{]-nmcww \SØn B Ncn-{X-kvam-cIw XI p-ibpw h o-b- Iem]w Agn- p-hn-sp-ibpw snbvxxv thm n\p th n am{x-ambn-cp- p. cma-irjvw ]c-a-lw-k Xs Hcp ap ow-]- n-bn \a-kvi-cn- p-ibpw {InkvXy ] n-bn {]m n- p-ibpw snbvxn- p-s v Ah -dn-bmtam? t {X-sØ- n hnth-im- \-µ FgpXn: Imin-bn-sebpw hrµm-h-\-øn-sebpw t {X- IhmS-ßƒ AS pw Xpd pw Zi-e- - -W- n\v cq]-bmwv snehn-sp- -Xv. Hcn- sszhw hkv{xw am p- p, as m-cn- tnmdpæp- p, As - n a n-i-fmb kv{xoi-fpss ]p{x- msc iim-cn- p- p. AtX kabw Poh\p sszh-ßƒ ` -Whpw hkv{x-hp-an- msx acn- p-i-bm-wv. 15 ]mh-ßƒ ` -Whpw hkv{x-hp-an- msx \c-in- p-tºmƒ ` - m-sc v ]d-bp- -h Aº-e-ßƒ ]Wn-bp-Ibpw hn{k-l-ßsf kz Æm-`-c-W-ßƒ Nm Øn Ae- -cn- p-ibpw snøp- -Xn-s\-bmWv At±lw hna - in- p- -Xv. adp-h-iøv, Pohn- n-cn- p sszh-ßƒ AXm-bXv a\p-jy, ` -W-an- msx acn- p- p-sh pw AXv A]-am-\-Ic-am-sW pw At±lw Nq n- m- p- p. At±lw ]d- -sxs v Rm B -F-kv-F-kv- -_n-sp]n t\xm- sf Hm Ω-s - Sp-Øs : BZyw ` -Ww. AXn\p tijw axn axw... `mc-xo-bs\- -, GsX- n-ep-samcp a\pjy Fhn-sS-sb- nepw ] nwn InS- p- n-s-tømfw Imew Abmƒ v ` Ww simsp- p-i-sb- -Xm-bn-cn pw Fs Htc-sbmcp axw. Cu cmpyøv Hcp \mbsb nepw ` -W-an- msx Ign-bp- n-s-tømfw Imew, Ahbv v Blmcw simsp- pi F Xv am{x-am-bn-cn pw Fs axw. 16 Cu hnth-im-\-µ-s\- n B -F-kv-F-kv- -_n-sp]n t\xm- ƒ v F mwv ]d-bm-\p- Xv? Cß-s\-sbmcp hnth-im-\- µs\ Ah v ]cn-n-b-apt m? \Ωƒ hnth-im-\-µs\ _lpam-\n- p- p. At±lw thzm- -Øn-emWv hniz-kn- n-cp- -Xv. \mw hniz-kn- p- Xv am Ivkn-k-Ønepw. C m-cy-øn At±-lhpw \Ωfpw XΩn auen-i-amb hyxym-kap vv. F n-cp- mepw, At±lw alm-\m-bn-cp- p. At±lw thm ns cmjv{sobøn

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 37 G s -Sp-Itbm Im]Syw h p-]p-e Øp-Itbm snbvxn-. bym cmpy-kvt\ln Bcv F tnmzyw At±lw D -bn p. At±-l-Øns `mj-bn : P\-ßƒ \q m- p-i-fmbn A ] n-wn- m-cmbn Pohn- p- p. hnzym-hnlo-\-x-bpss Im ta-lßƒ C Uysb aqsn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-sw v \nßƒ a\- n-em- p- pt m? Cu Nn -Iƒ \nßsf Akz-ÿ-cm- p- pt m, \nß-fpss Dd w sisp-øp- pt m? Cu Nn -Iƒ \nß-fpss c -Øn Cgp-In-t v knc-i-fn-eqss Hgp-Ip pt m? CsXms \nßsf kw_- n- n-s-tømfw {`m p-]n-sn- n- p Nn -IfmtWm? cmpy-kvt\-lnbmip -Xns BZy Nph-Sp-hbv]v CXm-Wv. 17 C v A[n-ImcØnen-cn- p B F-kv-Fkv _nsp]n t\xm- ƒ v Cu hnth-im-\-µs\ Adn-bptam? hnthim-\-µs hy n-xz-øn c v hn]-cox hi-ßfp mbncp- p. Hcp-h-i-Øv, At±lw Hcp Bflo-b-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp- p, thzm -hn-izm-kn. adp-h-iøv At±lw C Uy tzio-b-hn-imcsø DW Ønb hy n-bp-am-bn-cp- p. hnth-im-\-µs tziob-hm-z-øn-s bpw GsX- nepaf-hn At±lw Db -Øn- nsn am\-h-hmz aqey-ß-fp-ssbpw t]cn- \mw hnth-im-\-µs\ BZcn p-ibpw Hcp alm-s\ \ne-bn Db Øn- n-sn- p-ibpw snøp p. tzio-b-hm-zn-bmb hnth-im-\-µ bym -Øn \ne\n p Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-s bpw a ±-\-Øn-s bpw hnzym-hnlo-\-x-bp-ssbpw t]cn ITn-\-ambn ZpxJn- p-ibpw Ah-bvs - Xnsc i_vz-ap-b Øp-Ibpw snbvx-t mƒ, At±lw hniz-kn- ncp Bflo-b-hm-Z-]-c-amb thzm- -Z i\w, hkvxp-\n-jvttemiw anyy-bm-wv, ]c-am-flmhv AYhm {_lvaw am{x-amwv kxy-w F p ]d-bp- p. hkvxp-\n-jvt-temiw bym -Øn \ne-\nev]n- mø anyy am{x-amwv F t{x Cu Bi-b-Øns A w. P\-ß-fpsS bmx-\-ifpw IjvS- m-sp-ifpw F p ]dbp- Xpw anyy-bm-sw- mwv AXns A w. C{Xbpw alm\mb Hcp hy n v Xs Pohn-X-Øn kw`-hn thz\m- I-c-amb Zpc- -am-w-xv. ]s, hnth-im-\-µs Cu hm p-iƒ At±-l-Øns al- Xz-sa-s v shfn-s -Sp-Øp- p: timsn- -W- n\v hcp

38 s{]mhmjv tlmjv C Uy- m Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-s bpw A -X-bp-sSbpw A -Im-c- Øn Ign-bp- n-s-tømfw Imew, Zcn-{Zcpw A -cp-amb B P\-k- -b-øns sne-hn hnzym-`ymkw t\sp-ibpw F m Ahsc Xncn- p-t\m- mxn-cn- p-ibpw snøp hsc Rm cmpy-t{zm-ln-i-fmbn IW- m- pw... Ccp-]Xv timsn hcp C Uy- m hni- p ark-ß-sf-t mse Pohn- p ImetØm-fw, B \n -lm-bsc ]ngn- q- p ]Ww sim v kpjtem-ep-]-amb PohnXw \bn- p kº- sc Rm ]m]n-ifmb sxωm-sn-iƒ F v hnfn- pw. 18,19 hnth-im-\-µs Cu \nco- -W-Øns shfn- -Øn, cmpy-kvt\-ln-ifpw P\-t a-x-ev]-c-cp-ambn \Sn- p C sø t\xm- sf \mw F p hnfn- Ww! am Ivkn-Ãp-I-sf \ne-bn Rßƒ v, s]mbvt mb bpk-ß-fnse alm- m-cpss Bi-bßfp-ambn hntbm- Pn- p- v. F nepw Ah-cpsS kz]v\-ß-sfbpw, a ±nx P\-XtbmSv Ah ]pe Øn-bn-cp klm-\p-`q-xn-sbbpw Rßƒ AXym-Z-c-]q w ho n- p- p. Rßƒ Ahsc BZ-cn- p- psh p am{x-a-, Ah Pohn- n-cp ÿe-im-e-ß-fpss ] m- Ø-e-Øn Ahsc hne-a-xn- m\pw {ian- p- p. am Ivknkw am{x-amwv axøns Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ÿm\-sa-s v icn-bmbn Nq n- m- n-bxv axm-nm-cy- msc Rßƒ BZ-cn- p- p-sh v Iq n-t m Rm\m-{K-ln- p- p. Cu hnj-b-øn am Ivkn-Ãp-I-sf- n sx mb Hcp [mcw ]c- n- p- v. axw AXns ImeØv ]ptcm- K-a-\-]-c-amb ] v hln- n- p v F -XmWv Rß-fpsS A`n- {]m-bw. Nne ax-ßƒ kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-k-xn- p-th n t]mcm- w Xs \S-Øn-bn- p- v. F m, hnzq-c-`q-x-im-eøv kaq-l-øn sszhw F k ev]w D m-bn-cp- n-. Ncn-{X-hn-i-I-e-\-Øns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn am Ivknkw Ak-µn-Kv -ambn ÿm]n- n- p Imcy-am-W-Xv. B U-am Zzo]p-I-fn Ptdmh F -dn-b-s -Sp Hcp BZna tkm{x-h sø ImWmw. Ah v hkv{xw [cn- m-\-dn-bn-, kzim-cy-kz-øn-, hotsm IpSpw-_tam H p-an-.

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 39 Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bn D -hcpw C m-ø-hcpw C, `c-wm-[n-im-cn- I-fp-an-. Ah sszh-øn hniz-kn- p- n-, ax-]-c-amb A\pjvTm-\-ßfpw h p-]p-e Øp- n-. am Ivknkw Nq n- m- n-bn- p BZn-a-bp-K-Ønse a\p-jys kz`mhw CXm-bn-cp- p. C\n hnth-im-\-µs IrXn-I-fn \n v Nne hcn-iƒ Rm hmbn- mw. hnth-im-\-µs\ A -ambn ]n p-s-cp A\p-bmbn-Iƒ v Cu hcn-iƒ ckn-s - p-h-cn-. Fs - m, ChnsS hnth-im-\-µ Xs -bmwv Ahsc Ipg- -Øn-em- p- -Xv. hnth- Im-\-µ 1897 Xs emtlm {]kw-k-øn Cßs\ ]d p: {]] kxyw txsn _mly-{]-ir-xn-bn \S-Ønb Xnc- n-em-bn-cp p BZy-tØ-Xv. Pohn-X-Ønse {]iv\-ßƒ v ]Zm -tem-iøp\n v DØcw Is -Øm-\p {ia-am-bn-cp p AXv. 25 hnth-im-\-µ Xs ]d-bp-i-bm-wv, a\p-jys BZysØ Nn Cu `uxn-i-tem-isø ti{µo-i-cn- p- -Xm-bncp- p-sh- v. AXmWv hnth-im-\-µs alxzw. At±lw Ncn- {X-kXyw AwKo-I-cn- p. a\p-jy-n-cn-{x-øn axw hln ]s -s v icn-bmbn Nq n- m- n-bn- p- Xv am Ivknkw am{x-am-wv. BZna kaq-l- Øn axw D m-bn-cp- n-. ASn-aØ kaq-l-øn, a ±-I\pw a ±n-x-\pw, `cn- p- -h\pw `cn- -s -Sp- -h\pw, F p hn`- P\w \ne-hn h n-cp kaq-l-øn, BWv axw DS-se-Sp- Ø-Xv. Cu hnj-b-øn am Ivkv Ncn-{X-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp \nco- Ww \S-Øn-bn- p- v. At±lw ]d p: ax-]-c-amb ZpxJw AtXkabwXs bym ZpxJ-Øns {]Im-i-\-am-Wv. bym ZpxJ-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]Xn-tj-[hpw IqSn-bm-W-Xv. axw a ±nx Pohn-bpsS \nizm-k-am-wv, lrz-b-iq-\y-amb temi-øns lrz-b-am-wv, Bflm-hn- mø kml-n-cy-ß-fpss Bflm-hm-Wv. 24 DZbw snbvxp-h ImesØ axsø F{X-am{Xw axn-t m-sp- Iq-Sn-bmWv am Ivkv I n-cp- -sx v Cu hm p-iƒ hy -am- p- p. B bpk-øn, a ±n-x-cmb ASn-a-I-fpsS thz-\bnepw hnem]-ønepw a\- -en Hcp]nSn Nn -I- m Db p-h p. Ah ]d p: kaq-l-øns \mb-i-ÿm-\øv kaq-lsø `cn- m Hcp bp-am-\ D -Xp-t]m-se, Cu {]]- -Øn-s -

40 s{]mhmjv tlmjv bmsi bp-am-\-\m-bn, `c-wm-[n-im-cn-bmbn Hcm-fp- v. At±-l- Øns B -b-\p-k-cn- mwv F pw kw`-hn- p- -Xv. F mhcpw B k -i- -\mb sszh-øns a -fm-sw v Ah ]d- p. ASn-abpw DS-abpw sszh-øns a -fm-wv. AXn-\m kaq-l-øn F mw \S-t - Xv sszh-øns C -b-\p-kcn mwv. `c-wm-[n-im-cn-ifpw AXv ]men-t - -Xm-Wv. A meøv, a\ v F m-wv, Nn F m-wv, Fß-s\-bmWv \mw Nn n- p- Xv XpS-ßnb tnmzy-ßƒs m pw imkv{xo-b-amb DØcw D m-bn-cp- n-. A Xv km y-hp-am-bn-cp- n-. AXn\pw F{Xtbm Ime-Øn\p tij-amwv am Ivkn-kw, imkv{xsø ASn-ÿm-\-s -SpØn Cu tnmzy-ßƒs mw DØcw \ InbXv. a\p-jys Xe-t mdpw _mly-tem-ihpw XΩn-ep sshcp- y-øn-eq-ss-bmwv Nn DS-se-Sp- p- -sx v am Ivknkw Nq n- m-wn- p. `uxni kml-n-cy-ß-fn-ep- m-ip am -Øn-\-\p-kcn v Nn bpw amdp- p. F m, A sø ImesØ Nn -I- m Icp-Xn-bXv k -i- -\mb sszh-amwv Xß-sf-s m v Nn n- n- p- -sx- m-bn-cp- p. sszh-øns hn`m-h-\-amwv Nn F m-bn-cp p hnizm-kw. AXn-\m, kaq-l-øns t a-sø- n Ah-cpsS a\- n DZbw snbvx Nn -Iƒ sszh-øn \n v kn n- p- -Xm-sW v Ah Icp-Xn. Ahsc kw_- n- n-s-tømfw Ah sszh-øns Iev]-\-I-fm-bn-cp- p. axw F [mcw temi-øp- m-ip- -X-ß-s\-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm- mwv alm-\mb FwK kv {InkvXp-a-X-sØ- n Cßs\ ]d- Xv: {InkvXp-a-Xhpw sxmgn-em-fn-h tkmjy-en-khpw, c pw, _ -\-Øn \n pw Zpcn-X-ß-fn \n p-ap tamn\w hcpw F v DZvtLm-jn- p- p. Pohn-X-Øn\pw A p-d-øv, ac-wm-\- cw kz -Øn, Cu tamn\w hcpw F mwv {InkvXp-aXw ]d-bp- -Xv. Cu temiøv Xs, kaq-l-øns ]cn-h Ø-\- Øn-eq-sS, AXv ssih-cp-sa v tkmjy-enkw ]d-bp- p. 20 At±lw ]d- Xv {InkvXp-a-X-sØ- - n-bmsw- nepw F m axß-sfbpw Dt±-in- n-cp- p. kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjpw Cßs\ A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp-I-bp- mbn:...-{in-kvxp-axw Gh-cp-sSbpw kaxzw DZvtLm-jn- p. AX-\p-k-cn- v, ASn-a-I-fpsS ta a ±\w \S- Øp DS-a-Iƒ sszth- -bvs -Xn-sc-bmWv {]h Øn- p- -sx v

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 41 hcpw. AXn-\m ASn-a-Isf ]oun- n- p- Xv {InkvXp-aX XØzß-fpsS ewl-\-am-ip- p. Cu ho -W-tIm-Wn \n v t\m ptºmƒ, {InkvXp-aXw DS-a-I-fpsS A\o-Xn pw a ±-\-Øn-\p-sa- Xnsc t]mcm w kwl-sn- n- m Hcp {]Im-c-Øn ASn-a-Isf klm-bn psh pw, B A -Øn A v kmaqly-]p-tcm-k- Xnsb klm-bn- p-sh pw ImWm _p nap- n-. C m-ans A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Imcyhpw CXn\v kam-\-am-wv...- km-aq-ly-hn- Im-k-Øns Hcp {]txyi L -Øn, [m Ωn-I- -ss\-xni [mc- W-Ifpw aqey-t_m-[hpw icn- -sx- p-i-sf- - n-bp [mc-wbpw a p- -h v tkh\w snøm\pw Bscbpw shdp- m-xn-cn- m- \p-ap at\m-`m-hhpw hf Øn-sb-Sp- m klm-bn- Xv ax-amsw Imcyw Hm -Ww. X ^-e-ambn, kaq-l-øn\v si pd pw sfiyhpw {]Zm\w snøm klm-bn Hcp A -S- t_m[w hf p-h- p. Cu A -Ønepw axw kmaq-ly-]ptcm-k-xn-bn ] v hln- n- p- v. 21 Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Øn Rßƒ axm-nm-cy- msc BZ-cn- p-ibpw _lp-am-\n- p-ibpw snøp p. ]Xn-\mdpw ]Xn-t\gpw ]Xn-s\ pw \q m- p-i-fn, bqtdm- ]y \thm- m-\-øns Ime-Øv, _q jzm Nn -I- m-cmwv, A v Db ph-cn-i-bm-bn-cp _q jzm-kn-bpss Xmev]- cym w, BZyw ax-øn-s\-xnsc B{I-aWw \S-Øn-b-sX v \nß-fn ]e pw Adn-bp-Ibn mbn-cn- mw. _q jzmkn Xebp-b Øn-h-cp ka-b-am-bn-cp p AXv. P n-øsø \njvimk\w snbvxv Db p-h- p-sim- n-cp- Xpw ]ptcm-k-a-\-kz-`mh-ap- -Xp-amb i n-bm-bn-cp p A v apx-em-fn-øw. P n-ø- Øn cmpmhns\ sszh-øns {]Xn-]p-cp-j-\m-bmWv I n-cp- -Xv. ss n-fns hmgvn sszh-øns hmgvn-bm-sw- m-bncp p hnizm-kw. _q jzmkn imkv{xsø Bbp-[-am- ns m v P n-ø-øn-s\-xnsc \S-Ønb t]mcm- -Øn _q jzm am\-h-hm-zn-iƒ ax-øn-s\-xnsc B{IaWw Agn- p-hn- p. t_, kv]nt\m-k, lyqw, Im v, t^mb _mlv XpS-ßnb Nn -I- m axsø Ncn-{X-Øns A]-{`wiw F mwv hntijn- n- -Xv.- A-h ax-øns ] v Fs v icn-bmbn hne-bn-cp- Øn-bn-. Ahsc kw_- n- n-s-tømfw axw Ncn-{X-Øns

42 s{]mhmjv tlmjv A]{`wiw As - n hf-s m-sn- Bbn-cp- p. AXn-\m Ah axsø hen-s -dn-bm Blzm\w snbvxp. AXn \n v hyxy-kvx-ambn am Ivkn-kw, ax-øn\v Ncn-{X-Øn Hcp ÿm\- ap-s - pw, Hcp {]txyi Ncn-{X-L- -Øn AXv ]ptcm-k-a-\-]- c-amb ] v hln- n-cp- p-sh pw AwKo-I-cn- p- p. ]s, C sø temi-øns {]iv\-ß-fn H n-s\- nepw ]cn-lmcw ImWm ax-øn\v km[n- ptam? hne- -b- w, sxmgn-en- m-bva, Zmcn-{Zyw, \ymb-amb Iqen e`n- m-bvi, \nip-xnifp-ssbpw Nm p-i-fp-ssbpw -h -\-hv, kv{xoiƒs -Xn-cmb AXn-{I-a-ßƒ, apx-em-fnø Nqj-Ww, km{am-pyxz IS- m-{i-aww F nh t]mse, C sø Pohn- XsØ Ae- p \odp {]iv\-ß-sf kw_- n v cmam-b-w- Øntem alm-`m-c-x-øntem KoX-bntem ss n-fntem Jpdm- \ntem Fs - nepw ]d-bp- pt m? C. \ymb-øn-s bpw kxy-øn-s bpw am w ]n p-s-cww F p-am-{xta Fgp-Xn-bn- p- p. ]s, Hcp {]txyi Ncn-{XL Øn, icn-sx- p-i-fpssbpw kxym-k-xy-ß-fp-ssbpw {]iv\w \n Æ-bn- -s -ts- Xv B {]txyi Ime-L- -Øns Bh-iy-I-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\- ØnemWv. CXmWv ax-øns ]cn-an-xn. ax-hn-izm-kn-i-fp-ambn Rßƒ v Hcp {]iv\-hp-an-. hne- -b- w, ]ncn- p-hn-s, kv{xo]o-u-\w, hnzym-`ymk Ah-k-c-\n-tj-[w, azy-øn-s bpw ab- p-a-cp- n-s bpw hym]-\w, Agn-aXn XpS-ßnb hn\-iƒs Xncmb ka-c-øn Ah v Rß-fp-ambn kl-i-cn- mw. F m a-x-ß-fn-sebpw hnizm-kn-iƒ v apt m- p-h-cmw. Ahtchcp-ambpw kl-i-cn v t]mcm-sm Rßƒ v km[n- pw. A`n{]m-b-hy-Xymkw Fhn-sS-bmWv? kº- cpw Zcn-{Zcpw F hyxymkw sszh-øns krjvsn-bmwv F v {]N-cn- n- -s Sp- n-s-ømwv Rßƒ v A`n-{]m-b-`n- -X-bp- -Xv. Hcmƒ Zcn-{Z- \m-bn-cn- p Xv Ign P -Ønse ]m]-øns ^e-am-bm-wv; ] nwn InS- p- -Xv, _em kwkw snø-s -Sp- -Xv, Hcm-fpsS Ip v Bip-]-{Xn-bn acn- p- Xv F mw Ign P - Øn Abmƒ snbvx ]m]-øns ^e-am-bm-wv; kw`-hn- p sx mw hn[n-bmwv; a\p-jy C n- p p sszhw Iev]n- p p;

