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GIS 389 Vol., No.3, Autumn 00 89-0 GIS Iranian Remote Sensing & GIS ( : ) ETM+ *.. 390/3/7 : 389/5/3 : (LST).. 00 3 ETM+.. MNF NDVI. SEBAL. FVC NDVI... (FVC) SEBAL (LULC) (LST) :. 887708 : : * Email: taleai@kntu.ac.ir

Roth. UHI. Gallo. (993) AVHRR. Nichol (994) TM (00) Alavipanah. TM. TM (DN) (004) Weng.. UHI (006) Renee Gluch 3 ) ATLAS ) Land sat TM ( 0 ( 0. Urban Heat Islands. Community and Regional Level 3. Advanced Thermal and Land Application Sensor -.. World Resources Institute, 990; Owen et ).(al., 998.... UHI Roth. NOAA-AVHRR (989) GIS 389 90

( : ) ETM+ UHI (388). ETM+.. ETM +.. SEBAL..(Bastiaanssen et al., 998) (NDVI, FVC). -. Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land. V-I-S.(Xian and Crane, 006) 00 984 Land sat 5&7..(Christopher Small, 006). (008) Abdollahi. NDVI (Rajasekar and Weng, 009) UHI Land Sat 5&7. GIS 389 9

(W / MSR m) L min : Bias : L ) L min,lmax Header w / m LANDSAT-7 srm High. ETM+ L max Low Gain Gain Handbook L min. LANDSATUser ().(Richards, 993) L. ESUN.Cos z.d r () z dr ESUN () ) LANDSAT ETM+ ESUN User Handbook.(. ENVI FLAASH.. 5 37 36 5 057 35 50 35 330 706.. -3 + ETM. 60 ETM + 7- level G, ) 00 3 (path/row: 64/35, Cloud cover:0%. :5,000. () :(Wubet, 003) () Lmax L L Gain DN Bias min DN Bias 55 ( ). GIS 389 9

( : ) ETM+ FLAASH. 7. MNF MNF. MNF 8/76 3. MNF 76543. Bastiaanssen et ) SEBAL.(al., 998.. Downwelling and upwelling atmospheric radiance. Atmospheric transmittance 3. In-Scene 4. Classification 5. Region of Interest 6. Maximum Likelihood Clasification (MLC) 7. Minimum Noise Fraction. 3 ISAC. ENVI 4 () () ( ).(3 ) 5 :5000. 6. 79/8. GIS 389 93

SAVI 3 LAI.(Bastiaanssen et al., 998) 4 ( ). (7). (7) toa pathradiance sw pathradiance toa sw. pathradiance 0/05 pathradiance. 0/03 0/04... sw. (8) sw / z (8) 0 75 0 5. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index 3. Leaf Area Index 4. Surface Albedo. NB.( /5 0/4) 4 6.. NB (T s ).. Bastiaanssen. (998) : NDVI : LAI 3 (3) NB 0/ 97 0/ 0033 LAI 0/ 95 0/ 0 LAI : LAI 3 (4) NB 0/ 98 0/ 98 NB. : (5) NDVI, 0/ 47 NB 0/ 99, 0/ 985 : (6) NDVI, 0/ 47 NB 0/ 99, 0/ 985 NDVI 6 5 4 3 GIS 389 94

( : ) ETM+ R sky () : () R sky / 8070 0 4 a 06 7 770 473 5 a T / exp / / T (k) R P NB. MODTRAN. R P NB R sky.. R sky. L NB. (T s) hc B hc exp k T k T s NB k Ln R c NB T a R c (3) k k 666/09 k k. (k) k 8/7. (w / msrm)k. (4). Fraction Vegetaion Cover (FVC) R c. z. toa. (9) toa w (9) w. (0) w ESUN ESUN (0) Land sat 7. ETM+ ETM + 0/93 0/74 3 w 0/3 w. 4 0/56 5 0/034 6 0/0 ( R c ). () Bastiaanssen et al., ).(998 L R NB p R c NB NB (w / msrm) R sky () L NB R p R (w / m sky srm) (w / m NB srm). GIS 389 95

. -4 --4 4. 4/37 4/70 ) 50/75. ( 3/0... ) 48/85 40/80 ( 45/08 33/39 6/3. ( 9/09 )... i ig P v ( i ) k( i ) ig i v (4) i v NDVI i g NDVI v k ( v v ) /( g g ) v g g. NDVI i. Envi.... : (5) Y a bx bx... bkx k Y X. SPSS GIS 389 96

( : ) ETM+ 40 6060. ) (. 00....... (). ( 40 ) ETM+ 6.4 GIS 389 97

. ( o C) ( o C) ( o C) - 3/0 9/09 33/39 6/3 /40 39/83 4/6 36/30 /60 30/77 40/99 7/9 /34 40/76 46/6 34/80 /40 44/35 49/5 35/4 3/0 35/95 46/8 8/00 3/00 39/ 47/07 33/6 /54 39/5 45/9 34/86 /9 40/98 45/9 34/60 /54 45/08 48/85 40/80. (). 500 500. ( 95 ) 0/05 (p-value)sig ) 0/05 95. T T 4 3. (). ((5 ) )..5 T GIS 389 98

