Soutenue le 17 Fevrier 2008 2008

g g

. ة ل م ا ( ي ر ي ا ز ج ل ا ر و ت س د ل ا ن م ع ط ق م ) 2 - L e n s e i g n e me n t d e l An g l a i s, d a n s n o t r e p a ys, d o i t p a r t i c i p e r a u d é ve l o p p e me n t d e l a p p r e n a n t Al g é r i e n d a n s t o u t e s s e s d i me n s i o n s. I l p r ô n e, e n t r e a u t r e s va l e u r s l o u ve r t u r e s u r l e mo n d e, l e r e s p e c t d e s o i e t d e s a u t r e s a i n s i q u e l a t o l é r a n c e i n d i s p e n s a b l e d a n s u n e s o c i é t é q u i t e n d ve r s l a mo n d i a l i s a t i o n. (P r o g r a mme d An g l a i s d e 2 e me An n é e Se c o n d a i r e 2 0 0 6 : 1 1 3) (D o c u me n t d a c c o mp a g n e me n t ) 3 - " E n 2 e me AS, l e s p r o j e t s r e t e n u s s a r t i c u l e r o n t a u t o u r d e t h è me s d i mp o r t a n c e u n i ve r s e l l e. Le s t h è me s p a r l e s q u e l s l é l è ve s e r a a mè n e p r o g r e s s i ve me n t à l a r é a l i s a t i o n d e s o n p r o j e t s e r o n t d o n c a xé s s u r l a s p h è r e c u l t u r e l l e a n g l o - s a xo n n e e t u n i ve r s e l l e. C e u x- c i s o n t c i t é s d a n s l a p a r t i e c o n t e n u s d i s c i p l i n a i r e s r u b r i q u e t h è me s s o c i o c u l t u r e l s (P r o g r a mme d An g l a i s d e 2 e me An n é e Se c o n d a i r e 2 0 0 5 : 1 4 5 ) (D o c u me n t d a c c o mp a g n e me n t )

م ت ط و ر ة ( إن. وبناء

". 6- ع ب د ا ل ج و ا د إ. ) 1 ( 2 0 0 " و ا ل م ق ا م. " La p r a g ma t i q u e, e n t a n t q u e p a r t i e d e l a l i n g u i s t i q u e, s i n t é r e s s e a u x u n i t é s l i n g u i s t i q u e s d o n t l a s i g n i fi c a t i o n n e p e u t ê t r e c o mp r i s e q u e n c o n t e xt e. E l l e s i n t é r e s s e a u x p h é n o mè n e d e p r é s u p p o s i t i o n. C e s t à d i r e s u r l e fa i t q u e c e r t a i n e s e xp r e s s i o n s l i n g u i s t i q u e s, p o u r ê t r e u t i l i s é e s d e ma n i è r e a p p r o p r i é e, r e q u i è r e n t q u e l e s l o c u t e u r s p a r t a g e n t c e r t a i n e s c r o ya n c e.

. ع م ل ب ه د ا ر م ك ".

APPENDICES

A p p e n d i x 1 : Th e l e a r n e r s q u e s t i o n n a i r e : Please answer the following questions by putting a cross (x) n e x t t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e a n s w e r. A d d a n y i d e a yo u f i n d n e c e s s a r y. 1. A r e yo u i n t e r e s t e d i n l e a r n i n g E n g l i s h? a) Yes. b) No. C) Somehow 2. H o w d o yo u f i n d E n g l i s h? a) Easy. b) Not very easy. c) Difficult. 3. D o yo u l i k e t o l e a r n a b o u t t h e E n g l i s h p e o p l e a n d t h e i r life? a) Yes. b) No. C) it's not necessary 4. W h a t d o yo u k n o w a b o u t t h e E n g l i s h p e o p l e? a) They are different b) They are developed c) They are a good example to follow d) They are a bad example to follow e) I know nothing about the English people Other possible answers f). g) h).. 5. W h y d o yo u l i k e t o l e a r n E n g l i s h? a) To communicate with people around the worl d.. b) Because I need it in my studies..