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 43 AXm-bXv F mw hn[n-bpss hnf-bm- -amwv. AXp-sIm v, {]Xntj-[n- -cp-xv, FXn -cpxv, ImcWw AXv sszh-\n- -b-am-wv.- A-Xn-\m F{X simsnb thz-\-bm-sw- nepw sszth- -bmsw v IcpXn kln- p-i. Aß-s\-bm-bm ASpØ P -Øn Abmƒ v kujy-am-bn-cn mw Cß-s\-sbms {]N-cn- n- p- n-s-ømwv Rßƒ hntbm-pn- p- -Xv. axsø a\p-jys\ ab- p- Idp- m-bmwv Nqj-I-h w D]-tbm-Kn- p- -sx v ]d- -t mƒ am Ivkv CsXm-s -bmwv Dt±-in- -Xv. \nßƒ v ImWm Ign-bpw, F{Xtbm Bfp-I-fmWv simspw ] nwn kln v Ae- p-xn-cn-bp- -Xv. F{Xtbm kv{xoiƒ ]ou\-øn- \n-c-bmbn hne-]n- p-i-bm-wv. ]s, hnth-im-\-µ-s bpw apl- ΩZv \_n-bp-ssbpw ktµ-i-ßƒ {]N-cn- n- p-\-s- p- -h CXns\- m-sa-xnsc {]Xn-tj-[n- p- -Xmbn ImWp- pt m? CØcw kmaq-ly-xn- -Iƒ pw A]-{`w-i-ßƒ p-sa-xnsc Ah s]mcp- Xp- -Xmbn ImWp- pt m? GsX- nepw t {X-Ønse ]qpmcntbm ] n-bnse sshzn-it\m ap ow-]- n-bnse Camtam hne- -b- -Øn\pw Agn-a-Xn pw kv{xo]o-u-\-øn-\p-sa-xnsc kacw snøp- -Xmbn ImWp- pt m? {InkvXpthm apl-ωzv \_ntbm lnµp-a-xm-nm-cy- mtcm hnth-im-\-µ Xs tbm Pohn- n-cp-s - n Ah Cu Xn -Isf FXn m-xn-cn- p-am-bn-cp- p-thm? CsX mw Cuiz-tc aqeamwv D m-bxv F -Xn-\m F mw Aßs\ XpS-c-s, \ap v ]qp-bnepw t\ -Iƒ t\cp- -Xnepw {i - ti-{µo-i-cn mw F v Ah ]d-bp-am-bn-cp- pthm? At mƒ, axw Ncn-{X-K-Xn-bn Ime-l-c-W-s - n-cn- p p F v hy w. C v axw Nqj-I- m-cpss ssibnse Du p-h-sn-bm-wv. Ncn-{X-Øns Hcp L -Øn ax-{]-nm-c-i- m ] n-wnbpw B{Ia-W-ß-fpw, Imbn-Im-{I-a-Wßfpw A\p-`-hn- n- p- v. F m AsXm pw IqkmsX Ah t]mcm-sn. C v t {X-ßƒ pw ] n-iƒ pw {InkvXy ]- n-iƒ pw timsn W n\v cq]- bpss kzøp- -fp- v. B `oaamb kzøn-t -en-cp- p-sim- mwv ]ptcm-ln-x- mcpw sshzn-i- mcpw Cam-ap-amcpw ax-{]-`m-j-wßƒ \S-Øp- -Xv. axøns D]- m-xm- ƒ Ah-c-h-cpsS ImeØv A\o-Xn-s -Xnsc {]Xn-tj-[n- p-ibpw s]mcp-xp-ibpw snbvxp. F m C sø ax-t\-xm- ƒ, km -ev]n-i-amb

44 s{]mhmjv tlmjv ]c-tem-i-øn \oxn e`n- p-sa {]Xo- -bn Cl-tem- I-Ønse F m A\o-Xn-Ifpw a ±-\hpw kln v A\p-jvTm-\- ]-c-amb Bcm-[-\-bn apgp-in- -gn-bm DZvt_m-[n- n- p- p. h _nkn-\-kp-imcpw hyh-km-bn-ifpw Icn- - - m-cpsams bmwv C v Cu Nn m-k-xnsb t{]m m-ln- n- p- -Xv. A{]-Xn-tcm-[y-amb Ncn-{X-K-Xn-bn ax-øn\v AXns {]tbm- P\w \jvs-s - Xv Cß-s\-bm-Wv. am Ivknkw s]msp- s\ BImiØp \n v s]m n-how H F v alm-\mb se\n Nq n- m- n-bn- p- v. Ncn-{X-Øn DZbw snbvxn- p F m alm- m-cp-ss-bpw, Hmtcm bpk-ønepw kxyhpw m\hpw txsn a\p-jy \S-Ønb F m k]-cy-ifp-ss-bpw, G hpw t{ijvt-amb XpS -sb \ne-bn, ]pxnb bpk-øns Bh-iy-IXbv \p-k-cn v ]pxnb kxyw AwKo- I-cn psim mwv am Ivknkw Dcp-Øn-cn Xv. a\p-jy bpkß-fn-eqss t\snb hn m-\-tijcøns k]-cy-bn-te s -Sp- -h am{x-amwv IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-I-ƒ F pw se\n ]d- p. \mw ]g-b-im-esø alm- m-cmb axm-nm-cy- m-cpss Pohn-X-kacw ]Tn- p-ibpw AXn \n v Dƒs m-t - -Xmb aqey-ßƒ kzmwio-i-cn- m {ian- p-ibpw snøp- p. \Ωƒ F m alm- m-cp-ssbpw Pohn-X-Øn \n v ]Tn- m {ian- p- p. kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv \sω ]Tn- n- Xv AXm-Wv. B -F-kv-Fkv kzmx-{ y-k-a-csø FXn Øp B -F-kv-Fkv _n-sp-]n-bpss Bi-b-ßƒ F p-am{xw hnieamsw v a\- n-em- m Ah \ΩpsS cmpy-øns kzmx- { y-k-a-c-tømsv F v \ne-]msv kzoi-cn- p-sh v t\m n-bm axn. Ah-cpsS {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Imc\mb tkmƒh ]d p: `q{]-tz-isø ASn-ÿm-\-s -Sp-Øn-bp tzio-b-hmzw F kn m- hpw, AXp-t]mse s]mxp-hn-]-øns\ kw_- n kn m- -hp-amwv \ΩpsS cmjv{s-k- -ev]-øns ASn-Ødbn ncn- p- -Xv. Cu kn m- -ßƒ \ΩpsS bym lnµp cmjv{s-

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 45 ]-Z-hn-bpsS {Inbm-fl-Ihpw {]tnm-z-\m-fl-i-hp-amb D -S w \ap v \ntj-[n- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. AXv ]e kzmx-{ y-k-a-c-ßsfbpw ^e-øn {_n o-jvhn-cp ka-c-ß-fm n am n-bn-cn- p p. {_n o-jvhn-cp- X Xs -bmwv cmpy-kvt\-lhpw tziob-hm-zhpw F a n Ah-X-cn- n- -s - Xv. {]Xn-tem-a-I-c-amb Cu ImgvN- msv \ΩpsS kzmx-{ y-k-a-c-øns KXn-bn A mssbpw AXns t\xm- -fpss taepw km[m-c-w-p-\-ß-fpss taepw hn\m-i-i-c-amb ^e-ß-fmwv Df-hm- n-bn-cn- p- -Xv. 10 Cu hm p-iƒ F{X A]-I-S-I-c-am-sW v ImWp-I. C Uy F `qan-im-kv{x-]-c-amb {]tz-i-øm-i-am\w {_n ojv km{am- Py-Xz-hn-cp {]ÿm-\sø ti{µo-i-cn v hf p-h C Uy tzio-b-hmzw F k ev]w hn\m-i-i-c-am-w-t{x. C Uy tzio-b-hm-z-øns Bhn `mhw aqew Ah-cpsS lnµp-tz-io-bhm-z-øn\v Ipg- -ap- m-bn-cn- p- p-sh- mwv At±lw ]d-bp- -Xv. At±-l-Øns A`n-{]m-b-Øn, {_n o-jvkm-{am-py-xzhncp {]ÿm\w cmpy-kvt\-l-]-chpw tzio-b-hm-z-]-c-hp-amsw A`n-{]mbw Xs ]n n-cn- -\m-wv. {_n ojvkm{am-pyxzhmgvnsb FXn Øp-sIm v tziobhmz-]-c-ambn kwkm-cn t\xm- -sf mw {]Xn-tem-a-Nn- -I-fm \bn- -s - -h-cm-bn-cp- ph-t{x. lnµp-cmjv{sw F ap{zm-hm-iy-amwv Db Ø-s -ts- nbn-cp- Xv F mwv B -F-kv-F-kv- -_n-sp-]nbpw Ah-cpsS t\xm- fpw ]d-bp- -Xv. {_n ojv km{am-py-xz-øn-s\-xn-cmb kzmx- { y-k-a-c-øn-eqss hf p-h- -Xpw, lnµp- sfbpw ap o-ßsfbpw Hcp-t]mse Dƒs m- p- -Xpw, PmXn pw ax-øn\pw hwio-b-xbv pw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\t`Z-ßƒ pw D]-cn-bmbn hf p-h- -Xp-amb GtIm-]n-X-amb C Uy cmjv{sw F Bibw ]n n-cn- -\m-sw- n, tzi-_ p NnØ-c-RvP\pw _me-kw-km-[c Xne-I\pw emem epv]-xvdm-bnbpw t\xmpn kp`mjvn{µ-t_mkpw JpZn-dmapw `K-XvknwKpw kqcy-sk pw F mw {]Xn-tem-a-Im-cn-Ifpw cmpy-t{zm-ln-i-fp-am-sw v ]d-tb- n-h-cpw. Fs - m, Ah-cmcpw lnµp-cm-jv{s-øn\p th n hmzn- n- n-. {_n o-jvkm-{am-pyxz hmgvn C m-bn-cp-s - n GtIm-]n-X-amb C Uy cmjv{søn\p th n-bp hmzhpw D m-ip-am-bncp n F -XmWv hkvxp-x. {_n ojv `c-w-øn\p

46 s{]mhmjv tlmjv apºv C Uy-bpsS Ahÿ F m-bn-cp p? Ipsd lnµp-cm-pm- - mcpw ap ow \hm-_p-amcpw D m-bn-cp- p. ap ow cmpm- - m hcp- -Xn\v apºv H -s Ipsd lnµp-cm-py-ß-fp- m-bncp p. Ah-sbm pw Hcp cmjv{s-sa \ne-bn GtIm-]n-X-ambn-cp- n-. {_n o-jp-im ChnsS h v `cww ÿm]n- p-ibpw hyxykvx {]tz-i-ßsf ]ck-v]cw _ -s -Sp-Øp hm Ømhn-\n-ab kwhn-[m\w ÿm]n- p-ibpw, AXn-eqsS sa -s hym]m-c-hm-wn-py-ßƒ hf Øn-sb-Sp- p-ibpw, Aßs\ GtIm- ]n-x-amb Hcp kº-zvhy-hÿ hf Øn-sb-Sp- p-ibpw snbvxpsim v tziob aqe-[-\-øns hf bv v If-sam-cp- n-bn- mbn-cp-s - n Hcp GtIm-]nX C Uy cmjv{sw hf p-h-cpam-bn-cp- n-. ]I-cw, {]txyi _wkmfn tzio-b-cm-jv{shpw HUnj tzio-b-cm-jv{shpw KpP-dmØn tzio-b-cm-jv{shpw Xangv tzio-b-cm-jv{s-hp-sams tb hf p-h-cp-am-bn-cp- p- p. lnµp F v ]d-bp- Xv ax-øn ASn-ÿm-\-s -Sp-Øn-bp H cmjv{sam-sw- n ]ns F p-sim- mwv t\ mƒ Hcp {]txyi cmjv{s-hpw `c-w-iq-shpambn \ne-sim- Xv? t\ mƒ lnµpaxøns cmpyamwv. t\ mƒ Hcp cmjv{s-am-bn-cn- p- Xv lnµpa-xsø ASn-ÿm-\-s -Sp-Øn-b-, adn v Hcp {]txyi tziob AkvXnXzw F \ne-bn-em-wv. ] n-ta-jy-bnse Ad-_n-cm-Pyß-fpsS Imcy-sa-Sp- p-i. Ah-sc mw ap o-ß-fm-sw- nepw AhnsS \nc-h[n cmjv{sß-fp- v. F p-sim- -ß-s\ kw`hn p? ]min-ÿm\v ax-øns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn ]q -_w-kmfns\ (C- sø _w m-tz-iv) kz w `mk-ambn \ne-\n Øm Ign- pthm? AXn-\m, cmjv{s-ßƒ DZbw snøp- Xv axsø ASn-ÿm-\-s -Sp-Øn-b F v hy w. Aßs\, _nsp-]n-bpss c m-[n-im-cn-bmb B -F-kv-Fkv C Uy \thm- m-\- Øn\pw {_n ojv km{am-py-xz-øn-s\-xnsc \S kzmx-{ y-ka-c-øn\pw FXn-cm-bn-cp- p-sh-t m p-i. AXp-sIm- mwv B - F-kv-Fkv tziob kzmx-{ y-k-a-c-øn ]s -Sp- m-xn-cp- -Xv. Ncn-{X-Øn\v \nc- mø Cu kn m w h p-sim v Ah Cu cmpysø Ftßm- mwv \bn- p- Xv? CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff hf-s m-sn- C v apx-em-fn-ø-øn\v Bhiy-ap v F -XmWv hkvxp-x. P\-ßƒ Cu sx mb Bi-b-

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 47 Øns kzm[o-\-øn s] p-i-gn- m ]ns, Pohn-X-Øn {]Xn-k- n-iƒ Gdnhcptºmgpw Ah tnmzy-ßƒ D -bn- p- Itbm {]Xn-tj-[n- p-itbm snøn-. ap - -Ønse snbvxn- I-fpsS ^ew, hn[n-hn-lnxw Fs m-s -bp Ime-l-c-W-s Bi-b-ß-fpsS XS-hp-Im-cm-bn, hn[n-hn-izm-k-øn abßn Ah Ign- p-sim- pw. ^mknãv kwkvim-c-am-w-xv. B -F-kv- Fkv _nsp-]n-bn-eqss IqSp-X kwl-sn-x-amb coxn-bn B kwkvimcw ChnsS hf Øn-sb-Sp- m {ian- p-i-bm-wv. Xo bm-bpw, Cu cmpyøv Ah-cpsS ] Xn \S- n hcp-øp- - Xn\v ]e XS- ßfpap- v. IpØ-I-aq-e-[-\-Øns ti{µo-i-cww D m-bn- p-s - n t mepw cmpyøv {]mtz-in-i-aq-e-[-\hpw IpØ-I-aq-e-[-\hpw XΩn-ep sshcp yw \ne-\n p- psh Imcyw kjmhv in_vzmkv tlmjv Nq n- m- n-bn- p-f-f- Xm-Wv. sndp-ins aqe-[\w henb Af-hn ChnsS \ne-\n - p p. AXp-t]mseXs {]mtz-in-i-hm-z-hpw. kºq Æ-amb ^mknãv tzio-ssb-iy-øns hf sb CsX mw XS- -s - Sp-Øp- p. A`ykvXhn-Zy-cmb P\-ßfpw DZm-c-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hnizm-kn-Ifpw Hcp KWyamb i n-bm-wv. ^mkn-k-øns hf sb Ah A{X Ffp w AwKo-I-cn- p-i-bn-. Ah {]Xn-tj-[n- p-ibpw kacw hf Øn-sb-Sp- p-ibpw snøpw. t]mcm- -ap- m-ipw. AXmWv bmym yw. icn-bmb coxn-bn h _lp-p-\-k-a-c-ßƒ hf Øn-sb-Sp- m Ign- m ^mknãv hn]-øns\ \ap v t\cn-sm km[n- pw. ]s, \mw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- m t]mip- Xv hen-sbmcp hn]-øn-s\-bmsw Imcyw, am IvknÃv hnπ-h-im-cn-i-sf \ne-bn, bym CS-Xp-] hnizm-kn-i-sf \ne-bn \mw a\- n- em- n-bn-cn- -Ww. km[m-cw P\-ßfpw CXv a\- n-em- -Ww. (Cu ka-bøv I\Ø ag Bcw-`n- p. {]kwkw XpS-cmtam AtXm Ah-km-\n- n- -Wtam F v kjmhv s{]mhmjv tlmjv kz- n-t\msv tnmzn- p. {]kwkw XpS-c-W-sa v kz v D -Øn A`y n- -Xn-s\-Øp-S v {]kwkw XpS-cp- p). B -F-kv-Fkv lnµp-cmjv{sw F ap{zm-hm-iy-ap-b Øp- p. Cu hnj-b-øn cho-{µ-\myv SmtKm-dns Hcp \nco- Ww

48 s{]mhmjv tlmjv Hm Ω-s -Sp-Øm Rm B{K-ln- p- p. At±lw ]d p: C Uy-bn lnµp a\- p-isf am{xw AwKo-I-cn- m axnbm-hn-. kmln-xyhpw Iebpw inev]-i-ebpw imkv{xhpw a pw Ah-bpsS sshhn- y-]q -amb kº- -X-bn hnimkw {]m]n Xv lnµp- -fp-ssbpw ap o-ß-fp-ssbpw IqSn-t -c-en-eq-ssbm-wv. 22 B -F-kv-F-kv _n-sp]n ]ucm-wni ]mc-º-cy-sø- n ]d-bp- p. Aß-s\-sb- n, Cu cmpyøv KuX-a-_p- \pw Pohn- n-cp- p-sh-t m p-i. _p sszh-øn hniz-kn- ncp- n-. ssp\-a-x-ÿm-]-i-\mb alm-ho-c\pw Cuiz-c-hn-izm-knbm-bn-cp- n-. Nm hmi ap\n-bpss XØz-Nn- bpw temim-bx Z i-\hpw a pw t]m-se-bp `uxn-i-hmz XØz-Nn- -Iƒ Cu cmpy-øp- m-bn-cp- p. Cu cmpy-øn\v thzm Z i\w am{xta D m-bn-cp- p- pthm? B -F-kv-F-kv- -_n-sp]n, ]mc-º-cy- Øns t]cn taev]-d a v XØz-Nn- -I-sf-sbm pw hf - Øp-I-bn-. Fs - m, Ah lnµp-xzøn\,v AYhm lnµpcm-jv{ssø ] n-bp Ah-cpsS kn m- -Øn\v, lm\nhcpøpw. Ah v th Xv A -amb hnizm-k-am-wv. A - amb ax-` n. apxemfnø-øn\v Bfl-hn-izmkw \ Im AXn\p am{xta km[n- q. AXv snøm-\mwv Ah {ian- p- -Xv. CXv \mw a\- n-em- n-bn-cn- -Ww. as mcp hnj-bw IqSn N snøm Rm B{K-ln- p- p. \ΩpsS cmpyøv atx-x-cxzw F hm v hf-sc-tbsd hf-s m- Sn- -s - n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. atx-x-c-xz-sa- m F m ax-ßƒ pw Xpey t{]m m-l\w F mwv C{XbpwImew tim {K v hni- Zo-I-cn- p-h- -Xv. F m ax-ß-sfbpw t{]m m-ln- n- p- -Xns t]cn Km n-pn-bpss t\xr-xz-øn t{]m m-ln- n- -s - Xv lnµp-a-x-am-wv. As - n cmpyw hn`-pn-x-am-ip-am-bn-cp- n-. ]min-ÿm krjvsn- -s -Sp-am-bn-cp- n. Km npn Xs kzbw Hcp lnµp k\ym-kn-bpss Pohn-X-amWv \bn- -Xv. kzmx- { y-k-a-c-øn Db PmXn- m-cmb lnµp- -fpss ta[m-hnxzap- m-bn-cp- p. XmW PmXn- m-sc v hnfn- -s -Sp Bfp-Iƒ Xo -bmbpw Rßƒ Bscbpw XmW PmXn- m-cmbn IW- m- p- n kzmx{ yka-c-øn ] v tn -Xp-an-. Db

