Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites

Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites Synthesis, Properties, and Applications Vikas Mittal BASF SE, Polymer Research, Germany M> Scrivener WILEY

Contents Preface xiii 1. Carbon Nanotubes: An Introduction 1 V. Mittal 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Properties 4 1.3 Synthesis 8 References 12 2. Overview of Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites 15 V. Mittal 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Methods of Nanotube Nanocomposites Synthesis 18 2.2.1 Solution Mixing 18 2.2.2 In-Situ Polymerization 20 2.2.3 Melt Mixing 22 2.3 Properties of Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites 25 2.3.1 Mechanical Properties 25 2.3.2 Thermal and Electrical Properties 34 References 42 3. New Microscopy Techniques for a Better Understanding of the Polymer/Nanotube Composite Properties 45 K. Masenelli-Vatlot, A. Bogner, C. Gauthier, L. Chazeau and J.Y. Cavaille 3.1 Introduction 46 3.2 Near Field Microscopy 47 3.2.1 Principles of STM and AFM 48 3.2.2 Near Field Microscopy for Nanotubes 50 3.2.3 AFM and CNT Composites 50 v

vi Contents 3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy 52 3.3.1 Principles 52 3.3.2 Characterisation of Carbon Nanotubes 56 3.3.3 Characterisation of Polymer/ Nanotube Composites 58 3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 67 3.4.1 Overview of the Technique (SEL BEI, CCI) 67 3.4.2 Application to the Study of Nanotubes 68 3.4.3 For Polymer CNT/Nanocomposites 69 3.4.4 Development of New Imaging Modes 72 3.5 Conclusions 75 References 77 4. Polymer Nanocomposites with Clay and Carbon Nanotubes 83 Qiang Fu, Changyu Tang, Hua Deng and Qin Zhang 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Electrical Properties of Polymer Composites with Clay and CNTs 86 4.3 Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites with Clay and CNTs 89 4.4 Thermal and Flame Properties of Polymer Composites with Clay and CNTs 100 4.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 106 Acknowledgement 108 References 109 5. Polyethylene Nanotube Nanocomposites 113 S. Kanagaraj 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 Surface Modification of Carbon Nanotubes 115 5.3 Dispersion of Nanotubes in Polyethylene Matrix 117 5.4 Method of Preparation of CNT-PE Composites 119 5.5 Interfacial Bonding and Load Transfer 123 5.6 Material Characterization 126 5.7 Conclusions 135 Acknowledgement 136 References 136

Contents vii 6. Properties of Polyurethane/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 141 Tianxi Liu and Shuzhong Guo 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Preparation of CNT-Based Polyurethane Nanocomposites 144 6.2.1 Melt-Mixing 144 6.2.2 Solution Casting 145 6.2.3 In-Situ Polymerization 146 6.2.4 Sol-Gel Approach 147 6.3 Functionalization, Dispersion Morphology and Micro-/Nano-structures 148 6.4 Physical Properties 151 6.4.1 Mechanical Properties 151 6.4.2 Thermal Conductivity 154 6.4.3 Thermal Stability and Degradation 155 6.4.4 Fire Retardancy 156 6.4.5 Rheological Properties 157 6.4.6 Electrical Conductivity 158 6.4.7 Water Vapor Transport Properties 161 6.4.8 Shape Memory 162 6.4.9 Special Properties Related to Bio-Applications 165 6.4.10 Microwave Absorption 166 6.4.11 UV-Protection 167 6.5 Applications 168 6.6 Conclusions 170 Acknowledgements 171 References 171 7. Properties of PMMA/Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites 177 R.B. Mathur, Shailaja Pande and B.P. Singh 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Fabrication/Processing of CNT-PMMA Composites 179 7.2.1 Solution Processing 181 7.2.2 Melt-Processing 183 7.2.3 In-Situ Polymerization Processing 185

viii Contents 7.2.4 Coagulation 7.2.5 Surfactant, Compatibilizers Method 186 and Co-Solvent Assisted CNT-PMMA Composites 188 7.2.6 Chemical Modification of CNTs for Processing of Nanocomposites 189 7.3 Mechanical Properties of CNT-PMMA Composites 190 7.4 Electrical Properties of CNT-PMMA Composites 198 7.4.1 Electrical Conductivity 198 7.4.2 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding 200 7.5 Thermal Properties 204 7.6 Conclusion 216 References 216 8. Synthesis of Vinyl Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites Prepared by Suspension Polymerization and Their Properties 221 P. Slobodian 8.1 Introduction 221 8.2 Free Radical Polymerization 223 8.3 Suspension and Bulk Polymerization Techniques 225 8.4 In-situ Radical Polymerization 8.4.1 Polymer in Presence of CNT 228 Matrix 228 8.4.2 Addition of Radicals onto CNT 229 8.4.3 CNT Degradation 232 8.4.4 Additional Analyses 233 8.5 Polymer/CNT Composite Microspheres 235 8.5.1 CNT Material Adsorbed onto Polymer Microspheres 239 8.6 Electrorheology of Polymer/CNT Nanocomposites Prepared by in-situ Suspension Polymerization 243 References 246 9. Polylactide-Based Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 249 Srikanth Pilla, Shaoqin Gong and Lih-Sheng Turng 9.1 Introduction 249 9.2 Synthesis of PLA 252 9.3 Carbon Nanotubes 254