c ) T o u s e i t w h e n I t r a v e l a b r o a d t o a n y c o u n t r y.. d) I have a pleasure when I speak this language.. * Other reasons if possible: e) f) g).. 6. H o w w a s yo u r l e v e l i n E n g l i s h l a s t ye a r ( 1 s t ye a r )? a) Good. b) in between. c) Bad. 7. W h a t k i n d o f p r o b l e m s h a v e yo u f a c e d i n E n g l i s h? I have faced problems with: a) Grammar. b) Vocabulary. c) Pronunciation. 8. D i d t h e s e p r o b l e m s a f f e c t yo u r l e v e l i n E n g l i s h? a) Yes. b) Somehow. C) No. 9. H o w d o yo u f i n d t h e t e x t s d e s i g n e d i n yo u r t e x t - b o o k? a) Easy. b) Not very easy. c) Difficult. 1 0. W h a t d o yo u d o w h e n yo u d o n o t u n d e r s t a n d a w o r d o r a n expression? a) I ask the teacher for translation in L1 (Arabic) b) I ask for vocabulary explanation in L2 (English)... c) I refer to an English -Arabic dictionary for unknown words d) I refer to an English -English dictionary for unknown words e) I refer to an English-French dictionary

Other possible answers f). g). h). 1 1. D o e s yo u r t e a c h e r m a k e t h i n g s e a s y f o r yo u t o u n d e r s t a n d? a) Yes. b) No. C ) Y e s, b u t n o t a l w a ys

2 n d ( S H/ LV ) A p p e n d i x 2 : R e a d i n g C o mp r e h e n s i o n Form 1: with no key words provided in L1 Read the text carefully then do the activities. The horrors of modern warfare have made man think about w a ys o f p r e s e r v i n g h u m a n l i f e. I n 1 9 2 0 t h e L e a g u e o f N a t i o n s was formed to keep international pe ace after World War I. The League of Nations was able to resolve some conflicts around the world. But it could not oppose the rise of totalitarianism in G e r m a n y, I t a l y a n d J a p a n. H i t l e r a n d M u s s o l i n i w e r e a b l e t o start World War because the League of Natio ns could do nothing about it for the simple reason that it had not enough power of its own. The United Nations replaced the League of Nations in 1945, j u s t a f t e r W o r l d W a r I I. T o d a y, m o s t o f t h e w o r l d s i n d e p e n d e n t nations are members and each has one vote in the General A s s e m b l y. E v e r y m e m b e r s t a t e c a n r e f e r i t s d i s p u t e s w i t h i t s neighbours to the United Nations Security Council. The UN Security Council is the body of the United Nations which can take political, economic or military action to settle in ternational disputes. It has 15 members of which five are permanent (Britain, China, France, the Russian Federation and the USA). It can thus get member states to contribute contingents of soldiers from their own armies to constitute a UN Task Force. These soldiers nicknamed Blue Helmets are entrusted with keeping peace in hot spots of the world. Other agencies of the United Nations include the UN food and Agricultural Organization, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children s Fund. These UN agencies cooperate in fighting disease and reducing poverty in the world.

So far they have been able to stop killer diseases such as tuberculosis and smallpox. They will hopefully be able to eradicate other diseases and hunger soon. Activity 1: State whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). 1) Man think about the preservation of human life because of his fears of modern conflicts. 2) The League of Nations could easily avoid the rise of totalitarianism. 3) The United Nations Organization includes all the independent nations. 4) The Blue Helmets are expected to keep peace in all parts of the world. 5) The different UN agencies do nothing to fight diseases and reduce poverty in the world. Activity 2: Put the following ideas in the right order according to the reading passage. 1) The role of the UN to keep peace in the world. 2) The different humanitarian UN agencies and their noble work. 3) The failure of the League of Nations in resolving the world problems. Activity 3: Answer the following questions according to the text. 1 ) W h a t w a s t h e L e a g u e o f N a t i o n s i n c a p a b l e o f d o i n g? W h y?