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 49 PmXn- m-sc v Icp-X-s -Sp lnµp- ƒ am{x-amwv kzmx-{ yk-a-csø \nb-{ n- n-cp- -Xv. atx-x-cxzw F hm ns icnbmb hnh- -sb- mwv? \thm m-\-im-eøv AYhm _q jzm P\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-πh Ime-L- -Øn, bqtdm- n Db p-h Bi-b-amb atx-x-c-xz-øns \ne-]msv `c-w-iqsw Hcp axsøbpw t{]m m-ln- n- p-itbm XS- -s -Sp-Øp-Itbm snbvxp- IqSm F -Xm-Wv. cmjv{sobw, kºzvhy-hÿ, hnzym-`ymkw, kwkvimcw F nh-bn-sem pw ax-øn\v ÿm\-ap- m-hp-ibn. axw hy n-i-fpss kzim-cy-hn-j-b-am-bn-cn- pw. B s - nepw Xmev]-cy-ap-s - n ax-hn-izmkw ]pe Ømw, Xmev]- cy-an-s - n AXns Bh-iy-an-. thw-sa- n sszh-øn hniz-kn- mw, hniz-kn- m-sx-bp-an-cn- mw. AXmWv bym atx-x-c-xzw. ]s, ]cn-jvi-c-w-hm-zn-i-fmb tim -{K v t\xrxzw, A\p-c-RvP\ \ne-]msv kzoi-cn- n-cp _q jzm-knbpss Xmev]cyw ]cn-k-wn- p-sim- v, atx-x-c-xzsø kw_- n Cu icn-bmb [mcw \ΩpsS cmpyøv thcp-]n-sn- m A\p-h-Zn- n-. ax-øn\v cmjv{so-b-hp-ambn Hcp _ hpw ]msns v kp`m-jvn-{µ-t_mkpw ]d- n-cp- p. imkv{x-øn-s bpw kmº-øn-i-im-kv{x-øn-s bpw cmjv{s-ao-amw-k-bp-ssbpw a pw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-IWw cmjv{sobw F m-bn-cp p At±-l- Øns A`n-{]m-bw. At±lw ]d p: axsø cmjv{so-b-øn \n v ]cn-]q Æ-ambpw am n \n Ø-Ww. axw Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cpsSbpw kzim-cy-hn-jbw am{x-am-bn-cn- -Ww. GsXmcp hy n pw Hcp a\p-jy-s\ \ne-bn, X\n v Xmev]-cy-ap axw Zo n- m-\p ]cn-]q Æ kzmx{ yw D m-bn-cn- -Ww. ]s, cmjv{sobw ax-øn-s tbm at -sx- nepw {]Ir-Xy-XoX Bi-b- Øn-s tbm ASn-ÿm-\-Øn \bn- -s - p-iq-sm. cmjv{so-bsø \bn-t - Xv kmº-øn-ihpw cmjv{so-bhpw imkv{xo-b-hp-amb bp n-hn-nm-c-am-bn-cn- -Ww. 9 At±lw Cß-s\bpw ]d-bp-ibp- mbn: lnµp-a-lm-k` thm -`y n- m-\mbn lnµp-k-\ymkn-am-scbpw k\ym-kn-\n-am-scbpw ssibn {Xniq-ehpw \ In Ab-bv p-i-bp- m-bn. Imhn hkv{xhpw {Xniq-ehpw ImWptºmƒ GsXmcp lnµphpw inc v \an- p- p. axsø apx-se- Sp-Øp-sIm pw Ah-tl-fn- p-sim- p-amwv lnµp-a-lm-k`

50 s{]mhmjv tlmjv cwkøph n-cn- p- -Xv... Cu h -Isc tziobpohn-x-øn \n v H -s -Sp-Ø-Ww. Ah v snhn-sim-sp- -cp-xv. kzmx- { ykvt\-ln-i-fmb F m kv{xo]p-cp-j- mcpw H -s - mbpw GIm{Kambpw cmpysø tkhn- Ww F XmWv \ΩpsS Bhiyw. 23 At±lw Cß-s\bpw ]d-bp-i-bp- mbn: C Uybn lnµp -ƒ `qcn-]- -am-b-xp-sim v lnµp-cmjv{sw thww F hmzw Db n- p- v. CsX mw Aim-kv{Xobamb Bi-b-ßfmWv...- ln-µp- -fp-ssbpw ap o-ß-fp-ssbpw Xmev]-cy-ßƒ hyxykvx-am-sw v ]d-bp- Xv G hpw henb Ak-Xy-am-Wv. sh s m- tam matam ]I -hym-[n-itfm t]mep Zpcn-X-ßƒ ax-øns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn Bscbpw Hgn-hm- p- n-. 23 cho- {µ-\myv SmtKmdpw axsø cmjv{so-b-øn-tebv v IS-Øn-hn-Sp- -Xns\ FXn Øn-cp- p. icxvn{µ Nm Pn-bp-sSbpw A`n- {]mbw AXp Xs -bm-bn-cp- p. At±lw ]d p: BZ isø- n ]d-bp-tºmƒ \mw IqSp-X al-ømb BZ i-sø- n, t a-øn-s bpw A - n-s bpw BZ i-sø- - n, ]dbww. hfsc BZ-c-Wo-b-cmb hy n-iƒ Db Øn- n-sn- p p F Imc-W-Øm am{xw Hcp BZ i-søbpw AwKo-I-cn- cp-xv; C Uy-bp-sS, Gjy-bpsS, lnµp- -fpss BZ i-ambn kzoi-cn- -cp-xv. B coxn-bn \mw hmzn- -cp-xv. Fs - m, AXv p{z a\- ns k p-nn-xamb BZ i-am-wv, km -eu- In-Ihpw DZm-c-hp-amb BZ i-a-... henb hnizm-kn-ifpw ` - m-cp-amwv C{Xbpw Imew Cu cmpysø cmjv{sobw ssiimcywsnbvxxv. k\ym-kn-i-fm-ti- n-bn-cp- -h cmjv{sob- m-cm-bn. AXp-sIm- mwv C Uy-bpsS cmjv{sobw C{Xbpw Zb-\o-b-amb ]X-\-Øn-se-Øn-bn-cn- p- -Xv. 26 ]s, Cu icnbmb atx-x-cxzw \ΩpsS cmpyøv A\p-h Øn -s - n-. kn]nsf(-fw), kn]nsf F o ]m n-ifpw atx-x-c-xzsø kw_- n icn-bmb [mcw P\-ß-fpsS ap n Ah-X-cn- n- n-. As - n Ah-cpsS ÿnxn C{Xbpw Zb-\o-b-am-Ip-am-bncp pthm? kn]n-sf(-fw)- s {]h Ø-Icpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw thm amcpw henb kwl-ß-fmbn _nsp-]n-bn tn p-sim- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. kn]n-sf(-fw) Ah-cpsS {]h Ø-I-scbpw

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... A\p-bm-bn-I-sfbpw F p-xcw hnπ-h-cm-jv{so-bhpw CS-Xp-] cmjv{so-b-hp-amwv C{Xbpw Imew ]Tn- n- p-sim- n-cp- Xv F v Btem-Nn- p-t\m- p-i. Ign sxc-s Sp- n lnµp kn]nsf(-fw) -Im _nsp-]n-bpss `mk-tøbv pw ap ow kn]nsf(fw) -Im XrW-aq tim {K- ns `mk-tøbv pw Nmbp- I-bp- m-bn. kn]n-sf(-fw) ]Tn- n- n-cn- p IΩyq-Wn-k-Øns bpw CS-Xp-]- -cm-jv{so-b-øn-s bpw atx-x-c-xz-øn-s bpw ta AXm-Wv! thm v t\sp- -Xns\ am{xw em m- n-bp Ahk-c-hmZ cmjv{so-b-amwv Ah A\p-h Øn- p-t]m- -Xv. hni-k-\-sa I]-S-hm-KvZm\w 51 ASp-Ø-Im-e-Ømbn F m `c-w-i- n-ifpw hni-k\w F hm v ]d-bp- p- v. sxc-s -Sp- n a -cn- p- -h-sc mw hnik\sø n ]d-bp- p. h -\m-]-c-amb Hcp ap{zm-hm-iyam- WnXv. ]et mgpw P\-ßƒ AXv ti v h nx-cm-ip- p. B pth- n-bp hni-k\w F tnmzyw Hcn- epw Db Ø-s -Sp- n. kaqlw h -hn-`-pn-x-am-wv. A zm-\hpw aqe-[-\hpw F \ne-bn, a ±-I\pw a ±n-x\pw F \ne-bn, [\n- I\pw Zcn-{Z\pw F \ne-bn, kaqlw hn`-pn-x-am-wv. CXn BcpsS hni-k-\-sø- - n-bmwv sxc-s -Sp- ns\ am{xw em m n {]h Øn- p Cu ]m n-iƒ ]d-bp- Xv? Nqj-Icmb apx-em-fn-am-cpss hni-k-\-am-sw- n A\n-hm-cy-ambpw AXv sxmgn-em-fn-i-fp-ssbpw I j-i-cp-ssbpw Pohn-X-Øn ISpØ {]Xn-k n krjvsn- pw. Fs - m apx-em-fn-am-cpss h Xmev]-cyhpw sxmgn-em-fn-i-fp-ssbpw I j-i-cp-ssbpw h -Xm-ev]- cyhpw XΩn i{xp-xm-]-c-amb sshcp- y-am-wp- -Xv. Ccp- Iq pw Htckabw hni-k\w D m-hpi km y-a-. kn]nsf-(fw) hni-k-\-sø- n ]d- n-cp- p. Ct mƒ XrW-aq tim {K pw AXp-X-s ]d-bp- p. _nsp-]nbpw Aß-s\- Xs. Aßs\ Ah-sc- m-hcpw P\-ßsf I_-fn- n- p-i-bmwv. C v _q jzm-kn-bpss kz`m-h-sa-s v t\m p-i. Hcp-Ime-Øv, AXm-bXv {^ v hnπ-h-øns \mfp-i-fn, _q jzmkn tzio-b-x, tzio-b-hy-h-km-bw, tzio-b-hn-]-wn, tziob kºzvhy-

52 s{]mhmjv tlmjv hÿ Fs m-s -bp-ff ap{zm-hm-iy-ap-b Øn. A m-eøv tziob-hmzw ]ptcm-k-a-\-]-c-am-bn-cp- p. \ΩpsS cmpyøv {_n ojv km{am-py-xz-hm-gvn-bn \n p tzio-b-kzm-x{ yw F ap{zmhm-iy-ap-b n-cp- p. tzio-b-hy-h-km-b-øn\v th nbpw tziob D - -ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xn\pw hntz-i-h-kvxp- ƒ _lnjvi-cn- p- -Xn\pw th n-bp-ap-ff ap{zm-hm-iy-ßfpw _q jzmkn Xs -bm-wp-b Øn-b-Xv. A m-eøv tzio-b-_q jzmkn ]ptcm- K-a-\-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp- p. F m C v tzio-b-_q jzmkn IpØ- I-bpsS L -Øn-tebv v {]th-in- n-cn- p- p. Ah hntz-i-\m- Sp-I-fnse A zm-\-ti-jn-sbbpw Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp- -sfbpw NqjWw snøp- -Xn-\p-th n hntz-i-cm-py-ß-fn-tebv v ^n\m kv aqe-[\w Ib- p-axn snbvxp-sim- n-cn- p- p. _lpcmjv{s IpØ-I-Iƒ v P w \ In-bn-cn- p- p. AXv Hcp-h-iØv hntz-i-hn-]-wnsb NqjWw snøp- -Xn-\mbn hntz-i-cm-py-ßfn-tebv v t]mip p; adp-h-i-øv, B`y- -c-i-tºm-fsø NqjWw snøp- -Xn-\m-bn, hntz-i-aq-e-[-\-sø, ]c-kv]-c-[m-c- W-bpsS ASn-ÿm\- -Øn Ctßm v Wn- p-h-cp-øp- p. C sø _q jzm-kn-bn tzio-b-hm-z-øns Xcnºpw Ahti-jn- p- n-. _lp-cm-jv{s-ip-ø-i-iƒ v kz w cmjv{sw F H n-. Ahsc kw_- n- n-s-tømfw temi-sam- msi Ah v sim -b-sn- m-\p ÿe-am-wv. Ct mƒ C Uy apx-em-fnø `c-w-iqsw {]Xn-tcm-[-hy-h-km-b-Øn, Bbp-[- \n ΩmW hyh-km-b-øn, {]Xy- -hn-tz-i-\n-t ]w t]mepw Wn ncn- p-i-bm-wv. Fs - m, cmpyw `cn- p _q jzmkn v IqSp-X hntzi aqe-[-\-hpw, AXy- m-[p-\n-i-ß-fmb Bbp-[-ßƒ \n Ωn- m-\m-h-iy-amb B[p-\nI kmt -Xn-I-hn- Zybpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. C Uy apx-em-fnøw G hpw B[p- \ni-amb Bbp-[-ß-f-Wn v Xøm-dm-bn-cn- m Xmev]cy-s - Sp p. Fs - m, C Uy apx-em-fnøw km{am-py-xz-kz- `mhw ssih-cn- n-cn- p- p. C -gn \mfn {][m-\-a{ n tamzn t\ m-fn t]mhp-i-bp- m-bn. {ioe- bpw ae-bbpw _w mtzipw IqSn At±lw kµ in- pw. Hcn-, Pn sb {]iwkn- -Xns t]cn AZzm-\n v cmpn-h-bvt n h n- p- v. F m, IpØI IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS kω ±w aqew, tamznbpss

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 53 kxy-{]-xn- m N-S-ßn-tebv v ]min-ÿm {][m-\-a{ n Wn- -s -Sp-I-bp- m-bn. F psim v? F p-sim-s - m, C Uy IpØ-I-Iƒ v t\ mƒ, _w m-tz-iv, ]min-ÿm, {ioe-, aym a F o cmpy-ß-fnse hn]wn Bh-iy-ap- v. C Uy aqe-[-\-øn\pw Nc- p-iƒ pw hn]wn Bh-iy-ap v. AXn-\m, B -F-kv-F-kv- -_n-sp-]n-bpss kao-]-\-øn am - ap- m-bn-cn- p- p. C Uy apx-em-fn-am CXn-\Iw 32,426 e w timsn cq] hntz-iøv \nt -]n- n- p- v. C Uy apxem-fn-am ] n-ta-jy-bnepw bqtdm- nepw em n-\-ta-cn- -bnepw, F Ata-cn- -bn t m-epw, hyh-km-b-ßƒ \S-Øp- p. anø-en-s\- n \nßƒ ti n- p- -t m. temisø G hpw kº- -cmb ]Øv hy n-i-fn Hcm-fm-W-t±-lw. C v C Uy _q jzm-kn-bpss \ne CXm-Wv. a v cmpy-ß-fn-se, hninjy Z nw ]q thjy cmpy-ß-fn-se, hn]-wn-bpss ta B[n- ]Xyw ]pe Ø-W-sa- n Ah v aqe-[-\-i- nbpw, AXpt]mseXs ssk\n-i-i- nbpw, Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ab cm-pyßfnse `c-wm-[n-im-cn-isf kω ±-Øn Io-gn \n Øm AXmhiyam-Wv. AXp-sIm- mwv Ah CsX mw snøp- -Xv. AXn-\m, C Uy _q jzm-kn-bn tzio-b-hm-z-øns IWn-I-t]mepw Ahtijn- p- n-. cmpy-øns Xmev]cyw Ah ]cn-k-wn- p- -txbn. P\-ß-tfm-Sp Ah-cpsS kao- ]\w F mwv? alm-\mb Ãmen ]d- n- p-f-f-xp-t]m-se, apxem-fn-amsc kw_- n- n-s-tømfw a\p-jy tihew Akw-kvIr- X-h-kvXp- ƒ, a\pjy Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp- ƒ, A msx as m- p-a-. ^mivs-dn-i-fn b{ -ß-fn I cn IØn v Nmc-am- p- -sx-ß-s\tbm AXp-t]mseXs A zm-\hpw Bh-iyam-Wv. sxmgn-em-fn-bpss c hpw amwkhpw ]ngn- q- n-bmwv hyh-km-b-øns N{Iw Xncn- p- -Xv. Cu A zm-\-ti-jnsb NqjWw snbvxn mwv apx-em-fn-am em`-ap- m- p- -Xv. Aßs\ Ah P\-ßsf sxmgn-em-fn-i-sf \ne-bnepw D - -ßƒ hmßp- -h-sc \ne-bnepw NqjWwsNøp- p. AXn- \pth n am{x-amwv Ah v P\-ßsf th -Xv. cmpyw F Xv Ahsc kw_- n- n-s-tømfw Nqj-W-Øn-\p ta n pdw

54 s{]mhmjv tlmjv F -X- msx as m- p-a-. C v apx-em-fnøw sns Øn \n p Ahÿ CXm-Wv. C v temisø H p-an cmpyß-fnepw apx-em-fn-ø-øn\v AXns ]gb tzio-b-kz-`mhw \jvs-am-bn-cn- p- p. _lp-cm-jv{s- p-ø-i-bpss Ime-am-b-t mtgbv pw cmjv{sw, ]c-am-[n-imcw XpS-ßn-b-hsb kw_- n k -ev]-ßƒ p-xs am w h n-cn- p- p. Itºm-fsØ ti{µo- I-cn v Hcp bp -ap- m-ip-tºmƒ am{xw apx-em-fn-am tzio-b-hn- Imcw IpØn-bn-f- p- p. hn]wn ]nsn- -S- m th n-bp Hcp bp -ap- m-hp-i-bm-sw- n apx-em-fn-am ho pw, {`m amb tzio-bm-`n-\n-th-i-øns cq]-øn tzio-b-{`m v IpØns m- m XpS-ßpw. `oi-c-amb apx-em-fnø a ±-\-Øn-s bpw Nqj-W-Øn-s bpw ^e-ambn C v temiw GX-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cn- p- p? tihew 85 hy n-i-fpss ssihiap Xv 350 timsn P\-ß-fpsS ssihi-ap- -Xn\v Xpey-amb kºøm-wv. kºøv Fß-s\-bmWv Npcp w Nne hy n-i-fpss ssihiw ti{µo-i-cn- -s -Sp- sx v t\m p-i. temisø 300 timsn P\-ß-fpsS {]Xn-io jh-cp-am\w {]Xn-Zn\w 155 cq] am{x-am-wv. 120 timsn Bfp-I-fptSXv 77 cq]-bpw. Aßs\ 420 timsn Bfp-I-fpsS hcp-am\w C{Xbpw Xp -am-wv. CXmWv temi-ap-x-em-fnø hn]-wn. B hn]-wn-bpss Ah-ÿ-sb- mwv? C -gn Znhkw Hcp {]kw- K-Øn C Uy {]kn-u v ]d-bp-i-bp- m-bn, C Uy-bnse 120 timsn P\-ß-fn 66 timsn pw sxmgn-en-s - v. 66 timsn t] sxmgn c-ln-x-cm-sw- n Cu cmpysø apx-em-fnø hn]-wn-bpss ÿnxn-sb- mwv? C Uy-bnse sxmgn c-ln-xcpss bym FÆw 80 timsn-bm-sw- pw, cmpysø P\-kw- Jy-bpsS 85 ix-am\w t]cpw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv v Xmsg-bp-f-f-h-cmsW- p-amwv Rß-fpsS A`n-{]m-bw. temi-øm-i-am\w C v ISpØ Itºm-f-{]-Xn-k n \ne-\n p- p. Hcp ISph am\ns\ Xn p-tºmƒ B am\ns K `-]m-{x-øn-ep Ip ns\bpw IqSn ` n- p-ibpw Aßs\ am\n\v hwi-\miw kw`hn- p-ibpw snbvxm, AXv ISp-hbv v ` -W-Zu e-`y-ap- m- Im Imc-W-am-Ipw. AXp-t]m-se, ]p v Xn p ark-ßƒ ]p ns thcpw IqSn ` n- m, AXn\v ]n osv Xn m ]p p-

