Organ-on-a-chip: practical applications & challenges Remko van Vught 10-4-2018
A leap forward in physiological relevance The challenge of reductionism: Make things as simple as possible, but not simpler, Albert Einstein 2D culture 2D culture 3D culture Animal testing Human tissues Co-culture Perfused ECM embedded Tubes & vessels Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 2
The OrganoPlate Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 3
PhaseGuide Technology PhaseGuide Vulto et al 2011 Phaseguides: a paradigm shift in microfluidic priming and emptying. Lab Chip 11(9) 1596-1602 Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 4
The OrganoPlate Watch full movie https://youtu.be/l_vejaz5j6u Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 5
The OrganoPlate Watch full movie https://youtu.be/l_vejaz5j6u Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 6
Pump-free continuous perfusion Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 7
Organ models in the OrganoPlate Liver Kidney clearance Kidney Brain Blood-brain barrier Vasculature Organoids Solid tissues Endothelium - Pericyte Co-culture Gut Barrier tissues Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 8
Tube seeding in OrganoPlates Boundary Perfusion lane Phaseguide Gel Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 9
Human Proximal Tubule Model basal basal apical apical apical Acetylated tubulin ZO-1 DNA basal apical perspective basal perspective Human Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells form a tube in the 3-lane OrganoPlate RPTECs are polarized (cilia on apical surface) and express tight junction markers Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 10
NephroScreen: toxicity screening with a proximal tubule-on-a-chip NephroScreen assay availability NephroScreen Validation Screen 2017 A range of nephrotoxicity read outs were implemented in the 3D NephroScreen and are undergoing validation using 4 benchmark compounds and 8 blinded compounds with known clinical effects supplied by the Sponsors. Partners: Funding: Sponsors: Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 11
Real-time Barrier Integrity Assay No cells (NC) Barrier integrity in time Leak tight tube (PC) Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 12
Real-time barrier integrity assay MDCK (canine distal tubule cell line) in 3-lane OrganoPlate Day 5: Staurosporine exposure (15h) Dose dependent loss of barrier integrity measured in real time on tubular model Trietsch SJ et al.: Membrane-free culture and real-time barrier integrity assessment of perfused intestinal epithelium tubes. Nat Commun 2017, Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 13
OrganoTEER Barrier assessment 120 channels High data quality Realtime and long-term Non invasive Flow Incubator Launch Q3 2018 Beta open now! Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 14
In tra c e llu la r flu o re s c e n c e (F IT C /D A P I) In tra c e llu la r flu o re s c e n c e (F IT C /D A P I) Efflux- and Influx Inhibition Efflux Inhibition of the P- gp (MDR1) Transporter Influx Inhibition of Glucose Analog 6-NBDG 2.5 **** 0.8 ** 2.0 0.6 1.5 0.4 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.0 C a lc e in -AM + 1 0 µ M C yc lo s p o r in e -A Significant inhibition of calcein-am efflux by cyclosporine-a 0.0 6 -N B D G + 5 0 0 µ M p h lo r id z in Significant inhibition of 6-NBDG influx by phlorizin Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 15
Case study: Cisplatin induced toxicity Renal toxicity has been noted in 28% to 36% of patients treated with a single dose of 50 mg/m2 The dose is reduced when the patient's creatinine clearance (a measure of renal function) is reduced The maximum human plasma concentrations (Cmax) for free cisplatin is: 4.5 ± 1.6 μm (at dosing of 30 mg/m2) 14.3 ± 2.3 μm (at dosing of 100 mg/m2) Evaluation of a single, 48 hour exposure in Human Proximal Tubule Model using multiple end-points Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 16
Normalized Fluorescence (AU) R a tio Toxicity assessment: barrier integrity S ig m a R P T E C - P 3 4 8 h c is p la tin e x p o s u re F IT C -d e x tra n 2 0 k D a S ig m a R P T E C - P 3 4 8 h c is p la tin e x p o s u re T R IT C -d e x tra n 1 5 5 k D a.0 2 7 0 u M C is p la tin 1.0 2 7 0 u M C is p la tin.8 9 0 u M C is p la tin 0.8 9 0 u M C is p la tin 3 0 µ M c is p la tin 3 0 µ M c is p la tin.6 1 5 u M C is p la tin 0.6 1 5 u M C is p la tin.4 5 u M C is p la tin V e h ic le c o n tro l 0.4 5 u M C is p la tin V e h ic le c o n tro l.2 M e d iu m o n ly N o c e lls 0.2 M e d iu m o n ly N o c e lls.0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 T im e (m in ) Time (min) Non leak-tight tubule 0.0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 T im e (m in ) Leak-tight tubule Dose-dependent decreased barrier integrity of proximal tubules can be measured after 48h exposure to cisplatin Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 17