2) Which body of the UN can take political, economic and military decisions so as to restore peace and settle international disputes? 3 ) W h a t i s t h e B l u e H e l m e t s d u t y? 4) Suggest a title to the text.

2 n d ( S H/ L V) R e a d i n g C o mp r e h e n s i o n Form 2: with key words provided in L1 (CA) R e a d t h e t e x t c a r e f u l l y t h e n d o t he a c t i v i t i e s. The horrors of modern warfare have made man think about w a ys o f p r e s e r v i n g h u m a n l i f e. I n 1 9 2 0 t h e L e a g u e o f N a t i o n s was formed to keep international peace after World War I. The League of Nations was able to resolve some conflicts around the world. But it could not oppose the r ise of totalitarianism in G e r m a n y, I t a l y a n d J a p a n. H i t l e r a n d M u s s o l i n i w e r e a b l e t o start World War because the League of Nations could do nothing about it for the simple reason that it had not enough power of its own. The United Nations replaced the League of Nations in 1945, j u s t a f t e r W o r l d W a r I I. T o d a y, m o s t o f t h e w o r l d s i n d e p e n d e n t nations are members and each has one vote in the General A s s e m b l y. E v e r y m e m b e r s t a t e c a n r e f e r i t s d i s p u t e s w i t h i t s neighbours to the United Nations Security Coun cil. The UN Security Council is the body of the United Nations which can take political, economic or military action to settle international disputes. It has 15 members of which five are permanent (Britain, China, France, the Russian Federation and the USA ). It can thus get member states to contribute contingents of soldiers from their own armies to constitute a UN Task Force. These soldiers nicknamed Blue Helmets are entrusted with keeping peace in hot spots of the world. Other agencies of the United Nations include the UN food and Agricultural Organization, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children s Fund. These UN agencies cooperate in fighting disease and reducing poverty in the world.

So far they have been able to stop killer d iseases such as tuberculosis and smallpox. They will hopefully be able to eradicate other diseases and hunger soon. : ﺷﺮح اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ * Key words explained in Arabic: - horrors : ﺗﺨﻮﻓﺎت - disputes : اﻟﺨﻼﻓﺎت - warfare : ﺣﺮب - contigents : ﻧﺨﺒﺔ - preservation : اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ - spots : ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ - totalitarianism : اﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮرﯾﺔ - fund : اﻟﺼﻨﺪوق - cooperate : ﺗﺘﻌﺎون - - eradicate : ﯾﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ - League of Nations : ﻋﺼﺒﺔ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة Activity 1: State whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). 1) Man think about the preservation of human life because of his fears of modern conflicts. 2) The League of Nations could easily avoid the rise of totalitarianism. 3) The United Nations Organization includes all the independent nations. 4) The Blue Helmets are expected to keep peace in all parts of the world. 5) The different UN agencies do nothing to fight diseases and reduce poverty in the world. Activity 2: Put the following ideas in the right order according to the reading passage.

1) The role of the UN to keep peace in the world. 2) The different humanitarian UN agencies and their noble work. 3) The failure of the League of Nations in resolving the world problems. Activity 3: Answer the following questions according to the text. 1 ) W h a t w a s t h e L e a g u e o f N a t i o n s i n c a p a b l e o f d o i n g? W h y? 2) Which body of the UN can take political, economic and military decisions so as to restore peace and settle international disputes? 3 ) W h a t i s t h e B l u e H e l m e t s d u t y? 4) Suggest a title to the text.