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 55 m-hn-. apx-em-fnøw AXp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. apx-em-fnøw P\- ßsf Atß-b w ]ngn- q- p- -Xn-\m, Ah-cpsS Nqj-W-Øn- \m-h-iy-amb hn]-wn-t]mepw C mbva snø-s -Sp- p. C v apxem-fnøw A]-cn-lm-cy-amb Itºm-f-{]-Xn-k- n-bn B p-apßn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Ah aq w {]Xn-k- n-bn-em-sw v ]dbmw. apx-em-fn-am Hcp ]pxnb hm v krjvsn- n- p- v, A ÿn-c-kz-`m-h-øn-ep-ff hym]m-c-am-µyw (quasi-permanent recession). GXm v ÿmbn-bmb hym]m-c-amµyw F mwv AXn-\ w. C v temiøv kw`-hn- p-sim- n-cn- p- Xv AXmWv. Nne-t mƒ D m-z\w 2 ix-am\w h n- pw, ]s, ct m aqt m amkw Ign-bptºmtgbv pw AXv 3 ix-am\w CSn-bp- p. bym -Øn temi-ap-x-em-fnøw C v aq w {]Xn-k- n-bn B papßn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. F m Khs p- Ifpw ISw hmßn-bmwv {]h Øn- p-sim- n-cn- p- -Xv. \ΩpsS cmpy-øns hntz-i-isw 2,41,56,000 timsn cq]-bm-wv. [\- Ωn h txm-xn h n- p-sim- n-cn- p- p. Kh-s ns hcp-am- \-Øns knwl-`m-khpw ISw Xncn- -S-bv m th n-bmwv snehm-ip- -Xv. X ^-e-ambn hne-iƒ ho pw h n- p- p. \nipxnifpw h n- pw. `oa-amb XpI-bv p Id kn t\m p- Iƒ ASn- n-d- p-ibpw AXv ]W-s -cp w ho pw Db-cm-\n-Sbm- p-ibpw snøpw. ` y-h-kvxp- ƒ pw hf-øn\pw Fs - nepw k_vknun Ct mƒ \ Ip- p-s - n, AXpw ]n hen- -s -Spw. _lp-cm-jv{s- p-ø-i-ifpw tim -td- p-ifpw AhcpsS NqjWw IqSp-X Xo{h-am- pw. sxmgn-en- m-bva, sxmgn ÿm-]-\-ß-fpss AS- p-]q-, ÿncw sxmgn-en\v ]Icw Icm - sxm-gn-em-fn-isf \nb-an- m-\p- {]h-wx F nh IqSn qsn hcpw. Iqen sh n- p-d-bv -s -Spw. sxmgn-em-fn-iƒ C -\p-`-hn- p-h-cp ]cn-an-x-amb Ah-Im-i-ßfpw IqSn, kztzi -hntzi aqe-[-\-øns \n ±-b-amb Nqj-W-Øns Xmev]-cym w, \ntj-[n- -s -Spw. CXmWv apx-em-fn-øw. Cß-s\-bp- apxem-fnø hyh-ÿnxn \ne-\n s Fß-s\-bmWv hni-k- \ap m-hpi? hnizm-kn-iƒ Bcm[n p k -i- \mb sszh-øn\p t]mepw apx-em-fn-øsø Cu {]Xn-k- n-bn \n v Ic-I-b- m Ign-bn-.

56 s{]mhmjv tlmjv apx-em-fnøw C v hyh-km-b-ßsføs \in- n- p p hyh-km-b-hn-πhw sim p-h apx-em-fn-h w Xs hyhkm-b-ßsf \in- n- p-sa v alm-\mb am Ivkv h jßƒ p-apºv ]d- n-cp- p. C sø apx-em-fnøw a\p-jycm-in-bpss simsnb i{xp-hmwv. Ah-cpsS ]m e-sa dn P\m- [n]xyøn ]m e-sa p v ]s, P\m-[n-]-Xy- an-. Hcn- SØpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-an. _q jzmkn DZbw snbvx \mfp-i-fn Ah-cpsS ap{zm-hmiyw ka-xzw- -km-tlm-z-cyw- -kzm-x{ yw F - Xm-bn-cp- p. FhnsS B kaxzw? Hcp hiøv a ±-Icpw adp-hiøv a ±n-xcpw. ISpØ hnth-n-\-amwv \ne-\n p- -Xv. bmsxmcp kaxzhp-an-. apx-em-fnøw c v temi-bp- -ßƒ \SØn. km{am-py-xz-i- n-iƒ cmpy-ßƒ XΩn bp w krjvsn p-ibpw kwlm-cm-fl-i-amb B{I-aW-ßƒ IpØns m p-ibpw snøp p. Ata-cn- km{am-py-xz-i- n-iƒ Cdm-Jn-s\bpw en_n-b-sbbpw A^vLm-\n-ÿm-s\bpw kndn-bsbbpw B{I-an v \in- n- n-cn- p- p. C{km-tb ]me-kvxos\ XI Øv Xcn- -W-am- p-i-bpw, hnth-n-\-c-ln-x-ambn ]mekvxo - Imsc sims m-sp- p-ibpw snøp- p. Hmtcm Znh-khpw CØcw hm Ø-Iƒ ti v \nßƒ sr p- p. ]n p-ip- p-ß-fpƒs ss Bbn-c- -W- n-\m-fp-iƒ sim -s -Sp- p. FÆ-a {Kma-ßfpw \K-c-ßfpw Np p-nmºem -s -Sp- p. CXmWv km{am-py-xz-i- n-i-fpss kmtlm-z-cyw! CsX mw Ah snøp- Xv ]m esa dn P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns simsn ]nsn- p-sim- m-wv. kzmx- { yw F -Xn\v C sø A w Nqj-I-h -Øn\v P\-ßsf \nc- piw NqjWw-sNøm\pw a ±n- m\pw Nß-e-bv n-sm-\p-ap kzmx{ yw F m-wv. ka-xzw- -kzm-x-{ yw- -km-tlm-zcyw F _q jzm-kn-bpss ap{zm-hm-iy-øns C sø Ahÿ CXmWv. C sø _q jzm-t\-xm- ƒ Cc -Øm- p-imcpw h - I-cp-am-Wv. kzmx-{ y-k-a-c-im-eøv \ΩpsS t\xm- ƒ cmpy- Øns Imh am-em-j-amcm-bn-cp- p. bphm- ƒ kp`mjvn-{µ t_mkv, tzi-_- p, cho-{µ-\myv, ic-xvn-{µ Nm Pn XpS-ßn-bh-cn \n v ]mt-ß-fpƒs m- n-cp- p. hnzym-km-k-dn \n pw

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 57 hnth-im-\µ\n \n pw Bth-i-apƒ-s m v bphm- ƒ DW - n-cp- p. F m, C sø t\xm- -fn \n v \ΩpsS Ip n- Iƒ v F mwv ]Tn- m-\p- -Xv? apx-em-fnøw am\p-jn-i-amb \ -I-sfbpw aqey-ß-sfbpw sisp-øn-s m- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. ax- ]-c-amb A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ v Hcp Ipd-hp-an-. Aº-e-ßfpw ap ow-]- n-ifpw {InkvXy ]- n-ifpw [mcm-f-ap- v. ax-]-c-amb D -h-ßƒ pw BtLm-j-ßƒ pw Hcp Ipd-hp-an-. P\m-[n- ]-Xy-Øns hnpbw DZvtLm-jn- p-sim- p B p-hn-fn-ifpw [mcm-f-ambn Db-cp- p. CXn-s -sb- mw H w, azy-øn-t\mspw ab- p-a-cp- n-t\m-sp-ap ASn-a-Øw, NqXp-I-fn, kv{xoi-co-csø ti{µo-i-cn- p hrøn-si A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-ßƒ, _em kwkw XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn Hcp a cw Xs \S- p {]Xo-Xn. hr Ip ns\ _em kwkw snøp- p. Iuam-c-{]m-b- m-c kz w AΩ-bpsS {]mb-ap kv{xosb _em kwkw snøp- p. apsº-t m-sg- nepw CØcw ImgvN- Iƒ v Bsc- nepw km yw hln- n- pt m? CXmWv C Uy-bpsS hni-k-\ -Øns IY. cmpyw ssihcn- n- p ]ptcm-kxn CØ-c-Øn-ep- -Xm-Wv. Cu aæns t]mb-im-esø t{ijvt-k- m-\-ßƒ CXv ImWm-\n-S-h- n-cps - n Ah s]m n- -c-bp-am-bn-cp- p, {]Xn-tj[w sim v Pzen v CXn-s\-Xnsc {]Xn-tcm[w hf Øn-sb-Sp- p-am-bn-cp- p. \mw Cs - mwv snbvxp-sim- n-cn- p- Xv? ^mknkw, a\pjys\ krjvsn- p {]{In-b-sb-Øs \in- n- p- p-sh- v, aqey-ßsf \in- n- p- p-sh- v kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv h j-ßƒ p apºv Nq n- m- n-bn- p- -Xm-Wv. ax-aq-ey-ßtfm kzmx-{ y-k-a-c-im-esø am\-h-hm-z-aq-ey-ßtfm C v {]h Øn- p- n-. sxmgn-em-fn-h hnπ-h-aq-ey-ßƒ _lp-p-\-ßfpss hnim-e-hn-`m-k-ßƒ n-s-bn C\nbpw sns -Øn-bn- pan-. AXn- \m [m Ωn-I-aq-ey-ß-fpsS afi-e-øn XnI iq\y-x-bp- m-bn-cn- p- p. am\-h-kø hni-kn- p-h-cp- Xv \n n-x-amb {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-sØbpw aqey-søbpw B[m-c-am- n-bm-wv. Hcn axw aqey-ßƒ {]Zm\w snbvxp. Bbn-c- -W- n\v h j-ßƒ v apºv, axsø ASn-ÿm-\-am- n al-zvhy- n-xzßƒ Dcp-Øn-cn- p-h p. ]n m-eøv bqtdm-]y \thm- m-

58 s{]mhmjv tlmjv \hpw P\m-[n-]Xy {]ÿm-\-hpw, \ΩpsS cmpysø kw_- n- n-s-tømfw kzmx-{ y-{]-ÿm-\-hpw, aqey-ßƒ {]Zm\w snbvxp. IqSp-X D -X-amb aqey-ßƒ, djy-bn-sebpw ssn\- bn-sebpw hnb- v\m-an-sebpw sxmgn-em-fn-h -hn-π-hsø ASnÿm-\-am n Db p-h- p. C v B aqey-ßƒ C. aqey-ß-fpss afi-e-øn `b- -c-amb Hcp iq\yx {]Xy- -s - n-cn- p- p. Hcp IpSpw-_-Ønepw kam-[m-\-an-. Zmº-Xy- Øn kam-[m-\-an-. ISpØ Ak- p-jvsnbpw th ]n-cn-bepw kv] bpw IpSpw-_-ßsf {Kkn- p-sim- n-cn- p- p. a ƒ {]mb-amb amxm-]n-xm- -fpss DØc-hm-ZnØw Gs -Sp- m hnk- Ω-Xn- p-sim v Ahsc IpSpw-_-ß-fn \n v B n- m-bn- p- p. CØ-c-Øn-ep \mk-cn-i-x-bmwv apx-em-fnøw hni-kn- n-s - Sp-Ø-Xv. apx-em-fnøw am\-h-kø \jvs-s a\p-jy v P w \ In-s m- n-cn- p- p. CXv XpScm A\p-h-Zn- -Wtam? sxmgn-en- m-bva-bpw, Zmcn-{Zyhpw ]ncn- p-hn-sepw ] n-wn-a-c-wßfpw NnIn- -In- m-sx-bp- ac-w-ßfpw _em kw-k-ßfpw azy-]m-\m-k- nbpw NqXp-I-fnbpw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS inyn-eo-ic-whpw tim {K v- -_n-sp-]n- -kn-]n-sf(-fw)- -Xr-W-aq ]m n- I-fpsS `c-whpw XpS-c-Wtam, AtXm Hcp am w Bh-iy-amtWm? hnπ-h-øn-eqss apx-em-fnø hyh-ÿn-xnsb XqsØ-dn- v tkmjy-enkw ÿm]n- p- -Xn-eqsS am{xta bym am w km y-am-hp-i-bp- p. AXmWv kjmhv in_vzmkv tlmjv Im n- Ø am w. B hnπhw \bn- m-\p ]m n Fkvbp-knsF(-kn)-bm-Wv. AsX, tkmhn-b v bqwn-b-\nepw ssn\-bnepw tkmjy-enkw A n-a-dn- -s - n-cn- p- p-sh- Xv icn-bm-wv. kp`m-jv t_mkv, cho-{µ-\m-yv, ic-xvn-{µ Nm Pn, \{kpƒ, t{]wn-µv, kp{_-lva- Wy-`m-c-Xn, sdmsabv tdmf- v, _ Wm Uv jm, sf ssã F n-h-cn-em-sc- nepw tkmjy-enkw A n-a-dn- -s -Sp- Xv Z in- m-\n-s-bm-sb- n Xo -bmbpw Ah AXn ZpxJn p-am-bncp p. Ah-cmcpw IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-I-fm-bn-cp- n-. F nepw Ahsc mw tkmjy-en-ksø hf-sc-tbsd hne-a-xn ncp p. alm- \mb Ãmen \bn- n-cp tkmjy-enãv tkmhn-b v bqwn-bs\

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 59 Ah XnI BZ-c-thm-sS-bmWv ho n- n-cp- -Xv. ac-wm-k apx-em-fn-ø-øns Po Æ-X-bn a\- p-s\m Ah tkmjyen-k-øn {]Xo- -bpss {]Im-i-\mfw Z in- n-cp- p. Ncn-{X- Øn alm- m-cmb _p n-po-hn-i-fmbn Adn-b-s -Sp- -h-cm-wh. C v _p n-po-hn-i-fmbn Adn-b-s -Sp- -h _p nbpw a\xkm- nbpw kztzi hntzi aqe-[-\-øn\v hn psim v tkmhnb v tkmjy-en-k-øn\pw Ãmen-\p-sa-Xnsc A]-hm-Z-{]-Nm-cWw \S-Øp-I-bm-Wv. cho-{µ-\myv SmtKm 1930- -se-gpxnb djy-bn \n p-ff IØp-I-fn hnim-c-hm-bvt]mss Cßs\ ]d-bp p: Hcn-, kmaqly Ak-a-Xz-Øn \n v {^ v hnπ-h-ap- mbn. At mƒ, Ak-a-Xz-Øns Ah-a-Xnbpw thz-\bpw temi-sø- ºm-Sp-ap-s v A mesø Ahn-SsØ a ±nx P\X a\- n- em- n. AXn-\m A m-esø hnπ-h-øn ka-xzw- -km-tlm- Z-cyw- -kzm-x{ yw F ap{zm-hm-iy-ap-b Ø-s - p. cmjv{s-øns AXn h-c-ºp-iƒ - p-d-tøbv v B ap{zm-hmiyw IS- p-sn p. F m AXv A[n-I-Imew \ne\n- n-. Chn-SsØ (d-jybnse) hnπ-h-øns ktµ-ihpw km h-{xn-i-am-wv. C sø temi-øv, kz w cmpy-øns Xmev]-cy-Øn\pw D]cn Db psim- v, Npcp-ßn-b-] w Cusbmcp cmpysø P\-ßsf- nepw, temisø apgp-h P\-ß-sfbpw ] n Nn n- p-i-bm-wv... temisøßpw Ah-tcm-Sp-ff FXn p- v, F m-hcpw Ah - s -Xn-cm-Wv...- B-bn-c- -W- n\v h j-ß-fpss ta ]Øp-]- Xn-\ v h j-øns hnpbw ssih-cn- m-\p-ff ZrV-\n- -b- Øn-em-W-h...- C-ßs\ G hpw _rl-ømb Hcp Ncn-{X-kw-`h-Øns kwlm-s-\-øn, Wn- -s - n-s - n t mepw ]s - Sp- m-xn-cp-s - n AXv Fs `mk-øp-\n- p A - -hyamb Hcp A]-cm-[-am-Ip-am-bn-cp- p... Cu kabw Rm djy-bnem-wv. Rm ChnsS h n- m-bn-cp-s - n Cu PohnX- Xo m-s\w A]q Æ-ambn Ah-ti-jn- p-am-bn-cp- p. 27 HºXv h j-ßƒ p-ti-jw, 1939- At±lw djy hn-π-hsø ap - IWvTw {]iwkn psim pw AXn\v hnpbw Biw-kn- psim pw Aanb N{I-h Øn v Cßs\ FgpXn: ]e ]cn-an- Xn-I-fp-ap-s - n-epw, a\p-jy-cm-in-bpss B ] Æ-ime I -Xn

60 s{]mhmjv tlmjv F\n v AXn-bmb kt m-jhpw {]Xym-i-bp-ap- v. a\p-jy-ncn-{x-øn Hcn-SØpw ÿmbn-bmb kt m-j-øn\pw {]Xo- bv pw ImcWw Is -Øm F\n v Ign- n- n-. djy Cu ]pxp-bpkw kwÿm-]n- n-cn- p- Xv D z-e-amb Hcp hnπh-øn-t -em-sw v F\n- -dn-bmw. P\-ß-fpsS G hpw {Iqc\pw G hpw Icp-Ø-\p-amb i{xp-hn-s\-xn-cmb hnπ-h-am-w-xv. Zo Lamb Hcp Ime-b-f-hnse \nc-h[n ]m]-ßƒ p {]mb n- Ø-amWv Cu hnπ-hw... a-\p-jy-kw-kvir-xn-bpss hmcn-sb- n-\n- S-bn Xd- n-cn- p amc-i-amb Hcp Ip w AXym Øn F m-wxv Adn-b-s -Sp- Xv Ducn-sb-Sp- m-\p {]b-xv\- Øn-te s - n-cn- p-i-bmwv ]pxnb djy. Ah-cpsS Cu bxv\w hnp-bn- s F Biwk kzm`m-hn-i-am-bn-øs F n \n p-b-cp- p. 28 kp`m-jvn-{µ t_m-kv, sff -F-bpsS t]mcm w ]cm-p-b-a- S- p-sim- n-cp ka-bøv Bfl-hn-izm-k-]q w Cßs\ ]d-bp-i-bp- mbn : Ãmen Pohn- n-cn- p- v, At±lw a\p-jycm-in v am w Im pw. IΩyq-Wn-k-Øns ssp{x-bm-{x-bn At±lw F p-am{xw hnizm-k-a n- n-cp- p-sh- -Xv, 1939- ]pcp-fn-b-bn \S A\p-tamZ\-tbm-K-Øn At±lw \S-Ønb {]kwkw hy -am- p p. At±lw ]d p: C sø temisø \nc-h-[n-bmb {]hm-l-ß-sfbpw {]Xn{]hml-ßsfbpw c v hn`m-k-ß-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn- mw. a v hm p-i-fn ]d- m, km{am-pyxzi n-ifpw Ahbvs -Xnsc DW Øs IΩyq-Wn-k-Øns i n-ifpw. ln ve-dn-k-øns ]cm-pb-sa- -Xn\v IΩyq-Wn-k-Øns kwÿm-]\w F A w hcp- Xv AXp-sIm- m-wv. 29 B tkmhn-b v bq-wn-bs\ apxem-fn-ø- -km-{am-py-xz- -Xn-cp-Ø hmz i n-iƒ tn v XI Øp. Aß-s\-sbmcp hn]-xvkm- yx I n- v, ISpØ DXvIWvT-tbmsS sdmsabv tdmf v Xs sf hn t\m v sdãv F IrXn-bn FgpXn: djy A]-I-S-Øn-em-Wv. temiøv km{am-py-xz-i ni-fpss Hcp hºn kjyw tkmhnb v dn -ªn pifpss bqwn-b-s\-xnsc cq]wsimf-fp-i-bm-wv. {_n ojv km-{am-py-øns kω ±-hpw... -djy XI -s -Sp-I-

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 61 bm-sw- n ASn-a-Ø-Øn Io-gn-em-Im t]m-ip- Xv temisø sxmgn-em-fn-h w am{x-a, adn v kmaq-lyhpw hy n-]-c-hpamb kzmx{ yw A m-ss-bm-wv... temiw \nc-h[n L -ßƒ ]n m w X -s -Spw. tkmhn-b v bqwn-bs\ GsX- nepw i{xp A]-I-S-s -Sp-Øp kml-n-cyw Ft m-gp- m-bmepw Rm tkmhn-b v bqwn-b-s -sbm w \ne-sim- pw... djy XI s - m ]ns bqtdm- ns `mhn-sb- n Rm ho pw Nn n- p-i-bn-... h-cp GXm\pw \q m- v Ime-tØbv v Fßpw A -Imcw hym]n- n-cn- p- -Xmbn Rm IW- m- pw. 32 Ccp- ]Xmw \q m- nse B alm-\mb lyqa-\nãv Nn -Is Bi bmym y-am-bn-øo n-cn- p ZpxJ-I-c-amb kml-n-cy-amwv C p -Xv. Hcn- tkmhn-b v bqwn-b F m h hnth-n- \-ßfpw C m-xm n-s m v F m P\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]ptcmk-xn v hgn-xp-d- p. temiøv kam-[m-\-øns s\sp-t m- -bmbn \nesim- p. imkv{xw, Ie, kmln-xyw, kwkvim-cw, kmº-øn-icwkw F n-ßs\ F m Xpd-I-fnepw hf -bpss ]mc-ay-ønse-øn. B tkmhn-b v bqwn-b C v XI -Sn- n-cn- p-ibm-wv. adp-h-iøv temi-øn\v am\-h-k-øbpw ss\xn-i-xbpw [m ΩnIaqey-ßfpw ssitamiw h psim- n-cn- p- p. temiw ax-au-en-i-hm-z-øns Zpjn ]nsn-bn Aa p-sim- n-cn- p p. sxmgn-em-fn-i-fp-ssbpw Poh-\- m-cp-ssbpw F m Ah- Im-i-ßfpw Nhn- n-sa-xn- -s -Sp- p. ] n-wn-in-s- p Bbn-cß-fp-sSbpw _em kw-k-øn\pw Ah-a-Xn pw hnt[-b-cm-ip kv{xoi-fp-ssbpw tcmz\w Fßp-ap-b-cp- p. ]s, AXns t]cn \ncm-i-s -ts Imcy-an-. \ap v AKm-[-amb ZpxJ-ap- v, ]s, \ncm-i-bn-. Fs - m, Ncn- {X-hn-Zym n-i-sf \ne-bn \ap- -dn-bmw, Hcp al-ømb {]ÿm-\hpw H -b-sn v hnpbw ssih-cn- p-i-bn. _p -a-xhpw {InkvXp-a-Xhpw C mapw AXp-t]mse Xs lnµp-a-xhpw \qdp- I-W- n\v h j-ßƒ t]mcm-snb tij-amwv hnpbw t\sn-b-xv. Ah Bh Øn- v ]cm-p-b-s - n- p- v. ax-{]-hm-n-i Xßƒ v sszhn-i-amb i n-bp-s v Ah-Im-i-s - n-cp- p. F m, Ah pw \qdp-i-w- n\v h j-ßƒ kacw sntø- n-h- p.