Contents ix 9.4 Preparation of PLA-CNT Nanocomposites 255 9.5 Viscoelastic Properties 264 9.6 Thermal Properties 268 9.7 Mechanical Properties 269 9.8 Thermal Degradation Properties 272 9.9 Electrical Conductivity Properties 273 9.10 Biodegradability 274 9.11 Applications 275 9.12 Conclusions 275 Acknowledgements 276 Note 276 References 276 10. Synthesis and Properties of PEEK/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 281 A. M. Dtez-Pascual, J.M. Gonzdlez-Dominguez, Y. Marttnez-Rubi, M. Naffakh, A. Anson, M.T. Martinez, B. Simard andm.a. Gomez 10.1 Introduction 281 10.2 Poly(ether ether ketone)s: Structure, Synthesis and Properties 283 10.3 Synthesis, Purification and Characterization oftheswcnts 285 10.3.1 Synthesis of Laser-Grown SWCNTs 285 10.3.2 Synthesis and Purification of Arc-Grown SWCNTs 285 10.3.3 Characterization of the Single-Walled 10.4 Integration Carbon Nanotubes 287 of the Carbon Nanotubes in the PEEK Matrix 290 10.4.1 Covalent Grafting in Carbon Nanotube/PEEK Nanocomposites 291 10.4.2 Wrapping of the SWCNTs in Compatibilizing Agents 292 10.4.3 Pre-Mixing Stage and Melt Blending Approach 294 10.5 Characterization of PEEK/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 295

x Contents 10.5.1 Morphology 295 10.5.2 Thermogravimetric Study 297 10.5.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 298 10.5.4 X-ray Diffraction Analysis 303 10.5.5 Mechanical Properties 304 10.5.6 Electrical and Thermal Conductivity 307 10.6 Concluding Remarks 309 Acknowledgements 310 Glossary of Abbreviations 310 References 311 11. Synthesis and Properties of PVA/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 315 C. Mercader, P. Poulin and C. Zakri 11.1 Introduction 315 11.1.1 Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 316 11.1.2 Why Use Nanotubes in Nanocomposites? 317 Alcohol 319 11.1.3 Poly(vinyl) 11.2 Synthesis Methods and Structural Properties of Nanotubes/PVA Composites 320 11.2.1 Films 320 11.2.2 Fibers 324 11.3 Mechanical Properties of the Composites 327 11.3.1 Reinforcement 328 11.3.2 Stress Transfer Efficiency 331 11.4 Electrical Properties 333 11.5 Other Original Properties of PVA/ Nanotube Composites 335 11.5.1 Energy Absorption 335 11.5.2 Shape Memory Effect 337 11.6 Conclusion 339 References 340 12. Elastomers Filled with Carbon Nanotubes 345 Liliane Bokobza 12.1 Introduction 345 12.2 Composite Processing 347 12.3 Electrical Properties 350

Contents xi 12.4 Mechanical Properties 355 12.4.1 Tensile and Swelling Behaviors 355 12.4.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and 12.5 Spectroscopic Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 361 Characterization 364 12.6 Thermal Stability 367 12.7 Conclusions 369 References 369 13. Specific Interactions Induced Controlled Dispersion of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes in Co-Continuous Polymer Blends 373 Suryasarathi Bose, Arup R. Bhattacharyya, Rupesh A. Khare and Ajit R. Kulkarni 13.1 Introduction 373 13.2 Experimental 376 13.2.1 Materials 376 13.2.2 Preparation of the Modifiers 376 13.2.3 Melt Blending 377 13.2.4 Characterization 378 13.3 Results and Discussion 379 13.3.1 Specific Interactions: Spectroscopic and Microscopic Evidences 379 13.3.2 AC Electrical Conductivity Measurements: Assessing the State of Dispersion 13.3.3 Phase Morphology and Selective Localization of MWNTs 381 of MWNTs in the Blends 383 13.3.4 Melt-Interfacial Interactions 386 13.4 Summary 387 Acknowledgements 388 References 388 14. Effect of Structure and Morphology on the Tensile Properties of Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 391 Jingjing Qiu and Shiren Wang 14.1 Background 391 14.2 Structure and Morphology Characterization 392 14.2.1 Structure and Mechanical Properties of CNTs 392

xii Contents 14.2.2 Characterization of CNTs/Polymer Composites 395 14.2.3 Structure and Tensile Properties of CNTs/ Polymer Composites 396 14.3 Concluding Remarks 417 References 418 15. Polymer Nanotube Composites: Promises and Current Challenges 423 Amal M.K. Esawi and Mahmoud M. Farag 15.1 Carbon Nanotubes 424 15.1.1 Background 424 15.1.2 Synthesis of CNTs 425 15.1.3 Fabrication of CNT Polymer Composites 426 15.1.4 Electrical Properties of CNT Polymer Composites 429 15.1.5 Mechanical Properties of CNT Polymer Composites 432 15.2 Case Studies 435 15.2.1 Case Study: CNT-Based Strain Sensor 435 15.2.2 Case Study: Technical and Economic Feasibility of Using CNT-Based Composites in Aerospace Applications 440 15.3 Conclusions 445 References 446 Index 449