A p p e n d i x 3 : Th e C h e c k Li s t H e r e a r e s o me t i t l e s o f r e a d i ng t e x t s d e s i g n e d f o r t h e s e c o n d f o r m o f s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n p r o g r a mme. S e l e c t t h e o n e s c o mp r i s i n g wo r d s f r o m L 1 c u l t u r e f r o m t h o s e b e l o n g i n g t o L2 c u l t u r e, b y p u t t i n g a c r o s s ( X) i n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c o l u mn. Us e t h e t hi r d c o l u mn wh e n b o t h c a s e s d o n o t e x i s t. Wh a t a r e yo u r r e ma r k s a b o u t t h e t e x t b o o k i n g e n e r a l? Wh a t a r e yo u r o b s e r v a t i o n s a b o u t t h e 2 n d ye a r t e x t - b o o k, i n g e n e r a l? Text 01- What people eat 02- Twin Towns 03- Traditional Manners and Changing Manners 04- U.N. Organization 05- Martin Luther King 06- The Amazon Rainforest 07- A World Without Oil 08- The Conservation of Human Resources 09- Arab Science 10- Tsunami in the News 11- Head-On Collision On Highway 12- How Charitable are Our Youth? 13- Solidarity in Boumerdes 14- Solidarity in National Disasters 15- Charities 16- Science Fiction 17- Frankenstein 18- American Women at Work 19- The Good Society 20- Economic Freedom Page 24 28 32 38 48 60 74 76 96 100 109 120 129 134 136 139 155 170 176 178 L1 L2 None

Appendix 4: Lexical Interference

Observations: Corpus Negative transfer Possible correction 1) examine at the doctor [nfuet ʕand էbi:b] - I consult a doctor 2) make a strict diet [ndir ridgi:m] - go on strict diet 3) brings illnesses [jdgi:b el amra:ð] - causes illnesses

A p p e n d i x 5 : G r a mma t i c a l I n t e r f e r e n c e Observations: Corpus 1) times ancient 2) increased and increased Negative transfer [el sini:n al ma: ðia] Possible correction - ancient times [za:d wza:d beza:f] - increased [elħam welχoðra ] -meat and vegetables too much 3) the meat and the vegetables

Appendix 6: Phonological Interference The Corpus was not recorded, but taken from learners' utterances during classroom lessons. It covers the errors learners make as a result of the difficulties they confront in a rticulating certain sounds, mainl y those which do not exist in L1. Learners sometimes substitute the English sounds by the ones from the local stock. This leads to what is referred to as phonological interference. Here are some chosen examples of learners' errors: 1) Concerning vowels: a) /I/ as in 'kitchen' /kit n/ is realized as [Ij] and becomes [kijt n], i.e. the addition of the sound /j/. b) /u/ as in 'do' /du:/ is realized as [uw] and becomes [duw], i.e. the omission of vowel length /:/ an d the addition of the sound /w/. c) /æ/ as in 'cat' /kæt/ is realized as [Λ] and becomes [kλt], i.e. the substitution of /æ/ by /Λ/. 2) Concerning consonants: a ) T h e v o i c e l e s s d e n t a l f r i c a t i v e / Ɵ / as in ' t h i r d ' / Ɵ ɜ : d / i s r e a l i z e d as [ t ] a n d b e c o m e s [ t ɜ : d ], i. e. t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n o f / Ɵ / by /t/. b) The voiced dental fricative /ð / as in 'those' /ð uz/ is realized as [d] and becomes [d uz], i.e. the substitution of /ð / by /d/.

c) The dark [ l ] as in 'will' /wil/ is realized as the clear /l/ and becomes [wil], i.e. the substitution of the dark [ l ] by the clear /l/. d ) T h e s yl l a b i c [ l ] a s i n ' c a t t l e ' [ k Λ t l ] i s r e a l i z e d a s t h e c l e a r / l / a n d b e c o m e s / k Λ t l /, i. e. t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n o f t h e s yl l a b i c [ l ] by the clear /l/ e) The devoiced [ l ] as in 'play' [ plei ] is realized as clear /l/ and becomes /plei/, i.e fully voiced. This is the case for the voiced sounds [l,r,w,j] after initial fortis plosives. The error is that learners keep the voicing feature. f) The post-alveolar affricate /t / as in 'watch' /wɒ t / is realized as [ ] and becomes [wɒ ]