62 s{]mhmjv tlmjv bqtdm- n _q jzm-p-\m-[n-]-xy-hn-π-h-øn\v hnpbw ssih-cn- m ap q- n-b-ºxv h j-ßƒ th n-h- p. \ΩpsS cmpyøpw kzmx-{ y-k-acw F{Xtbm h jw \o p-\n- p. AXp-am-sb mw X n- p-t\m- p-tºmƒ temisø BZysØ Nqj-W-c-ln-X-amb tkmjy-enãv kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿnxn 70 h jw am{xta \ne-\n- p- p. ASna-Øhpw cmp-hm-gvnbpw apx-em-fn-øhpw Nqj-Why-h-ÿn-Xn-I-fm-Wv. Cu hyh-ÿn-xn-i-sf mw tn v Bbn-c- -W- n\v h j-ßƒ \ne-\n- p. Nqj-W-hy-h-ÿnXn \ne-\n Cu Bbn-c- -W- n\v h j-ß-fpambn X n- p-t\m- p-tºmƒ 70 h jw \n m-c-am-wv. tkmjy-enkw D n \n pw ]pd- Øp-\n- p-ap hn]-øp-isf t\cn-sp-i-bm-bn-cp- p. \mw tkmjyenkw XI -s - -Xns Imc-W-ß-fn \n v ]mt-apƒs m- p-ibpw ho pw inc- p-b Øn apt -dp-ibpw thww. am Ivknkw Bhn `-hn- Xv am Ivkv Aßs\ B{K-ln p F - Xp-sIm- -. AXp-t]m-se, axm-nm-cy- mcpw _q jzm am\-h-hm- Zn-Ifpw Bhn `-hn- Xpw AhcpsS A`o-jvS-{]-Im-cambn-cp- n. GsXmcp {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw DZbw snøp- -Xv Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Bh-iy-I-X-bn \n mwv. am Ivknkw Bhn `-hn- Xpw kmaqly Bh-iy-IX AwKo-I-cn- p-sim- m-wv. apx-em-fnø hncp tkmjy-enãv hnπ-h-øn\v th n-bp kmaq-ly-hy-{k- X-bmWv am Ivkn-k-Øn\v P w \ In-b-Xv. ]co- -W-\n-co- - W-ß-fn-eqsS ÿnco-i-cn- -s imkv{xo-b-k-xysø B[m-cam n \ne-sim- p Htc-sbmcp XØz-Nn am Ivkn-k-am-Wv. imkv{x-øns hyxykvx imj-i-fmb ^nkn-ivkv, sian-kv{sn, ^nkn-tbm-f-pn, t_m Wn apx-em-bh {]Ir-Xn-bpsS hyxykvx afi-e-ß-fn-emwv {]h Øn- p- -Xv. B {]txyi afi-esø \nb-{ n- p \nbaw AXmXv imkv{x-im-j-iƒ Is -Øp p. alm-\mb am Ivkv Cu {]txyi \nb-a-ßsf Zzµzm-fl-I-ambn Iq n-bn-w n, ]c-kv]cw _ -s -SpØn, {]Ir-Xn-bnsebpw kaql-øn-sebpw F m Ne-\-ß-sfbpw \nb-{ n- p s]mxp- \nbaßƒ, Hcp hn m-\-hy-h-ÿ-sb \ne-bn, Is -Øn. kaq-l-øns hnim-k-]-cn-wm-a-ß-fpss {]txyi \nb-a-ßfpw am Ivkv Is -Øn. apx-em-fn-am imkv{xsø D]-tbm-K-s -Sp- Øp- Xv Ah-cpsS hyh-km-b-ßƒ pw {]Xn-tcm-[-Øn\pw

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... Irjn pw a pw B-h-iy-amb kmt -Xn-I-hnZy hnikn n-s -Sp- m\pw, tcmk-nn-in- bv pw hml-\-ßƒ \n Ωn- m\pw _lncm-imi ]cy-th-jwøn\pw AXp-t]m-se-bp a m-h-iyßƒ pw th n-bmwv. F m, XØz-Nn- -bp-sstbm kmaqly-hn-imkw kw_- n hnj-b-ß-fpsstbm afi-e-øn imkv{xw {]tbm-kn- p- -Xn-t\mSv Ah v ISpØ hntbm-pn- m-wp- -Xv. {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øns bpw kaq-l-øns bpw hni- I-e\sØ, kmaq-ly-{]-iv\-ßfpss ]cn-tim-[\sb, imkv{xw \nb-{ n- p- -Xn-t\mSv Ah v Xmev]-cy-an-. Cu afi-e-ßfn imkv{xob XØz-Nn {]tbm-kn- m Ah `b-s -Sp p. Aß-s\-bm-bm apx-em-fn-ø-øns \ne-\n-ev]n\v Xs `oj- Wn-bp-bcpw F -Xp-sIm- m-w-xv. F m, GsXmcp afi-e- Øn-sebpw GsXmcp {]Xn-`m-k-Øns Imcy-Ønepw imkv{xw, imkv{xob coxn-im-kv{xw, Bh-iy-am-sW- -XmWv \ΩpsS ] w. BZn-a-k-aq-l-Øn \n v ASn-a-Øk-aq-l-Øn-tebv pw, ASn-a-Ø-Øn \n v P n-ø-øn-te-bv pw, P n-ø-øn \n v apx-em-fn-ø-øn-te-bv p-ap kmaq-ly-]-cn-h Ø-\sØ \nb- { n- - A{]-Xn-tcm-[y-amb \nb-aw, apx-em-fn-ø-øn \n v tkmjy-en-k-øn-te-bv pw, tkmjy-en-k-øn \n v IΩyq-Wnk-Øn-te-bv p-ap am -søbpw A\n-hm-cy-ambpw \nb-{ n- p p. AXmWv Ncn-{X-Øns KXn. am Ivknkw \ Ip ]mtw AXm-Wv. AXmWv kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv Rßsf ]Tn- n- -Xv. B hnπ-h-]-cn-h Ø-\sØ \bn- m th n-bmwv At±lw \ΩpsS ]m n si n- -Sp-Ø-Xv. kn]n-sfbpw kn]n-sf(-fw)- Dw Hcn- epw am Ivknkw A\p-h Øn- n- n 63 {_n o-jp-im-cn \n p A[n-Im-c-ss -am- -Øn-eqsS C Uy \thm- m-\-øns A{K-Km-an-I-fp-sSbpw kzmx-{ yk-a-c-øns t\xm- -fp-ssbpw c -km- n-i-fp-ss-bpw kz]v\- ßƒ bmym y-am-bn F v kjm-hv in-_vzm-kv tlmjv I p. Ah A`n-e-jn- n-cp hntam-n\w ssih- n-. Nqj-W-an- mø

64 s{]mhmjv tlmjv Hcp kaqlw si n- -Sp- pi F -XmWv hntam-n-\-øns icnbmb A w. C Uy aæn Hcp bym IΩyq-WnÃv ]m n D m-bn-cp- n F -Xn-\m, kaq-lsø Nqj-W-Øn \n v tamnn- n- pi F I Øhyw \nd-th- p- -Xn\v th n, C Uy-bnse bym IΩyq-WnÃv ]m n F \ne-bn At±lw Fkvbp-kn-sF(-kn) si n- -Sp-Øp. IΩyq-WnÃv ]m n Hm^v C Uy F t]cv hln- n-cp ]m n-bn \n mwv ]n m-eøv ]nf - n-eq-ss, kn]n-sf(-fw) cq]w sim -Xv. B ]m n Hcn- epw Hcp bym I-Ωyq-WnÃv ]m n-bmbn hf p-h- n-. Ah-cpsS Ncn-{X-sa- mwv? AXp-tI- m \nßƒ A p-x-s - p-t]m-ipw. alm-\mb Ãmen 1925- Nq n- m n: C Uy-bnse sndp-ins _q jzm-knbpw s] n-_q jzm hnπ-h-im-cn-ifpw {_n ojv `c-w-øn-s\-xnsc s]mcp-xn-s m- ncn- p-tºmƒ h tzio-b-_q jzmkn {_n ojv km{am-py-xz-i- n-i-fp-ambn k n-bn-te s -Sp-I-bm-Wv. IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ Cu s] n-_q jzm-kn-bp-ambn sfiyw Du n-bp-d- n- p-sim- v, kzmx- { y-{]-ÿm-\-øn \n v A\p-c-RvP-I-i- n-bmb _q jzmknsb H -s -Sp-Ø-W-sa v At±lw D]-tZ-in- p. F m, hn pho-gvn-bn- m-ø t]m-cm-fn-bmb kp`m-jvn-{µ t_m-kns\ Km nb- m H -s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw tim {K v {]kn-u v ÿm\-øp- \n v cmpn-h-bv m \n - n-x-\m- n-øo p-i-bpw, XpS v A -S- -ew-l\w \S-Øn-sb- m-tcm-]n v tim {K- n \n pxs ]pd-øm- p-i-bpw snbvx-t mƒ, IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Imsc- -dn-b-s -Sp Ch kp`m-jvt_mkns\ ]n p-wbv p - Xn\v ]Icw Km nb- m-cpss H w tn p. CXmWv IΩyq-WnsÃ- -dn-b-s -Sp ]m n-bpss Ncn-{Xw. A m-bn-cps n kzmx-{ y-k-a-c-øns kz`mhwxs hyxy-kvx-am-ip-am-bncp p. alm-\mb amthm sk XpMv ssn\-bn sxmgn-em-fnh hn-πhw hnp-bn- n- p- -Xn\v If-sam-cp- m-\mbn, kp`m-jvn- {µ-t_m-kn-s\-t mse hnπ-h-im-cn-bm-bn-cp tzio-b-hm-zn-t\-xmhv tumivs k bmxv sk\p-ambn sfiyw ÿm]n- n-cp- p. C Uy-bn kam-\-amb ] v hln- m kp`m-jvt_m-kn\v Ignbp-am-bn-cp- p. kp`m-jvt_mkv Xs AXv Bh-iy-s - n-cp- p. cmwkm-dn \S CS-Xp-] GtIm-]\ ktω-f-\-øn\v sxm p-

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 65 ap-ºmbn At±lw ]d p: tim {K- n-\p- n-ep ]ptcm-ka-\-im-cn-ifpw dmun- \ne-]m-sp- -hcpw km{am-py-xz-hn-cp- -cpw, DS-\Sn tkmjy-enãv As - n IΩyq-WnÃv ]m n-bn tncm Xøm-d- m-ø-h-cpw, Bb F m i n-i-sfbpw Hcp s]mxp-an-\naw ]cn-]m-sn-bpss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn H n- n-t - nbn-cn- p- p. Aßs\ am{xta he-xp-]- i n-i-fpss B{Ia-W-ßsf Hgn-hm- m-\pw, Hcp am IvknÃv ]m n- si n- -Sp- p- -Xn\v If-sam-cp- m\pw km[n- p-i-bp p F pw Rm a\- n-em- n. 30 F m IΩyq-Wn-sÃ- -dn-b-s - n-cp Ah B ktω-f-\-øn ]s -Sp-Øn-. Imc-Ww, B ka-bøv Ah Km n-b- m-cp-ambn HØp-Xo p- m- p- -Xns Xnc- n-em-bncp- p. Ahn-`-PnX kn]n-sf-bpss CØcw snbvxn-i-fn ISpØ ZpxJw {]I-Sn- n- p-sim v kp`mjvn{µ t_mkv ]d p: IΩyq- Wn-k-Øn\v km -{Xn-I-ambn a\p-jys\ BI jn- m Ignhp-s - n t mepw C Uy IΩyq-Wn-k-Øn\v Imcy-amb apt - -ap- m- m Ign- n- n-. C Uy-bn IΩyq-Wn-k- Øns A\p-Iq-en-Iƒ P\-ßsf BI jn- pibpw Ah-cp-ambn kulrzw krjvsn- pibpw snøp- -Xn\v ]Icw Ahsc i{xp- -fm- n-am- p coxn-ifpw X{ -ß-fp-amWv kzoi-cn- p- Xv F -XmWv AXn\v apjy-amb Imc-Ww. 31 C Uy-bnse IΩyq- WnÃv ]m n-sb- -dn-b-s -Sp- ]m n 1942- se BKÃv {]t m- `-Ønepw ]s -Sp-Øn-. cmpy-sam- msi Xnf- p-a-dn- p-sim- ncp B ka-bøv Ah {_n ojv km{am-py-xz-øns ] w tn p. {_n ojv Kh-s n\v Ah \ Inb e m-i-c-amb ]n p-w-bn A{]nbw {]I-Sn- n- p-sim v alm-\mb Ãmen Ahsc hna in- pi-bp- mbn. C Uy-bnse IΩyq-WnÃv F dn-b-s -Sp ]m n- ChnsS hln ] v CØ-c-Øn-ep- -Xm-bncp- p. kp`m-jvn{µ t_mkv sff F ÿm]n- p. sff F P m-\p-ambn X{ -]-c-amb kjyw ÿm]n- p. B kjyw icnbm-bn-cp- pthm F Imcy-Øn X -ap- m-imw. F m kp`m-jvt_m-kns cmpy-kvt\lw kwi-bm-xo-x-am-bn-cp- p. ]s, IΩyq-Wn-sÃ dnb-s -Sp Cu ]m n s\{lp-hn-s - sbm w tn v kp`m-jns\ P ms ]mh-sb v hnfn- p. CXmWv Ncn-{Xw.

66 s{]mhmjv tlmjv ]n osv Ahn-`-PnX kn]nsf t\xm- ƒ lnµp- fpw ap oßfpw c v hyxykvx cmjv{s-ß-fm-sw v hmzn- p. A sø Ahn-`-PnX IΩyq-WnÃv ]m n-bpss Cu hmzw B -F-kv-Fkv t\xm- ƒ v kt m-j-i-c-am-bn-cn- pw. kn]nsf t\xm- ƒ ]min-ÿm hm-zsø ]n p-w- p. CXm-W-h-cpsS `qx-im-ew. F{X Ah-k-c-ß-fm-W-h ]mgm- n- -f- -Xv. Ah-cp-tSXv Hcp IΩyq-WnÃv ]m n-b F -XmWv Imc-Ww. Ct mƒt mepw kn]n-sf-bp-ssbpw kn]n-sf(-fw)- -s bpw kn m- -sa- mwv? Ah-cpsS kn m- -{]-Imcw C Uy _q jzmkn ]ptcm-k-a-\- Im-cn-bm-Wv. Ah-cpsS Xoknkv ]d-bp- Xv P\-Iob P\m-[n- ]Xy hnπ-h-sø- - n-bm-wv. C Uy `c-w-iq-s-øns h - kz-`m-h-sø- n kn]n-sf(-fw) ]d-bp- Xv, AXv h _q jzmkn-bm \bn- -s -Sp _q jzm P n `c-w-iq-s-amwv F s{x. BcmWv Cu h _q jzmkn? IpØ-I-ap-X-em-fn-am-cmWv Cu h _q jzm-kn. C Uy-bn IpØ-I-ap-X-em-fnØw {]Xy- s - n-cn- p- p-sh- v kn]n-sf(-fw) AwKo-I-cn- p- p. apx-emfn-ø-øns Ah-km\ L -amwv IpØ-I-ap-X-em-fn-Ø-sa v se\n Nq n- m- n-bn- p- v. Cu L -Øn-emWv apx-em-fnøw km{am-pyxz kz`mhw B n- p- -Xv. kn]n-sf(-fw)s A`n- {]m-b-øn, Cu IpØI apx-em-fn-am AYhm h _q jzmkn C Uy-bn `c-w-iq-sm-[n-im-c-øn-en-cn- p-i-bm-wv. ]s, kn]nsf(-fw) ]d-bp- Xv AhcpsS hnπhw P n-ø-øn\pw km{am- Py-Xz-Øn\pw FXnscbmsW- pw, tzio-b-_q jzmkn Ah-cpsS kjy-i- n-bm-sw- p-am-wv. Cu kn m- -a-\p-k-cn v kn]nsfbpw ]n m-eøv kn]n-sf(-fw)- Dw Cµn-cm-Km- nsb ]ptcm-k-a-\-im-cn-sb pw samdm Pn-tZ-im-bnsb ]n n-cn- -s\ pw hnti-jn- n- p. Cµn-cm-Km- n-bpss Ccp-]-Xn\ ]cn-]m-snsb A\p- Iqen- -Xn-eqsS kn]n-sf(-fw) ^e-øn ASn-b- n-cm-h-ÿsb ]n pw- p. Pb-{]-Imiv \mcm-b t\xrxzw \ Inb ka-c- Øn Ah ]s -Sp-Øn-. kn]nsf Cµn-cm-Km- nsb {]Xy- -ambn ]n p-w- p, kn]n-sf(-fw) ]tcm- -am-bpw. AXns\ apx-se-sp-øp-sim pw B ka-csø {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øns m pw P\-kwLw i n h n- n- p. kn]n-sfbpw kn]nsf(-fw)- Dw Pb-{]-Imiv \mcm-b-ws ka-c-øn tn n-cp-

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... p-sh- n _nsp-]n v C sø \ne-bn-se-øm Ign-bp-ambncp n-. Rßƒ H bv v AXns\ sndp- m {ian- p. F m Rß-fpsS i n ]cn-an-x-am-bn-cp- p. ]s, AtX kn]n-sf(-fw) t\xm- ƒ Xs P\-Xm-]m n-bp-ambn H n p. A v P\-Xm-]m n- p n B -F-kv-Fkpw P\-kw-L-hp-ap- m-bn-cp- p. 1977- se sxc-s -Sp- n t\ -ap- m- m th nbmwv Ah-cXv snbvx-xv. ] n-a-_w-km-fn Ah A[n-Im-c- Øn h Xv P\-Xm-]m n-bpss ]n p-w-tbm-ss-bm-bn-cp- p. AtX kn]n-sf(fw) Xs hn.]n.knwkv Kh-s ns\ ]n p- W-bv m-\mbn _nsp-]n-bp-ambn ssitim Øp. sim Ø ssaxm-\øv tpymxn-_kp, AS _n-lmcn hmpvt]-bnbpss H w kwbp s]mxp-k-tω-f-\sø A`n-kw-t_m-[\ snbvxn- p- v. Hcn- kn]n-sf(-fw) sim Ø tim -td-j `cn- Xv _nsp-]n-bpss ]n p-w-tbm-ss-bm-bn-cp- p. CsX mw G hpw hj-fmb Ah-k-c-hm-Z-Øns DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv Bflm-`n-am-\-tØmsS apt -dm-\p-ff am w Im n-ø p 67 IΩyq-Wn-sÃ- -dn-b-s -Sp Cu ]m n-bpss bym kz`mh-sa-s v a\- n-em- m kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlm-jn\v Pbnen h v Xs Ign- p. BKÃv {]t m-`-øn ]s - Sp-Ø-Xns t]cn At±lw A v Pbn hmkw A\p-`-hn- p- I-bm-bn-cp- p. Ahn-`-PnX kn]nsf icn-bmb am IvknÃv coxnimkv{xw A\p-h Øn- p-sim hf p-h- -sx v At±lw a\- n-em- n. Ah-cpsS t\xm- ƒ kxy-k- -cm-imw, ]s Ah am Ivkn-ksØ kz w PohnXZ i-\-ambn kzoi-cn- n. Ah v C Uy-bn am IvknksØ aq Øo-I-cn- m Ign- n-. am Ivkn-k-Øns ]mt-ß-fpss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv Hcp Imcyw a\- n-em- n. AXmbXv, Hcp am IvknÃv ]m n Xncp-Ø hm-z-øn-\-sn-s v A[x- ]-Xn- p-i-bm-sw- n AsXmcp _q jzm ]m ntbm s] n-