( : ) ETM+ (00 3).3 ( C) ( ) 44/8 38/7 44 ( C) /74 43/7 48/95 37/64 /63 39/40 43/94 33/9 /78 44/6 49/08 35/6 ().4 T Sig (p-value) T 95 0/68 0/440 -/6975 /3375 /648 0/30 () FVC NDVI.5 (FVC LST) (NDVI LST) - 0/073 0/5 57-0/300-0/356 58 _ -0/430-0/488 6064 _ -0/354-0/303 8788 _ -0/87-0/069 346-0/495-0/46 967-0/306-0/07 46-0/453-0/349 37643-0/344-0/9 7586-0/3-0/53 665 (LST).( ) NDVI (-0/488). (-0/46). FVC FVC NDVI --4 5 (FVC NDVI). FVC NDVI GIS 389 99

FVC NDVI ).( ) ( FVC NDVI ( ) 99 6.(6 ) FVC NDVI. 99. ( ) ( ) 5 ) (. NDVI FVC.6 (R ) (FVC) (R ) (NDVI) (FVC) (NDVI) - 0/35 0/09 Y LST = -7/76 X FVC +4/807 Y LST = -0/059 X NDVI +43/58 0/06 0/63 Y LST = -7/730 X FVC +4/69 Y LST = -/505 X NDVI +4/769 0/30 0/5 Y LST = -7/780 X FVC +4/74 Y LST = -3/60 X NDVI +44/85 3-3 - - :.6 GIS 389 00

( : ) ETM+ FVC NDVI.... -6 Abdollahi, J., Cheraghi, A.M. and Rahimiyan, M.H., 008, Comparison of Environment Effects of Land Use Change on Land Cover and Land Surface Temperature at Urban and Rural Areas, Using of Remote Sensing Technology, Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 34 (45), pp. 85-96. Alavipanah, S.K., Sarajian, M.R. and Komaki, Ch.B., 00, Limitations of Land Surface Temperature Map of Lut Desert using of Thermal band of Landsat Satellite, Biaban, Vol. 7 (), pp. 85-99. Bastiaanssen, W.G.M., Menentia, M., Feddes, R.A., and Holtslag, A.A.M., 998, A Remote Sensing Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 3 (998), pp. 98.. ETM (388). SEBAL.. ( ).. -5 ETM+. MNF... GIS 389 0

Christopher Small, 006, Comparative Analysis of Urban Reflectance and Surface Temperature, Remote Sensing of Environment 04 (), pp. 68 89. Gallo, K.P., McNab, A.L., Karl, T.R., Brown, J.F., Hood, J.J. and Tarpley, J.D., 993, The Use of a Vegetation Index for Assessment of the Urban Heat Island Effect, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 4, pp. 3-30. Nichol, J.E., 994, A GIS Based Approach to Microclimate Monitoring in Singapore's High Rise Housing Estates, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, U.S.A, Vol. 60(0), pp.5-3. Owen, T. W., Carlson, T. N., and Gillies, R. R., 998, An Assessment of Satellite Remotely-sensed Land Cover Parameters in Quantitatively Describing the Climatic Effect of Urbanization, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 9, pp.663-68. Rajasekar, U. and Weng, Q., 009, Spatiotemporal Modelling and Analysis of Urban Heat Islands by Using Landsat TM and ETM+ Imagery, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 30(3), pp. 353 3548 Renee Gluch, Dale A. Quattrochi, Jeffrey C. Luvall., 006, A Multi-scale Approach to Urban Thermal Analysis, Remote Sensing of Environment Vol. 04, pp.3 3. Richards, J.A., 993, An Introduction to Remote Sensing Digital Image Analysis, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Second Edition, pp. 5. Roth, M., Oke, T. R., and Emery, W. J., 989, Satellite-derived Urban Heat Islands from Three Coastal Cities and the Utilization of Such Data in Urban Climatology, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 0, pp. 699-70. Shakiba, A., Ziaeian, P., Ashourloo, D., and Namdari, S., 009, Analysis of Relationship between Land Use/cover and Urban Heat Island, using ETM +. Iranian journal of remote sensing and GIS, Vol.(). pp. 39-56. Weng, Q., Lu, D., and Schubring, J., 004, Estimation of Land Surface Temperaturevegetation Abundance Relationship for Urban Heat Island Studies, Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 89, pp.467-483. World Resources Institute, 990, World Resources 990-99, New York: Oxford University Press. Wubet, M.T., 003, Estimation of Absolute Surface Temperature by Satellite Remote Sensing, M.Sc. Thesis. ITC, Netherlands. Xian, G. and Crane, M., 006, An Analysis of Thermal Characteristics and Associated Land Cover in Tamba Bay and Las Vegas Using Landsat Satellite Data, Remote sensing of environment, Vol. 04, pp. 47-56. GIS 389 0