Appendix 7: R e me d i a l s : Text no 01: The Great Divide "South and North" H o w d o yo u f e e l a b o u t t h e S o u t h a n d i t s a t t i t u d e c o m p a r e d w i t h the North? Mary: I don't think the S outherners have the same character at a l l. I t h i n k t h e y' r e j o l l y g o o d f u n. T h e y h a v e a g o o d t i m e. T h e y s p e n d a l o t o f m o n e y, b u t I d o n ' t t h i n k t h e y h a v e t h e s a m e w a r m t h a t a l l. T h e y d o n ' t r e a l l y g i v e a n yt h i n g o f t h e m s e l v e s. I t ' s all on the surface. They're not as interested in what they'd call gossip. Mrs Grayson: I will say that in the North there is a feeling, a l t h o u g h t h e y m a y n o t a d m i t i t, o f i n f e r i o r i t y. I t h i n k i t ' s L o n d o n that fosters this feeling of inferiority, from a political as well as a social viewpoint. They think of the Northerners as being "those people in the North, very isolated, we must remember them every n o w a n d a g a i n ". W e a r e t h e c o u n t r y c o u s i n s. I e n j o y m y h o l i d a ys in the South though, and when we were in London in Jul y I couldn't understand why there was this feeling of aloofness, because I had a long conversation with the man in the lift about something, and I found him just as chatty s the man in the lift in B l a c k b u r n. P e r h a p s i t ' s b e c a u s e I ' m t h a t t yp e o f p e r s o n. Mary: I think in the North people are more serious -minded, because it's someth ing that's inborn; they've been brought up with it. If you were born when I was, well, we haven't known it as our parents have, in the depression, but I still know that times have been hard, and what people have got has been worked for. T h e y ' v e r e a l l y w o r k e d h a r d f o r i t, h a v e n ' t t h e y? I t i s n ' t j u s t e a s y come, easy go. People are definitely more serious.

Text no 2: British Traditions Wedding Day The English People get married in a church for the religious c e r e m o n y o r i n a r e g i s t r y o f f i c e f o r a c i v i l c e r e m o n y. R i c e a n d confetti are thrown at the bride and the groom to wish them luck a n d p r o s p e r i t y, a n d t h e b r i d e o f t e n c a r r i e s a h o r s e s h o e, a g a i n t o s ym b o l i z e g o o d l u c k. T h e r e i s a r e c e p t i o n a f t e r w a r d s u s u a l l y a t a big hotel and later the bride and groom go on a holiday called a h o n e ym o o n. Birthday There is often a birthday cake, with candles to be blown out. E v e r yo n e s i n g s " H a p p y B i r t h d a y ". P e o p l e s e n d c a r d s. T h e r e i s o f t e n a b i r t h d a y p a r t y. S o m e p e o p l e a r e n o t v e r y l u c k y. T h e y c e l e b r a t e t h e i r b i r t h d a ys o n l y o n c e e v e r y f o u r ye a r s. Christmas Day It is on the 25th of December. It celebrates the birth of our Lord J e s u s, t h e s o n o f M a r y. C h i l d r e n l o v e i t b e c a u s e t h e y r e c e i v e many presents. Easter Day It is Christian tradition: children receive Easter eggs, (made of chocolate). They usually eat too many eggs and get sick. New Year's Eve People go to parties and wait for midnight to come. At midnight, t h e y s i n g A u l d L a n g S yn e, a n d w i s h e a c h o t h e r H a p p y N e w Y e a r. In London thousands of people celebrate the New Year in Trafalgar Square where they can hear Big Ben (the famous clock on the Houses of Parliament) strike midnight.

Word/ phrase A u l d L a n g S yn e Definition A song sung when friends leave Big Ben Big Ben, the famous clock in London Bride and groom The husband and wife on their wedding day confetti Very small pieces of paper Easter Christian festival in April H o n e ym o o n The bride and groom go to spend one month alone in order to enjoy themselves New Year's Eve The thirty first of December Trafalgar Square A famous place in the center of London