68 s{]mhmjv tlmjv _q jzm ]m ntbm Bbn-Øo-cmw. F m, am Ivkn-sÃ t]cp-s - nepw bym -Øn s] n-_q jzm dnhn-j-\nãv kz`mhw ]pe Øp Hcp ]m nsb sx p-xn-cp-ø-en-eqss bym IΩyq-WnÃv ]m n-bm n am m Ign-bn-. AXn-\m Hcp bym hnπ-h- m n cq]o-i-cn-t - -Xns Bh-iy-IX At±-l-Øn\v A\p-`-h-s - p. hnπ-h-im-cn-i-fmb a v Bdv kl- {]-h Ø-I-cp-sam-Øp-tN v At±lw AXn-\p-th- n-bp kacw Bcw-`n- p. A v kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv Xosc Adnb-s -SmØ Hcm-fm-bn-cp- p. A v ]m n v Hm^o-kn m-bn-cp p. Ah v Xma-kn- m-\n-s-an- m-bn-cp- p. ` -W-an- m-bn-cp- p. kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv cm{xn sdbn th-tã-j-\nepw \Kc-Ønse ]m p-i-fnepw Dd-ßn-bn- p- v. Znh-k-ß-tfmfw At±lw ] n-wn-tbm A -]- n-wn-tbm Bbn Ign- n- p- v. Rm kviqfn ]Tn- p ImeØv kjmhv tlmjv ] n-wn- In-S- p- Xv I n- p- v. C v Rßƒ v AØcw kui-cy-ßsf- m-ap- v. ]m n C v KWy-ambn hf n-cn- p- p. ]s, kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlm-jn\v ` -W-an- msx Ign-tb- n-h \mfp-iƒ Rß-ƒs m-cn- epw ad- m-\m-hn-. A v Ahn-`-PnX kn]nsf Hcp henb ]m n-bm-bn-cp- p. A\p-io-e k-an-xn-bn \n v cq]o-i-cn s B -F-kv]nbpw henb ]m n-bm-bn-cp- p. t\xmpn kp`m-jvn{µ t_mkv ÿm]n t^m th Uv tªm pw Aßs\ Xs. Ah Rßsf ]cn-l-kn- n-cp- p. Fkvbp-knsF(kn)sb ]m n F v hnfn- m-sa- n hmh-ens\ ] n-bmbpw ]cn-k-wn- mw F v ]d v Ah Ifn-bm- n-bn-cp- p. Fkvbp-kn-sF(-kn) Hcp v am{x-amwv A msx ]m n-b F v Ah ]d- n-cp- p. ]s, kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv AsXm pw hi-h- n-. At±lw XnI \n -b-zm Vy-tØmsS apt m- p-t]m-bn. Nne At±-l-tØmSv ]d- p: \nß-fpss {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw icnbm-wv. \nßƒ ]d-bp- Xv icn-bm-wv. ]s, \nßƒ hnp-bn- n-. \nßƒ v A\p-bm-bn-I-fm-cp-an-. ]{X-ßƒ \ Ip {]Nm-c-W-an-. ]W-hp-an-. Cßs\ \njv^-e-ambn ]cn-{i-an- m, \nß-fpss PohnXw ]mgm-bn-t m-ipw. ]s, kjmhv

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 69 in_vzm-kv tlmjv AXn\v \ Inb adp-]sn CXm-bn-cp p: Rm kacw snbvxp-sim v acn- pw. acn- p-tºmgpw kacw snøpw. Fs {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øn kxy-ap-s - n Hcn- Ncn{Xw AXns\ hne-a-xn- pw. Rm Hcp ac- p-h- n-em-bn-cn mw acn- p- -Xv. F nepw hnπ-h-øn\v Hcp ASn-ÿm-\-in-e-sb- nepw ]mim F\n v km[n- pw. C v \ΩpsS ]m n hf p-hn- I-kn- p-sim- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. cmpysø H p-an kwÿm-\-ßfntebv pw ]m n hym]n- n-cn- p- p. se\n \bn- n-cp kn]n- F-kvbp-hn-s\bpw amthm \bn- n-cp kn]n-kn-sbbpw t]mse \ΩpsS ]m nbpw i n IW- m- p- Xv Fw]n-am-cp-sSbpw FwF -F-am-cp-sSbpw FÆsØ ASn-ÿm-\-s -Sp-Øn-b-. \ΩpsS ]m n-bn XI -bpss emrvo-\-sb- n-ep-apt m? Ign sxc-s -Sp- n\v apºv \ap v Hcp Fw]n-bp- m-bncp p. ]s, AXv \ΩpsS ]m n-bpss am{xw i n-sim- p- m-b-xm-bn-cp- n-. B ka-bøv \mw knwkq \µn{kmw kacsø ASn-ÿm-\-am n XrW-aq tim {K- p-am-bp m nb kjyønem-bn-cp- p. C{]m-hiyw \Ωƒ H -bv mwv a -cn- Xv. Pbn- m km y-x-bn-s v \ap- -dn-bm-am-bn-cp- p. \mw Hcp hnπ-h- m n-sb \ne-bn sxc-s -Sp- n a -cn- v Pbn- m {ian- p. \ap v P\-ß-fpsS hºn ]n p-w-bp- mbn-cp- p. F m ]W-Øn-s bpw t]io-_-e-øn-s bpw am[ya-øn-s bpw kwtbm-pn-x-i- n-sbbpw sxc-s -Sp v Ir{Xn-a- Øn-\m-bp- m- nb kwhn-[m-\-søbpw ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-Øm \ap v Ign- n-. ]s, AXp-sIm v \ΩpsS GsX- nepw AwKtam {]h Ø-It\m ]m n- hn- p-t]mtbm? C. ]Icw \mw i n h n- n- p-i-bmwv snbvx-xv. kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjns Nn -I-fm \bn- -s -Sp \ΩpsS ]m n kjm- ƒ hnπ-h-{]-xy-b-im-kv{x-tømsv Dd {]Xn- m-_- X ]pe Øp- -h-cm-wv. Ign sxc-s -Sp v ImeØv \ap v ]e ]pxnb _ -ßfpw In n. Ah-cn kn]n-sf(-fw)- \n pw a v ]m n- I-fn \n pw _lp-p-\-ßƒ n-s-bn \n p-ap- hcp- v. \ΩpsS ]m n-bpss {]h Ø-\-ßƒ apt m- p-sim- p-t]m-ip- -Xv, sxcp-hn \n pw hosp-ho-sm- -chpw \S-Øp kw`mh\ ]ncn-hns\ B{i-bn- m-wv. \ΩpsS {]h Ø-I-cn \qdp-i-

70 s{]mhmjv tlmjv W- n\v t] apgp-h k-ab {]h Ø-I-cm-Wv. Ah km[mcwcoxn-bn-ep-ff IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw \bn- p- -h-c-. ]m n- pw hnπ-h-k-a-c-øn\pw th n k hpw ka n- m k - -cmb-h-cm-wv. am Ivkn-kw- -se-\n-\n-kw- -in-_vzm-kvtlmjv Nn - Isf ASn-ÿm-\-s -SpØn Hcp ]pxnb kacw cmpy-øp-s-\ofw hf p-h-cn-i-bm-wv. kjmhv in_vzm-kv tlmjv s]mbvt mb ImesØ al-zvhy- n-isf BZ-cn- m\pw, Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn \n pw ka-c- Øn \n pw ]mt-ß-fpƒs m- m-\pw, am Ivkn-kw- -se-\n-\nksø kz w Pohn-X-Øn {]tbm-k-øn hcp-øm\pw \sω ]Tn- n- p. At±lw ]Tn- n p: hnπ-h-cm-jv{so-b-øns ImX IpSn-sIm- p- Xv hmnm-tsm-]-øntem ]mfin-xy-øntem A, Db kz`m-h-a-ln-a-bn-em-wv. Db kz`m-hhpw am\-h-k- Ø-bpw ]pe ØpI; a p- -hsc \ΩpsS s]cp-am- hpw kvt\lhpw am\y-amb CS-s]-Sepw sim v \ΩpsS ] -tøbv -Sp- n pi AXm-Wm-h-iyw. Im]-Sy-Øn-eqsS al-ømb bmsxm pw ssih-cn- m-\m-hn-. GsXm-cmfpw Hcn- acn- pw. ]s, Pohn- p Ime-tØmfw A -t mss Pohn- -Ww. acw-th-f-bn t mepw hnπ-h-{]-xy-b-im-kv{x-øns ASn-ÿm- \-Øn Db inc-t mss Xs acn- -Ww. A\o-Xn-bp-sStbm Im]-Sy-Øns tbm ap n Hcn- epw ap p-a-s- -cp-xv. Pohn-X- Øn A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t - n-h-cp GsXmcp A\o-Xn-tbmSpw [oc-ambpw a\p-tjym-nn-x-ambpw {]Xn-tj-[n- -Ww. AXn-emWv Pohn-X-Øns bym B\µw IpSn-sIm- p- -Xv. [mcmfw kzøv kºm-zn- p-sh- -Xp-sIm v Bcpw alxzw B n- n- n-. _m n-ep \nt -]-Øn-s tbm kzøn-s tbm ASn-ÿm- \-Øn temiøv Bcpw alm-\m-bn- n-. alm- m-cm-bn-cp ]e pw ] nwn InS-t nh n- p- v, InS- m-s-an- m-xn-cp- n- p- v, simsnb a ±-\-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-t - n-h- n- p- v. F m, Ah-cpsS am\p-jni aqey-ßƒ aqew, am\-h-kø aqew, Ah \ΩpsS a\- n F pw Pohn- p- p. CXm-Wv kjmhv in_v- Zmkv tlmjv \sω ]Tn- n- -Xv. \ΩpsS Bbn-c- -W- n\v {]h - Ø-I Cu ]mt-øn \n pw Du -apƒs m- -h-cm-wv.

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... Cu kwÿm-\øpw cmpysø CXc kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw \Ωƒ hnhn[ Bh-iy-ß-fn-t sxmgn-em-fn-h -t m-cm- -ßƒ hf Øn-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. \mw sxmgn-em-fn-i-fpssbpw Zcn-{Z-I j-i-cp-ssbpw I j-i-søm-gn-em-fn-i-fp-ssbpw \m n ]p-dsø sxmgn-em-fn-i-fp-ssbpw Bh-iy-ß-fn-t kac-ßƒ hf Øn-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm- n-cn- p- p. kv{xoiƒs -Xn-cmb AXn-{I-a-ßƒs -Xnsc kacw hf Øn-sb-Sp- p- p. hnzym n- I-fp-sSbpw bphm- -fp-ssbpw \ymb-amb Bh-iy-ß-ƒ pth n t]mcm-sp- p. Zp -l-amb hne- -b- -Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]Xn-tj-[- k-acw hf Øn-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm- n-cn- p- p. XpS pw ti{µ- kw-ÿm\ k m-cp-i-fpss F m P\-hn-cp \b-ßƒ p-sa- Xnsc \ap v kacw hf Øn-sb-Sp- -Ww. \ΩpsS ka-c-øns Dt±-iy-sa- mwv? \ΩpsS Dt±iyw tihew Bh-iy-ßƒ t\snsb-sp- pi F Xv am{x-a-. adn v \ΩpsS Dt±iyw P\-ßƒ v am Ivkn-kw- -se-\n-\n-kw- -in-_vzm-kv tlmjv Nn -bpss ]mtßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s -Sp-Øn-bp hnzym-`ymkw \ Ip-I, Ahsc hnπ-h-{]-_p- -X-bpsSbpw hnπhkwkvim-c-øns bpw Bbp- [-a-wnbn- p-i, kacw \S-tØ- -sx-ß-s\-sb in Ww Ah v \ Ip-I, A\o-Xn-s -Xnsc s]mcp-xn-a-cn-t - -sx-ßs\-sb- pw, {]Xy-b-im-kv{XsØ ASn-ÿm-\-s -SpØnb sfiyw hf Øn-sb-Sp-t - -sx-ß-s\-sb pw Ahsc ]Tn- n- pi F p- -Xm-Wv. tbmpn kacw hf p-h-c-w-sa- pw, kacw kwl-sn- n- m-\mbn AkwJyw P\-Io-b k-a-c- -Ωn- n-iƒ cq]- sa-sp- -W-sa pw \mw Xmev]-cy-s -Sp- p. Hmtcm {]tz-iøpw P\-Io-b I-Ωn- n-ifpw thmf- n-b Z-f-ßfpw kwl-sn- n- p-i. NucwKn hsc-sb-øp Cu hºn P\- q- -Ønse apgp-h- \m-fp-ifpw \ΩpsS ]m n-bn s]sp- -h-c-. F m, Ah-tch-tcmSpw Rßƒ ]d-bp- Xv Ah Zo L-Im-e-ambn h n- s - p-sim- n-cn- p- p-sh- m-wv. DW s -gp-t v sndp-øp- \n pi F -XmWv C\n Bh-iyw. BcpsS CwKn-X-a-\p-kcn- mwv A Sn- - Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn-Iv am[y-a-ßƒ {]h Øn- p- Xv? BcmWv am[y-a-ß-fpss DS-a-Iƒ? am[y-a-ß-fpss DS-a-Iƒ apxem-fn-h -am-wv. sxc-s -Sp- n sne-h-gn- -s timsn- -W- 71

72 s{]mhmjv tlmjv n\v cq] \ In-b-Xm-cmWv? AXv \ In-bXv apx-em-fn-h w. Ah \nßsf Bh Øn v I_-fn- n- n-cn- p- p. C\nbpw \nßƒ I_-fn- n- -s -Spw. \nßƒ sfiy-tømss \ne-sim- -Ww. Zb-hmbn cmjv{sobw a\- n-em- q. a\ v aspøv cmjv{sob-øn \n v apjw Xncn- m-xn-cn- p-i. As n, Zpjn cmjv{so-bw, hrøn-si cmjv{sobw A[o-iXzw ]pe Øpw. cmpyw IqSp-X \misø t\cn-spw. Zb-hmbn \nß-fpss kz w _p n-bp-]-tbm-kn v ]m n-isf hne-bncp-øp-i. icn-bmb t\xr- XzsØ Is Øp-I. kwl-s-\m-]-camb Icp-Øns am{xw ASnÿm-\-Øn Hcp ]m nsbbpw hne-bn-cp-øm-xn-cn- p-i. GsXmcp ]m n-bp-ssbpw XØz-ßfpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw kwkvim-chpw kz`m-hhpw icnbmtwm A tbm F v ]cntim-[n- p-i. henb ]m n-i-fpss ]n n A -ambn AWn- \n-c- -Xn-eqsS \nßƒ XpSsc h n- -s - n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. C\nsb- nepw icn-bmb ]m n-sb, icn-bmb {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-sØbpw XØz-sØ-bpw, Xncn- -dn-bm {ian- p-i. Db kz`m-h-alna B n- m {ian- p-i. hnzym n-i-sfbpw bphm- -sfbpw c n- p-i. bphm- fpw hnzym n-ifpw \in- n s - p-sim- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. _wkmƒ Hcn- JpZn-dmw, {]oxn-e-x, _mlm PXn, dmwtaml, hnzym-km-k, cho-{µ-\m-yv, ic-xvn-{µnm Pn, \{kpƒ, kp`m-jvt_mkv XpS-ßn-b-h v P w \ In. B _wkmƒ Cs -hnss? BZyw kn]n-sf(-fw)- Dw ]ns XrWaq tim {K pw Cu kwÿm-\sø \in- n- n-cn- p- p. Cu ]m n-isf _wkm-fnse P\-Xbv v kzoi-cn- m-\m-hptam? AXpsIm- mwv hnzym n-i-sfbpw bphm- -sfbpw DW Øn Hcp amxri krjvsn- m Rm \nß-tfm-s-`y n- p- -Xv. A ym- ]-I-tcm-Sp Fs A`y \ CXmWv: DtZym-K-Ønt\m s{]mtam-jt\m th n Hcp ]m n-bp-ss-bpw ap n Xe-Ip-\n- -cp-xv. \nßƒ v ] nwn InS v acn-t n hcn-. timtfpv {]n kn- mƒamcpw sshkvnm k-e amcpw s{]m^-k am-cpsams Hcn- kn]n-sf(-fw)- s ]n n AWn-\n-c- p- Ibpw, ]n osv s]msp- s\ \ndw am n XrW-aq tim {Kns ]n mse t]mhp-ibpw snøp- Xv A - p {]hr-

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 73 Øn-bmtWm? Kh-s n \n p Ahm Unt\m ÿm\-am- \-ßƒt m Hs th n kz w a\x-km n hnev p Iem- Im-c- m-cp-ssbpw _p n-po-hn-i-fp-ssbpw {]hrøn icn-bmtwm? kaq-l-øn \n v, F \nß-fpss IpSpw-_-Øn \ns - nepw, \nßƒ v A - p a\p-jy F _lp-axn e`n- ptam? ]W-Øn\pw ÿm\-am-\-ßƒ pw th n-bp B ØnbmtWm \nß-fpss Pohn-X-Ønse k -kzhpw? hcpw Xe-ap-d- Iƒ v \nß-fn \n v F mwv e`n m\p- Xv? t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ- m-tcmsv Rm ]d-bs : DtZym-K- -b- -Øn\v th nbpw Xmev]-cy-an- m-ø-bn-s-tø-bv p-ff ÿew-am w Hgnhm- m th n-bp-sams Hcn- \nßƒ kn]n-sf(-fw) \v th n {]h Øn- p; Ct mƒ XrW-aq-en\v th n tpmen-snøp- p. AXp-hgn \nßƒ P\-ß-fpsS shdp v Wn- p-h-cp- Øp-I-bmWv snøp- -Xv. \nß-fpss IpSpw-_-Ønse Ip n-iƒ \nß-fn \n v F mwv ]Tn- pi? \nb-a-ß-fp- m- p- Xv P\-ß-fpsS Xmev]-cym -a-, _q jzm-kn v th n-bmwv F v F m-h pw Adn-bmw. F n pw hyh-km-bn-itfm `c-w- I- n-bpss t\xm- tfm {]h Ø-Itcm kz w Xmev]-cym w \nbaw ewln- m \nßƒ v \nb-asø kwc- n- m Ignbp- n-. \nbaw AXn-t -Xmb hgn-bn t]mip- pt m? apxem-fn-amcpw Ah-cpsS ]nwn-bm-fp-ifpw sxfn- p hgntb BWv \nbaw \oßp- -Xv. \nßsf Ah Fßs\bmWv D]-tbmKn p- Xv? Ah a{ n-am-cm-ip- p, ÿm\-am-\-ßƒ t\sp- p, henb henb Bƒ m-cm-ip- p; Ah pth F m hrøn-si tpmen-ifpw \nß-sf-s m v snøn- p- p. AXns ^e-ambn km[m-cw P\-ßƒ \nß-sf shdp- p- p. Zb-hmbn Cu {]iv\- ß-sf- n Nn n- p-i. P\-ßtfmSv Rm ho pw A`y n- p p: \K-c-ß-fnepw {Kma-ß-fnepw thmf- n-b Zf-ßƒ v cq]w \ Ip-I. JpZndmw t_mkns c -km- n-zn-\-amb BKÃv 11 ASp-Øp-h-cnI-bmWv. F m `h\ß-fnepw B Zn\w BN-cn- p-i. XpS v sk]vxw- _-dn c v alm- m-cpss P -Zn-\-ßƒ hcp- p. sk]vxw-_ 17- \v ic-xvn-{µ-nm- Pn-bp-sSbpw 26- \v hnzym-km-k-dn-s -bpw. B