Toxicity assessment: morphological Medium only 30 µm Cisplatin Loss of proximal tubule viability can be observed by phase contrast imaging Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 18
C e ll Cell v ia viability b ility (% (% of o f med m e only) d o n ly ) Toxicity assessment: Enzymatic activity S ig m a R P T E C - P 3 - V ia b ility 4 8 h C is p la t i n e x p o s u r e T o p c h a n n e l a n a ly s is S ig m a R P T E C - P 3 - V ia b ility 4 8 h C is p la t i n e x p o s u r e B o t h c h a n n e ls a n a ly s is 1150 5 0 1100 0 0 550 0 0 m o n ly V e h ic le c o n tr o l 5 µ M C is p la tin 1 5 µ M C is p la tin 3 0 µ M C is p la tin 9 0 µ M C is p la tin 2 7 0 µ M C is p la tin -5 0 M e d iu m o n ly V e h ic le c o n tr o l 5 µ M C is p la tin 1 5 µ M C is p la tin 3 0 µ M C is p la tin 9 0 µ M C is p la tin 2 7 0 µ M C is p la tin Dose-dependent decrease in WST-8 signal can be measured after 48h exposure to cisplatin Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 19
L D H a c tiv ity (% o f m e d iu m o n ly ) Toxicity assessment: Enzymatic activity S ig m a R P T E C - P 3 - L D H a c tiv ity 4 8 h C is p la t i n e x p o s u r e 1 4 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 8 0 0 6 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 N o c e lls M e d iu m o n ly V e h ic le c o n tr o l 5 µ M C is p la tin 1 5 µ M C is p la tin 3 0 µ M C is p la tin 9 0 µ M C is p la tin 2 7 0 µ M C is p la tin Dose-dependent increase in LDH activity can be measured in the medium of proximal tubules after 48h exposure to cisplatin Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 20
Toxicity assessment: DNA damage Medium only Vehicle control 5 µm Cisplatin 15 µm Cisplatin 30 µm Cisplatin 90 µm Cisplatin 270 µm Cisplatin H2AX Dose-dependant increase in H2AX expression of proximal tubules can be measured after 48h exposure to cisplatin Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 21
Overview: Cisplatin induced toxicity Barrier function Morphology Enzymatic activity (WST-8) Enzymatic activity (LDH) DNA damage 5 µm 15 µm 30 µm 90 µm 270 µm 0 0 100 100 100 0 0 100 100 100 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 All readouts detected cisplatin induced toxicity after a single, 48 hour exposure. The DNA damage and LDH assays are most sensitive for the detection of cisplatin induced renal toxicity. Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 22
Fluorescence Intensity (AU) F lu o re s c e n c e In te n s ity (A U ) Fluorescence Intensity (AU) F lu o re s c e n c e In te n s ity (A U ) Time dependent toxicity 015hrs 1 1-1 2 3 cisplatin o v e r n ig h t exposure d a y 8 to 9 1.0 n o c e lls V C 1 0 µ M 1 0 0 µ M 0.5 4 days 0 1after 1-1 2 3 cisplatin d a y 1 2 B I exposure a s s a y 1.0 n o c e lls V C 1 0 µ M 1 0 0 µ M 0.5 0.0 0 5 1 0 1 5 Time (hr) tim e (h o u rs ) 0.0 0 5 1 0 1 5 Time (min) tim e (m in u te s ) Cisplatin influences RPTEC barrier integrity after 4 day recovery after 24h exposure of 10 and 100 µm cisplatin Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 23
Repeated dosing: Modelling Treatment Effects Long term treatment can select and/or induce resistance Modelling patient specific resistance in the Organoplate Long term culture under low drug dose Determine compound sensitivity of 3D cultures at different time points Day 0 Seeding of glioma cells Day 1 TMZ treatment Day 6 RealTime-Glo TMZ treatment Repetition of drug exposure and RealTime-Glo After Day 56 the cells weren t treated with TMZ until Day 63 when the exp. ended. Responder Non-Responder Recovery (Resistance) Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 24
Next step: Renal clearance model Adding a blood vessel to the kidney tube allows creation of a functional kidney unit Applications: renal clearance, acute kidney injury model Top view in phase contrast Kidney proximal tubule Bloodvessel Gel ECM gel van Duinen V et al: 96 perfusable blood vessels to study vascular permeability in vitro. Sci Rep 2017, 7:18071. Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 25
Next step: Vascularized tissues Nucblue Actingreen RFP VE-Cadherin Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 26
Conclusions Organ-on-a-chip is ready to use for safety assessment Kidney validation study has been completed, results will be published soon Assays for: Permeance, Transport and Toxicity assessment Long-term and repeated dosing is possible Low adsorption, non-pdms material Excellent inter-plate and inter-lab reproducibility Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 27
Organ-on-a-Chip Workshop 2-day hands-on experience Establish 3D cell cultures Take stunning high-content images Leiden (The Netherlands) or Gaithersburg, MD (USA) Free lunch included Get 2 OrganoPlates for free! Sign-up: https://mimetas.com/page/workshops Perfectly organized and executed The hands-on sessions are great! Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018
Acknowledgements Mimetas BV Leiden, 2018 29
Remko van Vught r.vanvught@mimetas.com www.mimetas.com JH Oortweg 19 2333 CH Leiden The Netherlands