CHEM 312 Lecture 7: Fission Readings: Modern Nuclear Chemistry, Chapter 11; Nuclear and Radiochemistry, Chapter 3 General Overview of Fission Energetics The Probability of Fission Fission Product Distributions Total Kinetic Energy Release Fission Product Mass Distributions Fission Product Charge Distributions Fission in Reactors Delayed neutron Proton induced fission 7-1
Nuclear Fission Fission discovered by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, Lisa Meitner in 1938 Demonstrated neutron irradiation of uranium resulted in products like Ba and La Chemical separation of fission products For induced fission, odd N Addition of neutron to form even N Pairing energy In 1940 G. N. Flerov reported that 238 U undergoes fission spontaneously half life of round 10 16 y Several other spontaneous fission isotopes found Z > 90 Partial fission half lives from nanoseconds to 2E17 years 7-2
Fission Can occur when enough energy is supplied by bombarding particle for Coulomb barrier to be surmounted Fast neutron Proton Spontaneous fission occurs by tunneling through barrier Thermal neutron induces fission from pairing of unpaired neutron, energy gain Nuclides with odd number of neutrons fissioned by thermal neutrons with large cross sections follows1/v law at low energies, sharp resonances at high energies 7-3
Energetics Calculations Why does 235 U undergo neutron induced fission for thermal energies? Where does energy come from? Generalized energy equation A Z + n A+1 Z + Q For 235 U Q=(40.914+8.071)-42.441 Q=6.544 MeV For 238 U Q=(47.304+8.071)-50.569 Q=4.806 MeV For 233 U Q=(36.913+8.071)-38.141 Q=6.843 MeV Fission requires around 5-6 MeV 7-4
Fission Process Usually asymmetric mass split M H /M L 1.4 for uranium and plutonium due to shell effects, magic numbers Heavy fragment peak near A=132, Z=50, N=82 Symmetric fission is suppressed by at least two orders of magnitude relative to asymmetric fission Occurs in nuclear reactions Competes with evaporation of nucleons in region of high atomic numbers Location of heavy peak in fission remains constant for 233,235 U and 239 Pu position of light peak increases 2 peak areas for U and Pu thermal neutron induced fission Influence of neutron energy observed 235 U fission yield 7-5
Fission yield distribution varies with fissile isotope Heavier isotopes begin to demonstrate symmetric fission Both fission products at Z=50 for Fm As mass of fissioning system increases Location of heavy peak in fission remains constant position of light peak increases Fission Process 7-6
Primary fission products always on neutron-excess side of β stability high-z elements that undergo fission have much larger neutronproton ratios than stable nuclides in fission product region primary product decays by series of successive β - processes to its stable isobar Yields can be determined Independent yield: specific for a nuclide Cumulative yield: yield of an isobar Beta decay to valley of stability Data for independent and cumulative yields can be found or calculated Fission products Comparison of cumulative and independent yields for A=141 http://www-nds.iaea.org/sgnucdat/c2.htm 7-7
Fission Process Nucleus absorbs energy Excites and deforms Configuration transition state or saddle point Nuclear Coulomb energy decreases during deformation Nuclear surface energy increases Saddle point key condition rate of change of Coulomb energy is equal to rate of change of nuclear surface energy Induces instability that drives break up of nucleus If nucleus deforms beyond this point it is committed to fission Neck between fragments disappears Nucleus divides into two fragments at scission point. two highly charged, deformed fragments in contact Large Coulomb repulsion accelerates fragments to 90% final kinetic energy within 10-20 s 7-8
Fission Process: Delayed Neutrons Fission fragments are neutron rich More neutron rich, more energetic decay In some cases available energy high enough for leaving residual nucleus in such a highly excited state Around 5 MeV neutron emission occurs Particles form more spherical shapes Converting potential energy to emission of prompt neutrons Gamma emission after neutrons Then β decay Occasionally one of these β decays populates a high lying excited state of a daughter that is unstable with respect to neutron emission delayed neutrons 0.75 % of total neutrons from fission 137-139 I and 87-90 Br as examples 7-9
Delayed Neutron Decay Chains For reactors Emission of several neutrons per fission crucial for maintaining chain reaction Delayed neutron emissions important in control of nuclear reactors 7-10
Delayed Neutrons in Reactors Control of fission 0.1 msec for neutron from fission to react Need to have tight control 0.1 % increase per generation * 1.001^100, 10 % increase in 10 msec Delayed neutrons useful in control Longer than 0.1 msec 0.75 % of neutrons delayed from 235 U 0.26 % for 233 U and 0.21 % for 239 Pu Fission product poisons influence reactors 135 Xe capture cross section 3E6 barns 7-11