74 s{]mhmjv tlmjv Zn\-ßfpw kap-nnxw BN-cn- p-i. Ah-cpsS ktµ-i-ßƒ Hmtcm ho n-ep-sa-øn- p-i. kwkvir-xn-bpss \ne-\n-ev]n\p th n \ΩpsS Ip n-isf c n- pi \nßtfh-tcmspw C\n Rm as mcp Imcyw ]d-bmw. Fs ]m n-bnse {]h Ø-I-tcmSpw Rm C mcyw ]d- n- p v. DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-t_m-[-ap ]uc- m-sc \ne-bn \nß-fpss ap nepw Rm B \n t±iw Ah-X-cn- n- p-i-bm-wv. Ah-[n- Zn-h-k-ß-fn Npcp-ßn-bXv cmhn-se-sb- nepw Ip n-iƒ v th n Imbn-I-hn-t\m-Z-ßƒ kwl-sn- n- pi. Ahsc ]Zy-]m-cm-b-Ww, kwhm-zw, a v kmwkvim-cni kmaq-ly-{]-h Ø-\-ßƒ F n-hbn-te s -Sm t{]m m-ln- n- p-i. Zb-hmbn Ah v hnzymkm-k, cho-{µ-\m-yv, ic-xvn-{µnm Pn, \{kpƒ, kp`m-jvt_mkv, `KXvknwKv, N{µ-ti-J Bkm-Zv XpS-ßnb al-zvhy- n-isf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-I. \oe- n-{x-ß-fp-ssbpw sk t^m-wp-i-fpssbpw A«o-e-kn-\n-a-I-fp-sSbpw Zpjn kzm[o-\-øn s v \nß-fpss IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip n-iƒ Zpjn- p-sim- n-cn- p-ibm-wv. Zb-hmbn Cu Ip n-isf c n- p-i. Ah Rß-fpsS ]m n-bp-ambn _ -s - -h-cmtwm A tbm F Xv {]k- - a. kwkvir-xn-bpss \ne-\n-ev]n-\p-th n Zb-hmbn Ip n-isf c n- p-i-sb I Øhyw Gs -Sp- p-i. am\-h-kw-kvir-xn-bpss hntam-n-\-øn\p th n Fkvbp-kn-sF(-kn)- sb i n-s -Sp-ØpI \mk-cn-ix H msi C v `ojwn t\cn-sp-i-bm-wv. am Ivknkw se\n\nkw in_vzm-kv tlmjv Nn -Iƒ p-am{xta tamn-\-øn-\p am w Im m km[n- q. a\p-jy-kw-kvirxn CXn-\p-apºv C{Xbpw henb {]Xn-k n t\cn- n- n. kwkvirxn

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 75 IÆo hm p-i-bm-wv, thz-\-sim v ]pf-bp-i-bm-wv, hntamn- \-Øn\pth n Zmln- p-i-bm-wv. am Iv-knkw- -se-\n-\n-kw- kjm-hv in-_vzm-kv tlmjv Nn -I-fpsS hnπ-h-]m-t-ßƒ p am{xta B hntam-n\w km y-am- m-\mhq. Cu hnπ-h-nn- - Iƒ Gs -Sp-Øp-sIm v Fkvbp-kn-sF(-kn)- sb i n-s -Sp- ØpI. Fkvbp-kn-sF (-kn) i n {]m]n- p- -Xn-\-\p-k-cn v hnπ-h-t m-cm- -ßfpw P\-Io-b-k-a-c-ßfpw apt -dpw. \nßƒ ]m nsb i n-s -Sp-Øm-\mbn apt m- p-h-cp-sa {]Xo- tbmss Rm D]-kw-l-cn- p- p. Source of Quotations 1. Left wing Communism, an infantile disorder. 2. Free translation from Bengali speech 3. Free translation from Bengali speech 4. Letter to Lord Amherst 11.12.1823. Works of Raja Rammohan 5. Letter to F.J.Mouat, Vidyasagar Rachana Sangraha 6. Karunasagar Vidyasagar Indra Mitra 7. Letters written to Hemantabala Debi and her son, daughter, son-in law, brother and gradson. 8. Quoted from the novels Charithrahin, Pather Dabi, Shesh Prasna. 9. Crossroads -- Subhas Chandra Bose 10. We or our Nationhood - Golwarkar 11. Swami Vivekananda - Bani O Rachana, Udbodhan (1st Edition, 1st Volume and 3rd Volume) 12. Letter to Mohammed Sarafraj of Nainital, Swami Vivekananda - Messages and Works, Udbodhan (Compiled) 13. Bani O Rachana, 3rd Volume, 5th Edition - Swami Vivekananda 14. Future of India, Swami Vivekananda - Bani O Rachana, Bengali, Udbodhan, 1st Vol 5th Edition 15. Bani O Rachana Samgrah, 7th Volume, Ibid

76 s{]mhmjv tlmjv 16. My Life and Mission 17. Aamar Samarniti (My War principles) Swami Vivekananda Collected Works (Bengali), 5th Volume 18. Swami Vivekananda - Bani O Rachana, Udbodhan (1st Edition, 2nd Volume) 19. Swami Vivekananda Collected Works, Bengali, Volume 5. 20. On the History of Early Christianity. 21. Some Aspects of Marxism and Dialectical Materialism, Selected Works, Vol.2, p.122 22. Essays, Viswa Bharati. 23. Ananda Bazar Patrika, 14.05.1940. 24. Critique of Hegel s Philosophy of Right. 25. Advaitha Vedanta, the scientific religion 26. Saratchandra 27. Russiar Chithi (Letters from Russia) 28. Letter to Amiya Chakraborty 29. Subhaschandra, Speech at the felicitation meet in Purulia on 1939 30. Speech on the eve of Ramgarh conference. 31. Subhaschandra 32. I will not rest - Romaine Rolland 33. Vidyasagar Rachana Sangraha

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 77 A\p-_ w kn]n-sf(-fw) \bn- p CS-Xp-ap- -Wn-bpsS hn]p-eo-i-c-w-tømsv FkvbpknsF (IΩyq-Wn-Ãv) {Inbm-fl-I-ambn {]Xn-I-cn- p- p Bap-Jw kn]n-sf(-fw) \bn- p CS-Xp-ap- Wn, tzio-b-x-e-øn a p-nne CS-Xp-] {]ÿm-\-ß-sf- qsn Dƒs -SpØn hni-kn- n- m Xocp-am-\n- -Xmb hm Ø-Iƒ tzio-b am-[y-a-ßƒ henb {]m[m-\y-tømss dnt m v snbvxn-cp- -t m. BZy-L- - Øn Fkvbpkn-sF(-I-Ωyq-Wn-Ãv), kn]n-sf-fw-f (en-_-tdj ) F o ]m n-i-sf-bmwv Dƒs -Sp-Øm Xocp-am-\n- -Xv. CXp-{]-Im-cw, kn]n-sf(-fw) P\-d sk{i- dn kjmhv {]Imiv Imcm v Fkvbpkn-sF(-I-Ωyq-Wn-Ãv) P\-d sk{i- dn kjmhv t{]mhmjv tlmjp-ambn HIvtSm-_ 16 \v I -Ø-bn h v Hcp N \S-Øp-I-bp- m-bn. BtKm-fo-I-cW \b-ßƒ pw h ob hn]-øn-\p-sa-xnsc tziob Xe-Øn CS-Xp- -P-\m-[n-]Xy a-tx-xc i n-i-fpss tbmpn ka-c-\nc Db p-h-tc- -Xns Bh-iy-IX Zo L- Im-e-ambn \ΩpsS ]m n Nq n- m-wn phcn-i-bm-bn-cp- p. B Zni-bn-ep Kuc-h-X-c-amb ]cn-{i-a-ß-fn hym]r-x-am-bn-cp- p. ]m e-sa dn Xm -cy-ßƒ - p-døv, P\-Po-hnXw A`n-ap-Jo- I-cn- p \odp {]iv\-ßƒ v ]cn-lmcw Is -Øm P\- ßsf {]m]vx-cm- p- -Xm-bn-cn- Ww CØ-c-samcp Iq p-si- v. \jvs-s - p-sim- n-cn- p P\m-[n-]-Xym-h-Im-i-ßƒ ]p\-xÿm-

78 s{]mhmjv tlmjv ]n- m\pw \ne-\n Øm\pw hn]p-eo-i-cn- m\pw CXn-eqsS Ignb-Ww. \msns atx-xc kz`mhw XI m\pw \thm- m\w krjvsn aqey-ß-sf-bmsi \ncm-i-cn- m-\p-ap F m \o ß-sfbpw sndp-øp-]-cm-p-b-s -Sp-Øm\pw DX-Ip- -Xm-IWw Cu hnime ka-c-\n-c. Ncn-{Xm-h-t_m-[hpw bp n-nn- bpw imkv{xob at\m-l-s-\bpw _e-s -Sp-Øm klm-b-i-amb {]Xy-b-imkv{X N -Iƒ pw kwhm-z-ßƒ pw Cu ap Wn Kuc-hm-h-l-amb ]cn-k-w\ \ ti- -Xp- v. F m, Zu `m-ky-i-c-sa v ]d-bs, CØ-c-samcp ZuXyw Gs -Sp- m kn]n-sf(-fw), kn]nsf t]mep ]m n-iƒ Xøm-dm-bn-. sxc-s -Sp v t\ -ßƒ mbn X n- q- p kjyßƒ - p-d-sømcp ]cn-{i-ahpw Ah-cpsS `mk-øp-\n- p- mbn-. Xm m-eni t\ -ß-fpsS ]n m-se-bp Cu ]c- w- ]m- n cmjv{so-b-ambpw kwl-s-\m-]-c-ambpw henb ]X-\-ØnemWv Ahsc sims -Øn- -Xv. BtKm-fo-IcW \b-ßƒs - Xnsc A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp cmpy-hym-]-i-amb {]t m-`-øns km y-x-iƒ CXv X n-s -Sp-Øn. P\-ßƒ Zpcn-X- -b-øn-embn. A[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dnb kµ `-ß-fn-se mw Ah- B \b-øns \S-Øn pnpa-xe Gs -Sp- p ÿnxn-h-sc-sb-øn. Hcp CSXp P-\m-[n-]Xy apt - -Øn\p apºn ISpØ {]Xn_- - ßƒ krjvsn Cu \ne-]m-sp-iƒ Xncp-Øm sshin-sb- nepw Ah Xøm-dm-Ip-s - n A l-amb Kuc-h-tØm-sSbpw DØc-hm-Zn-Øt_m-[-tØm-sSbpw Xs AXns\ ho n-t - Xp- v, H w hymtam-l-ßƒ C -msxbpw. tzio-b-x-e-øn kn]n-sf(-fw) t\xr-xz-øn-ep CS-Xpap- WnbpsS \o -ß-tfmSv cmpysø A zm-\n v Pohn- p timsn- -W- n\v P\-ß-fpsS Xm cyw ap \n Øn kl-i-c- Wm-fl-I-amb \ne-]m-smwv ]m n ssis m- n-cn- p- -Xv. _wkmfnepw tic-f-ønepw \ne-\n p hyxykvx kml- N-cy-ßƒ -\p-k-cn v \ne-]m-ss-sp- m-\p kzmx{ yw \ne- \n Øn-bn- p-ap- v. kjmhv {]Imiv Imcm- p-ambn \S N -I-fpsS hni-zmw-ißƒ kjmhv s{]mhmjv tlmjv Xs ]{X-k-tΩ-f\w hnfn-

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... p-iq n hni-zo-i-cn- p-i-bp- m-bn. AXns ]q Æ-cq]w Xmsg simsp- p- p. 79 ]{X-k-tΩ-f\w Ign BK-Ãn kn.]n.sf(fw) ] n-a-_w-kmƒ kwÿm\ sk{i- dn _na t_mkv Xm cy-s - -X-\p-k-cn v Rm At±-l-hp-ambn Hcp N \SØn-bn-cp- p. CSXp] ]m n-i-fpss Blzm\{]Imcw sk]v w-_ 1 \v I -Ø-bn \S- p km{am-pyxz hncp dmenbn ]s -Sp- m At±lw A`y n- p. kn.]n.-sf(-fw) _wkmƒ `cn- p-ibpw Rßƒ B Khs n-s\-xnsc ka-c-ßƒ kwl-sn- n- p-ibpw snbvxpsim- n-cp Ime-b-f-hn Øs A p-x-hw Ah-cp-samØv kwbp ]cn-]m-sn-i-fn Rßƒ ]s SpØn- p- v. -_m-_v-dn akvpnzv XI -s - -Xn-\p-ti-j-ap Cu Ime-b-f-hn km{am- Py-Xz-Øn\pw h o-b-xbv pw FXnsc kwl-sn- n- -s Xmbncp p B ]cn-]m-sn-iƒ.- C- p-dnbpw Rßƒ ]s -Sp- m-sa v kω-xn- p. GXm\pw Znh-k-ßƒ p tijw, _na t_mkv, Ah-cpsS P\-d sk{i- dn {]Imiv Imcm v Fs ImWm B{K-ln- p- p-sh- -dn-bn- p. Rm ISpØ BkvXvam tcmkn-bm-sw pw H n-te-sd-ø-hw _m[n- n- p-s pw Ct m-gsø Imem-hÿ-bn F\n v U ln bm{x _p n-ap- m-sw pw Rm At±-l-tØmSp ]d- p. _na t_mkv Ah-cpsS U ln Hm^okp-ambn _ -s - -Xn\p tijw, Fs ImWm {]Imiv Imcm v I -Øbv v hcm Xøm-dm-sW- -dn-bn- p. U lnbn h v {]Imiv Imcm v Rß-fpsS t]mfn v _yqtdm saº IrjvW-N-{I-h Øn-bp-ambn Hcp {]myani N \S-Øp-Ibpw snbvxp.- C v (HIvtSm-_ 16) B N \S- p. Rm\pw RßfpsS t]mfn v _yqtdm saº crvpnxv [dpw Ah-cpsS Hm^okn h v cmhnse 11.30 \v \S N -bn ]s -Sp-Øp. hexp ]n n-cn- h ob i n-iƒs -Xnsc AJn-te ym Xe-

80 s{]mhmjv tlmjv Øn Rßƒ IqSn Dƒs Hcp hnime CSXv sfiyw cq]- s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-\p aq Ø-amb \n t±iw kn]n-sf(-fw) P\- d sk{i- dn Rßƒ p apºmsi h p. -_n-sp]n Khs ns \h DZm-c-h -c-w, IpØ-Im-\p-Iqe kmº-øni \b-ßƒs -Xnsc tbmpn {]Nm-cWw kwl-sn- n- -Wsa \n t±-ihpw At±lw apt m ph p. Cu e y-tømss \hw- _ 1 \v U ln-bn, kn]n-sf(-fw), Fkv-bp-kn-sF(-kn), kn]n-sf, kn]n-sf-fw-f (en-_-td-j ), B -F-kv]n, t^m thuv tªm v F o Bdv CS-Xp-] ]m n-i-fpss Hcp tbmkw tnc-w-sa \n t±-ihpw At±lw Ah-X-cn- n- p. Cu kjy-øn at -sx- nepw ]m n-i-sftbm kwl-s-\-i-sftbm Dƒs -Sp-tØ- -Xpt m F Imcyw Cu Bdp ]m n-iƒ N snbvxp Xocp-am-\n pw. GXm\pw Imcyßƒ IqSn Dƒs -Sp- Øn-bp A na {]Jym-]-\hpw apt m phbv p Bh-iyß-f-S-ßp ] n-ibpw \hw-_ 1 \v U ln-bn ]c-ky-s -Sp- Øpw. AwK kwl-s-\-i-fpss ]cn-tim-[-\bv pw \n t±-ißƒ p-ap Cu IcSv tcj-bpss Hcp ]I v Rßƒ v Xcn- Ibpw snbvxp. tkmjy-enãv tncn-bpss XI -sb-øp-s v temi-i-ωyq- WnÃv {]ÿm\w BsI Ae-t m-e-am-bn-cn- p- p-sh pw C ybn Hcp CS-Xp-]- -ap-t - -Øns A`m-h-Øn CS-Xp-]- cm-jv{sobw {]Xn-k- nsb t\cn-sp-i-bm-sw pw Rm kn]nsf(-fw) t\xm- -tfmsp ]d- p. AJn-te ym Xe-Øn Hcp sfiyw cq]-s - p-h-tc- Xv A\n-hm-cy-X-bm-Wv. Rß-fpsS ]m nbpw CXn-\p ]cn-{i-a-ß-fmwv F m-ehpw \S-Øn-bncp- -Xv. CØ-c-samcp kjy-øn {]mtz-in-i-hm-z, PmXo-b, hn`m- Kob i n-isf Dƒs -Sp-Øm-\m-hn-s pw Rßƒ ]d- p. C Uy-bn \Ωƒ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- p- Xv he-xp-]n- n-cn- i n-i-fpss B{I-aWw am{x-a-. tim {K v `c-w-am-cw-`n- - Xp-ap-X `c-w-]-c-amb ^mkn-k-øns km n- y-ap- v. C Uy- apx-em-fnøw hfsc apºp-xs IpØ-I-kz-`m-ham n- n-cp- p. AXm-bXv aqe-[\w Hcp-]n-Sn-bm-fp-I-fpsS ssiifn ti{µo-i-cn- n-cn- p- p. C y `c-w-iqsw hf-sc-ap-ºp-xs

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 81 IpØ-I-aq-e-[-\-Øns Zmky-Øn-em-Wv.- Hcp hyh-km-b- -an-en- dn- -_yq-tdm-{im niv kwhn-[m-\-øns ] A[n-Im-c-sa mw ti{µo-i-cn- n-cn- p- p. Ah-cmWv bym- -Øn `cww \S- Øp- -Xv. CsX mw ^mkn-k-øns kmº-øn-ihpw cmjv{sob-hp-amb ASn-Ø-d-bmbn h Øn- p- p. adp-h-i-øv, Bi-b-ßfp-sSbpw Nn -bp-ss-bpw taj-e-bn, Bi-b-hm-Z]chpw a ybpkøn-t -Xp-amb Nn m-k-xn-iƒ t{]m- m-ln- n- -s -Sp- p. imkv{x-øns kmt -XnI hi-øn\v am{x-amwv Du. P\-ß-fpsS imkv{xo-bhpw bp y-[n-jvtn-x-hp-amb at\m-l-s\ XI pi F lo\-e- y-am-wn-xn\p ]n n. CXv ^mknk-øns BK-a-\-Øn\v B w h n- n- p- p. A-Xm-bXv ^mkn-k-øns A]-I-Sw- C- y-bn tim {K v hmgvn- me-øp-xs D m-bn-cp p F m-wnxv hy -am- p- -Xv. _nsp]n A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn-b-tXmsS AXv IqSp-X Icp- Øm n- n-cn- p- p. _nsp-]n-bpss HØm-i-tbmsS B -F-kv- Fkv AXns hnj-en-]vx-amb Bi-b-ßƒ cmpy-sa-ºmspw ]S Øp- p. h ob hntzzjw hf Øp-Ibpw h ob el-f- Iƒ v t{]cw snep-øp-ibpw snøp- p. CXns\ Xpc-Øm hº {]t m-`-whpw {]Xy-imkv{X kwl j-ßfpw Bhiy-am-Wv. tim {K-kns ho Ww Hcn- epw atx-x-c-xz-am-bn-cp- ns Imcyw Rßƒ kn]n-sf(-fw) t\xm- -tfmsp ]d- p. atx-x-cxzw F Bi-bsØ k -ax t{]m m-l-\-ambn Ah hf-s m-sn- p.- I-]S atx-xc ap{zm-hm-iy-ß-fpss ad-bn Hfn pw sxfn pw Ah A\p-h Øn- Xv CXm-Wv. _nsp- ]n-bm-is Hcp Xpd h o-b ]m n-bm-wv. _nsp-]n-bpss {]Xyb-imkv{X am -Z in-bmb B -F-kv-F-kns ASn-Ød Xs h ob ] -Xn-bmb lnµp-xz-am-wv. AXp-sIm- p-xs A]- ISw AXo-h Kp-cp-X-c-am-Wv. kmº-øni cwk-øm-sw- n, tim {K v F m-ehpw kztz-i- -hn-tzi _lp-cmjv{s IpØ-I-I-fpsS Xm -cy-amwv kwc- n- p-t]m- - -Xv. CXn-\mbn cq]w simsp-øn- p \h- -D-Zm-c-

82 s{]mhmjv tlmjv h -cw \b-ßfpw tim {K- ns krjvsn-bm-wv. apx-emfn h w Cu \b-ßƒ IqSp-X thk-øn \S- n-em- m Bhiy-s -Sp- p. ap Wn `c-w-øns kω ±w aqew tim {Kn\v AXn\v Ign- n-. Agn-a-Xnbpw P\-hn-cp kz`m-hhpw aqew Ah v P\-]n- p-wbpw \jvs-s - p. CØ-c-samcp kml- N-cy-Øn-emWv kztz-i- -hn-tzi IpØ-I-Iƒ _nsp-]n-sbbpw \tc{µ tam-zn-sbbpw ]n p-w-bv p- Xpw Ahsc A[n-Im-c- Øn FØn- p- -Xpw. AXp-sIm- p-x-s, tim {K- n-t\- mƒ sa -s hn[-øn tim -td- p-i-fpss Xm cyw kwc- n- m tamzn {]Xn- m-_- -\m-wv. Xs Khs ns \bß-fn-eq-ssbpw \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw tamzn AXv sxfn-bn- p. CtXm-sSm w Xs, hnj-en-]vx-amb lnµp-xz-hmzw {]N-cn- n- p- -Xn-eqsS, C Uy- \thm- m-\-øns kw`m-h-\-ifpw t\ -ß-fpw XpS- p-\o- m-\mwv _nsp-]n- -B -F-kv-Fkv Iq psi v {ian- p- -Xv. Ah-cn-Xn hnp-bn- m, kaq-l-øn Ahti-jn- p bp n-t_m-[hpw P\m-[n-]Xy aqey-ßfpw at\m- `m-hhpw imkv{xob ho -Whpw IqSn \in- n- -s -Spw. h o-b-hn-cp \ne-]m-sp-sim- p-am{xw atx-x-c-xz-am-ip- n F Imcyhpw Rm Nq n- m-wn- p. cmjv{so-bw, `c-w-iq-sw, hnzym-`ymkw, \nbaw F n-h-sbms ax-øns kzm[o-\- Øn \n v ap -am-bn-cn- p Ah-ÿ-bmWv atx-x-c-xzw. axw ]ucs kzim-cy-hn-jbw am{x-am-wv. hniz-mkn-i-sfbpw Ahnizm-kn-I-sfbpw `c-w-iqsw Xpeym-h-Im-i-ß-fp hy n-i-fmbmwv ImWp-I. Hcp B[p-\nI P\m-[n-]Xy `cw kwhn-[m-\- Øns Ah-tiym-]m-[n-sb \ne-bn Cu Bibw temiøv Ah-X-cn- n- Xv bqtdm- nse \thm- m-\-am-wv. F m, C ybn CXv Hcn- epw ]n p-s-c-s - n-. AXp-aqew axm- -X, h ob-x, PmXo-bX F n-h-sbms P\-ßsf `n n- n v sxc-s - Sp- n t\ -ap- m- m B{K-ln Ip_p- n-i-fmb cmjv{sob i n-i-fpss ssibn, Ffp w {]tbm-kn- m-hp Bbp-[-ßfmbn amdn. B -F-kv-F-kv- -_n-sp]n i n-iƒ A[n-Im-c-ta- - txmss Pss\Iyw AXoh Kpcp-X-c-amb sh p-hn-fn-isf A`nap-Jo-I-cn- p-i-bm-wv. CXns\ sndp- -W-sa- n, ax-{`m- n\pw

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 83 Bi-b-hmZ Nn m-k-xn-iƒ p-sa- m-sa-xnsc i -amb {]Xy-bimkv{X kacw si -gn- p-hn-ts- -Xp- v. adp-h-i-øv, A[n-Im-cta- \mƒ apx Ah, sxmgn-em-fn-i-fp-ssbpw I j-i-cp-ssbpw Xmsg-bn-S-Ø-c- m-cmb P\-ß-fp-sSbpw ta ISpØ kmº-øni B{I-a-W-ßƒ \S-Øn-s m- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. CXns\Xnsc I sh j-\p-ifpw ao n-ßp-ifpw a pw am{xw kwl-sn- n- m t]mcm. kwÿm-\-x-e-ß-fnepw AJn-te ym Xe-Ønepw kpkw- L-Sn-X-amb h - -_-lp-p\ {]t m-`-ßƒ hni-kn- n-s -Sp- Ww. CS-Xp-] {]ÿm-\-ß-fpss sfiyhpw {]h Ø-\- ßfpw Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv si n- -Sp-t - -Xv. Rßƒ F pw CS-Xp-] sfiy-øn-\p-th- n-bmwv \ne-sim- p- Xv. {]Imiv Imcm- p-ambn F\n v ASpØ ]cn-n-b-an-. 1950- I-fn CS-Xp-] {]t m-`-ßƒ _wkm-fn Icp-Øm n kml- Ncyw {]Imiv Imcm- n\v ]cn-nn-x-am-bn-cn- n F p Rm ]d- p. kn]n-sfsb kwbp ka-c-øn Dƒs -Sp-Øp- -Xnt\mSv CS-Xp-] {]ÿm-\-ßƒ v A v tbmpn- p- m-bn-cp- n-. B -F-kv]n, t^m thuv tªm v, B kn-]nsf F o ]m n-iƒ A v i -am-bn-cp- p. kzmx{ y ka-c-ønse kn]nsf-bpss ] n-s\-s m- n-bm-bn-cp p A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-kw. t\xm- Pn-sbbpw sff -Fbpw A -h P m Nmc F v hntijn- n- n-cp- p. cw Znsh-bpsS CS-Xp-] AXn-km-l-knI \ne- ]m-sp-i-tfmspw hntbm-pn- p- m-bn-cp- p. C m-c-w-ß-fm CS- Xp-k-Jy-Øn\v ]pd-øm-bn-cp p kn]n-sf. F m kn]nsf C msx Hcp kwbp {]t m`w km y-a-s - m-bn-cp p RßfpsS ]m n-bpss ÿm]-i\pw Kpcp-\m-Y\pw am IvknÃv Nn - I-\p-amb kjmhv in_vzmkv tlmjns \ne-]m-sv. ` y-kacw _wkm-fn Icp-Øm n- p-h-cn-i-bm-bn-cp- p. kptcjv _m\ Pn F {]apj hy nbpss t\xr-xz-øn-em-bn-cp p ka-cw. kn]nsf A v thsdmcp kac kan-xn-bn-em-bn-cp- p. kn]n-sf-sb- qsn Dƒs -Sp-tØ- -Xns Bh-iy-IX Rßƒ kptcjv _m\ Pnsb [cn- n- p-ibpw AXn-\-t±-lsØ t{]cn- n- p-ibpw snbvxp. At±-l-Øn\v AXv t_m y-s -Sp-Ibpw kn]n-sfsb Dƒs -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snbvxp. 1950 apx 1970 hsc

84 s{]mhmjv tlmjv Rßƒ kn]n-sf-bp-ambpw 64 cq]wsim -Xn-\p-tijw kn]nsf(-fw)-ambpw sfiy-øn-em-bn-cp- p. Cu ap -Wn-bpsS t\xr- Xz-Øn i -amb ]e ka-c-ßfpw \S- p. ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ap- m-sb- nepw sfiyw \ne-\n- p. A`n- {]m-b-hy-xym-k-ßƒ Rßƒ Xpd p]d- n-cp- p. 1967 epw 69 epw sfiy-ap- Wn Khs v cq]o-i-cn- p ka-bøv Kpcp- X-c-amb A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ß-fp- m-bn. h - -_-lp-p\ kac-ßƒ hf Øn-sb-Sp- m-\p Hcp D]-I-cWw F \ne-bn sfiy-ap- Wn Khs ns\ ho n- Ww F m-bn-cp p Rß-fpsS A`n-{]m-bw. _q jzm ]m n-iƒ \bn- p k mcp- Iƒ t]mse-bm-i-cpxv B Khs v. AXv P\-Xm cyw ap \n Øn ka-c-ßƒ hf Øn-sb-Sp- -Ww. P\-Iob {]t m- `-ßsf ASn- -a Øm AXv t]meo-kns\ D]-tbm-Kn- -cp-xv. C m-cy-øn kn]n-sf(-fw)\pw a pw hyxykvx A`n-{]m-bam-bn-cp- p. 1970 h m-sn-ÿm-\-øn-ep ap Wn F ap{zm-hm-iyap-b Øn kn]n-sf(-fw) sfiy-ap- Wn Khs v s]mfn- p. Rß-fpsS ]m n-bp-am-bp sfiyhpw XI p. 1971 Rßƒ F p ]m n-i-fpss ap -Wn v cq]w \ In. kn]nsfbpw t^m thuv tªm pw Rß-tfm-sSm -ap- m-bn-cp- p. as mcp Bdp ]m n-i-fpss kjy-øn-em-bn-cp p kn]n-sf(-fw). 1972 HºXv ]m n-i-fpss Hcp kjy-øn kn]n-sf(-fw) ho pw Rß-tfm-sSm w tn p. 1974 Pb-{]-Imiv \mcm-b- Ws t\xr-xz-øn-ep {]t m-`-øn ]s -Sp- p- -Xns t]cn Cu ap -Wnbpw XI p. 74 Cµn-cm-Km- n-bpss t\xr-xz-øn-ep tim {K v Zp `-c-w-øn-s\-xn-sc-bm-bn-cp p Pb-{]-Imiv \mcm-b-ws t\xr-xz-øn-ep {]t m-`w. B ka-chpw AXns Unam p-ifpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-bn-cp p F A`n-{]m-b-amWv Rßƒ p- m-bn-cp- -Xv. CS-Xp-]m n-i-fpss A`m-h-Øn P\-kwLw t]mep he-xp-] i n-iƒ Cu {]t m-`-øn \n v apx-se-sp v \S-Øn. \ap v AXn ] mfn-i-fmbn AXn\v Hcp CS-Xp-] _Z t\xrxzw {]Zm\w snøm {ian- m-sa A`n{]mbw Rßƒ apt m- p-h- p.

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 85 kn]nsf A v Cµn-cm-tIm {K- n\v ]c-ky-ambn ]n pw \ In. kn]n-sf(-fw) Hmtcmtcm \ymb-ßƒ ]d v ka-c- Øn \n v hn p-\n- p. P\-kw-Lhpw a pw Cu kml-ncyw D]-tbm-K-s -SpØn Icp-Øm Pn- p. C m-cy-øn Rßƒ kn]nsf(-fw)s\ hna in- p. Hcp sfiy-ap- -Wn-bn \n ptºmƒ \nßƒs -ß-s\-bmWv Rßsf hna in- m IgnbpI, CXv icn-b F mwv kn]n-sf(-fw) ]d- -Xv. sfiyw, ka-cw, sfiyw F XØz-amWv sfiysø kw_- n am IvknÃv ImgvN- msv F v Rßƒ ]d- p. s]mxp-i-{xp-hns\-xnsc H n- p-\n p-tºmƒøs LS-I-I- n-iƒ n-sbn {]Xy-b-imkv{X kacw \S-Øp-Ibpw ]c-kv]c [mcw sa -s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snøp- Xv sfiysø ZrV-s -Sp-Øp-I-tbbp q F w. CXmWv sfiysø kw_- n icn-bmb kao-]-\w. Cu ImgvN- m-sn-t\msv kn]n-sf(-fw) hntbm-pn- p- Ibpw sfiyw XI-cp-Ibpw snbvxp. 1974 apx Rßƒ v kn]n-sf(-fw)-ambn Hcp kjy-hp-an-. 1977 kn]n-sf(-fw) _wkm-fn A[n-Im-c-Øn h p. B Khs v CS-Xp-]-t -X-chpw P\-hn-cp- -hp-amb \b-ßƒ kzoi-cn- p-hm XpS-ßn. CXn-s\-Xnsc Rßƒ i -amb kac-ßƒ hf Øn-sb-Sp-Øp. C m-cy-ß-sfms Npcp- -Øn Rm {]Imiv Imcm- n-t\msv ]d p. F m Cu ka-c-ßsfms \S-Øp-tºmgpw ti{µ-k m-cns P\-hn-cp \bßƒs -Xnsc tziob Xe-Øn kn]n-sf(-fw)-ambn tbmpn {]t m-`-w-ßƒ v Rßƒ Xøm-dm-bn-cp p F Imcyhpw Rm At±-lsØ Hm Ωn- n- p. A sø kn]n-sf(-fw) t\xm- -tfmspw C mcyw ]d- n-cp- p. F m, Ah ]d- Xv, _wkmƒ Khs n-s\-xn-cmb kacw \n Øn-bmte AJn-te ym Xe-Øn sfiy-øn\v km y-x-bp q F mwv. Rßƒ v CXn-t\mSv tbmpn- m-\m-hn-. CXp-sIm- mwv tziobx-e-øn sfiyw D m-im-xn-cp- -Xv. C m-cy-ß-sf mw hy -ambn {]Imiv Imcm- n-t\msv ]d- p. knwkq - -\-µn{kmw ka-c-ß-fp-ambn _ -s v XrW-aq tim {K- p-ambn [mcw D m- n-b-t mgpw Rßƒ apt m- p-h {][m\ D]m[n Ah

86 s{]mhmjv tlmjv am Ivkn-k-tØbpw CS-Xp-]- o-b-x-tbbpw A]-Io Øn-s -Sp- Ø-cpXv F -Xm-bn-cp- p. SnFwkn CXv AwKo-I-cn- p-ibpw Ahkm-\w-hsc ]men- p-ibpw snbvxp. a v D]m-[n-Iƒ Ah ]men- n-. SnFwkn A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn-bmepw CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw Db Øn- n-sn- p-sim v B Khs ns \b-ßƒs -Xnsc sxcp-hn-en-d-ßp-sa v sxc-s -Sp- n\v apºp-xs Rßƒ {]Jym-]n- n-cp- p. Rßƒ AXp-{]-Im-c-amWv Ct mgpw {]h - Øn- p- -Xv. Rß-sf pw CS-Xp-] sfiy-øn-\p-th- nbmwv \ne-sim- n- p- -Xv. Rß-fpsS cmjv{sob sse CXmWv. CS-Xp-] ka-c-ßfpw h -_-lp-p-\-{]t m-`-ßfpw si n- -Sp- p- -Xns\ Kuc-h-tØm-sS-bmWv ImWp- -sx- n AXn- \p-th n tbmpn- m Rßƒ Xøm-dm-Wv. F m, tic-f- Ønse ÿnxn hyxy-kvx-am-sw pw Rßƒ {]Imiv Imcm- nt\msv ]d- p. AhnsS CXn-\IwXs B -Fw]n, Fwkn-]nsF(-bp) F o CS-Xp-] ]m n-i-fp-ambn Rßƒ Hcp sfiyap- -Wn-bmbn {]h Øn phcn-i-bm-wv. AXn-\m tic-f-øn kn]n-sf(-fw)-ambn sfiy-ap- Wn D m- m-\m-hn-. ] n-a-_w-km-fnse kml-ncyw kw_- n v _na t_mkns km n- y-øn Rm ]d- -Xv, ka-c-cw-køv Rß-fpsS 161 kjm- ƒ kn]n-sf(-fw) Kp -I-fpsS B{I-a- W-Øntem t]meokv shsn-sh-bv]ntem sim -s - n- p v F mwv. I -t -kn s v 49 kjm- ƒ Po]-]-cy w XShpin A\p-`-hn- p- p. Hcn- Rm kjm- -fp-samøv Cu Hm^o-kn h v _na t_mkn-s\bpw ssdt gvkv _n Unw-Kn t]mbn A v apjy-a-{ n-bm-bn-cp _p -tzhv ` m-nm-cy-tbbpw I n- p v. Rß-fpsS t\xm- fpw {]h Ø- I-cp-amWv sim -s -Sp- Xv F Imcyw Rm Ah-tcmSv ]d p. Rßƒ iºfw simspøv tiu amsc dn{iq v snømdn-. BZ i t{]cn-x-cmbn cmjv{so-b-øn-te v hcp, \msns B t{ijvt k m-\-ß-sf-bmwv \nß-fpss ]m n- m AcpwsIme snøp- -Xv. \nß-fnxv \n Ø-Ww. F m, sime-]m-x- I-ßƒ v Adp-Xn-h-cp-Øm c p-t]cpw H pwsnbvxn-. AXpsIm- p-xs Xmsg-Ø-e-ß-fn Rß-fp-sSbpw \nß-fp-ssbpw

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw... 87 {]h Ø-I n-s-bn \ _ -a \ne-\n p- -Xv. hntzzjw \ne-\n p- p. AXp-sIm- p-xs tzio-b-x-e-øn \Ωƒ hn`m-h\ snøp k -Xekv] in-bmb sfiyw _wkm-fn Ct mƒ {]mh Øn-I-a-. kmh-[m-\-ønepw ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbpw am{xta \ap v apt m v t]mim-\m-iq. km{am-py-xz-hn-cp-, h ob-hncp ]cn-]m-sn-iƒt]mse hnj-bm-[n-jvtnx ]cn-]m- Sn-Iƒ \ap v kwl-sn- n- mw. C{]-Imcw Xmsg-Ø-e-ß-fn ]c-kv]-c-[m-cw hni-kn phcp- -Xn-\-\p-k-cn v sfiyhpw i n-s - p-h-cpw. \hw-_ H n\v U ln-bn \S- p ao nw- Kn Rß-fpsS {]Xn-\n[n ]s -Sp- p-sa pw Rm ]d- p. hodp h - -_-lp-p\ {]t m-`-ßƒ Hgn-hm- n-s m v CS- Xp-] i n-iƒ v apt -dm-\m-hn- F Imcyw HSp-hn H p-iqsn Bh -Øn v Rm Hm Ωn- n- p-ibpw snbvxp. C v C{Xbpw Imcy-ß-fmWv kn]n-sf(-fw) t\xm- -fp-ambn Rßƒ kwkm-cn- Xv. dnt m am-cpss tnmzy-ßƒ dnt m : Xm -fpss A`n-{]m-b-ß-tfmSv {]Imiv Imcm- ns {]Xn-I-cWw F m-bn-cp p? s{]mhmjv tlmjv: At±lw \n»-_vz-ambn F mw ti p. A`n-{]m-b-sam pw ]d- n. dnt m : _wkm-fnepw tic-f-øn-ep-amwv \nßƒ v c p- Iq- pw IqSp-X kzm[o-\-ap- -Xv. c n-søpw ]q Æm - Øn-ep sfiyw km y-a-s - n tzio-b X-e-Øn CXv hnpb-{]-z-am-iptam? s{]mhmjv tlmjv: Ah v _wkm-fnepw tic-f-ønepw i - amb kzm[o-\-ap- v. Rßƒ p-ap- v. CXp-Iq-SmsX I Wm-S-I, HUnj, _olm, bp]n, U ln, lcn-bm-\, KpP-dmØv, B{ m- {]-tz-iv, Xan-gv\m-Sv, {Xn]p-c, B mw, a y-{]-tziv F o kwÿm- \-ß-fnepw Rß-fpsS ]m n i n {]m]n- p-h-cn-i-bm-wv. lnam-

88 s{]mhmjv tlmjv N {]-tziv, \mkm-em v, awn- q, antkmdw F n-h-sbm-gn-sibp GXm-s m kwÿm\-ß-fnepw Rßƒ v {]h Ø-\- ap Imcyw Rm {]Imiv Imcm- ns {i -bn s -Sp-Øn. A mcyw X\n- -dn-bm-sa v At±lw ]d- p. Imivao-cnse {]f-b-_m-[nx {]tz-i-ß-fn Rßƒ saun- Zpcn-Xm-izmk Iymºp-Iƒ \S-Øp Imcyw At±lw Iq n-t p-ibpw snbvxp. Npcp- -Øn, Cu kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw AJn-te- ym- X-e-Ønepw ]q Æm -Øn-ep sfiyw \ne-hn hcpw. _wkm-fn AXv ]Sn-]-Snbmbn ssih-cn- pw. tic-f-øn am{xw kn]n-sf(-fw)-ambn sfiy-ap- m-in-. Rß-fpsS N {Inbmfl-I-am-bn-cp- p. a p- -h-cpss A`n-{]m-b-ßƒIqSn IW- n-se- Sp-Øp-sIm v IcSv {]Jym-]-\-Øn\v \hw-_ H n\v U lnbn A n-a-cq]w \evipw. dnt m : \nß-fpss ]m n _wkm-fn ti{µ- -kw-ÿm\ k m-cp-iƒs -Xnsc kacw kwl-sn- n- ptam? t{]mhmjv tlmjv: F n-\mwv `mhn-im-e-øn kwkm-cn- p- Xv? ] n-a-_w-km-fn-e-s w \nc-h[n kwÿm-\-ß-fn Rßƒ ti{µ- -kw-ÿm\ k m-cp-iƒs -Xn-cmb ka-c-ønem-wt m. am[y-a-ßƒ CXv dnt m v snø-w-sa- n-. ]t, am[y-a-{]-h Ø-I-cmb \nßƒ C m-cy-ßƒ Adn- n-cn- -Ww. Rß-fpsS ]m n-{]-kn- o-i-c-w-ßƒ t\m n-bm CXns hm Ø-Iƒ ImWm Ign-bpw. \µn.

CS-Xp-] cmjv{sobw t\cn-sp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpw...

s{]mhmjv tlmjv