Nuclear reactors and Fission Probable neutron energy from fission is 0.7 MeV Average energy 2 MeV Fast reactors High Z reflector Thermal reactors need to slow neutrons Water, D 2 O, graphite * Low Z and low cross section Power proportional to number of available neutrons Should be kept constant under changing conditions Control elements and burnable poisons k=1 (multiplication factor) Ratio of fissions from one generation to next * k>1 at startup 7-12
Fission Process and Damage Neutron spatial distribution is along direction of motion of fragments Energy release in fission is primarily in form of kinetic energies Energy is mass-energy released in fission due to increased stability of fission fragments Recoil length about 10 microns, diameter of 6 nm About size of UO 2 crystal 95 % of energy into stopping power Remainder into lattice defects * Radiation induced creep High local temperature from fission 3300 K in 10 nm diameter 7-13
Fission Energetics Any nucleus of A> 100 into two nuclei of approximately equal size is exoergic. Why fission at A>230 Separation of a heavy nucleus into two positively charged fragments is hindered by Coulomb barrier Treat fission as barrier penetration Barrier height is difference between following * Coulomb energy between two fragments when they are just touching * energy released in fission process Near uranium both these quantities have values close to 200 MeV 7-14
Generalized Coulomb barrier equation Compare with Q value for fission V = 2 Z Z e 1 2 = 0. R + R 96 Energetics Z1Z2 + A c 1/3 1/ 3 1 2 A1 2 MeV Determination of total kinetic energy Equation deviates at heavy actinides (Md, Fm) Consider fission of 238 U Assume symmetric 238 U 119 Pd + 119 Pd + Q Z=46, A=119 * V c =46 2 *1.440/(1.8(119 1/3 )2)=175 MeV * Q=47.3087-(2*-71.6203) = 190.54 MeV asymmetric fission 238 U 91 Br + 147 La + Q Z=35, A=91 Z=57, A=147 * V c =(35)(57)*1.44/(1.8*(91 1/3 +147 1/3 ))=164 MeV * Q=47.3087-(-61.5083+-66.8484) = 175.66 MeV Realistic case needs to consider shell effects Fission would favor symmetric distribution without shell Z1Z = 1.8( A 1.44 + A 2 Vc 1/3 1/ 3 1 2 ) 7-15
Energetics 200 Hg give 165 MeV for Coulomb energy between fragments and 139 MeV for energy release Lower fission barriers for U when compared to Hg Coulomb barrier height increases more slowly with increasing nuclear size compared to fission decay energy Spontaneous fission is observed only among very heaviest elements Half lives generally decrease rapidly with increasing Z 7-16
Half lives generally decrease rapidly with increasing Z 7-17
Some isomeric states in heavy nuclei decay by spontaneous fission with very short half lives Nano- to microseconds De-excite by fission process rather than photon emission Fissioning isomers are states in these second potential wells Also called shape isomers Exists because nuclear shape different from that of ground state Proton distribution results in nucleus unstable to fission Around 30 fission isomers are known from U to Bk Can be induced by neutrons, protons, deuterons, and α particles Can also result from decay Fission Isomers 7-18
Fission Isomers: Doublehumped fission barrier At lower mass numbers, second barrier is ratedetermining, whereas at larger A, inner barrier is rate determining Symmetric shapes are most stable at two potential minima and first saddle, but some asymmetry lowers second saddle 7-19
Proton induced fission Energetics impact fragment distribution excitation energy of fissioning system increases Influence of ground state shell structure of fragments would decrease Fission mass distributions shows increase in symmetric fission 7-20
Topic Review Mechanisms of fission What occurs in the nucleus during fission Understand the types of fission Particle induced Spontaneous Energetics of fission Q value and coulomb barrier The Probability of Fission Cumulative and specific yields Fission Product Distributions Total Kinetic Energy Release Fission Product Mass Distributions 7-21
Questions Compare energy values for the symmetric and asymmetric spontaneous fission of 242 Am. What is the difference between prompt and delayed neutrons in fission What is the difference between induced and spontaneous fission What influences fission product distribution? Fission products 121 Ag + 121 Cd Compare Q value and V c Q (MeV) V c (MeV) Q-V c (MeV) 210.95 182.46 28.49 137 Cs + 203.49 178.28 25.21 105 Zr Z1Z = 1.8( A 1.44 + A 2 Vc 1/3 1/ 3 1 2 ) 7-22
Questions Compare the Coulomb barrier and Q values for the fission of Pb, Th, Pu, and Cm. Describe what occurs in the nucleus during fission. Compare the energy from the addition of a neutron to 242 Am and 241 Am. Which isotope is likely to fission from an additional neutron. Provide calculations showing why 239 Pu can be fissioned by thermal neutrons but not 240 Pu 7-23
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