A[ymbw H v. BJym-\-X{ w t\mh-en. F mwv BJym\w?

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A[ymbw H v BJym-\-X{ w t\mh-en kmlnxy-i-e-bpss auen-i-xbv pw Bkzm-Zy-Xbv pw ASnÿm-\-]-chpw A{Kn-a-hp-amb XØzw AXns cnbnxmhv Ah-ew- _n p BJym-\-X-{ -ß-fm-Wv. cn\ {]Im-iam-\-am- p A]q -X-bpsS kuµcyw cn-bn-xm-hns Bhn-jvImcsshZKv y- Øn\v \nz i-\-am-wv. kmln-xy-c-n-\bv v kzoim-cy-am-ip kmaqln-itam `mh-\m-fl-itam Bb sshhn- y-am Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-Ifn \n v Hcp kmln-xy-irxnsb cq]-s -Sp-Øp-hm klm-b-iambn cn-bn-xm-hn\v Ah-ew-_-am-bn- p-f-f-sx-s - m-amtwm Ahsb mw BJym-\-X-{ -Øns ]cn-[n-bn Dƒs -Sp- p. Hcp kmln- Xy-IrXn hmb-\- m-c\p \ Ip kmaq-ln-ihpw sshb- n-ihpw Zm i-\n-ihpw kuµ-cym-fl-i-hp-amb F m Ah-t_m-[hpw BJym- \-X-{ -Øns km^-ey-am-wv. A\p-`-h-\n-jvTtam `mh-\m-{]-[m-\tam Bb k -ev]-ßfpw Pn m-k-ifpw Bhn-jvI-cn- m-\p- k mfl-i-hm-k\ GXp IYm-I-Y-\-Øn-s bpw t{]c-i-i- n-bm-wv. F mwv BJym\w? "IY-]-d- n ' F mwv BJym-\-Øns kmam-\y-amb A w. 1 IYmI-Y-\-amWv BJym-\-Øns kz`mhw F v \nco- n- n- p- v. 2 BJym\-\n -N-\-߃ BJym-Xm-hns {]Xy- tam ]tcm- tam {] - tam Bb cn-\m-fl-i-hy- n-xzsø ti{µo-icn- p-f-f-xm-wv. BJym-\-sØ- p-dn- p- \n N-\-߃ BJym-\- 14

X-{ -]-T-\-Øn\v klm-b-i-am-wv. \S kw`-h-߃ hnh-cn- pi F -ap- "narrare' F em n ]Z-Øn \n mwv "narrative' F ]Z-hyp ]-Øn. ss\]p-wyw, Adnhv Fs mw A ap- "gnarus' F {Inb-bp-ambpw BJym\w _ -s p \n p p. 3 ""cn\m-fl-i-ambn Nn -s -Sp-Ønb IY-bmWv BJym- \w. Iev]-\m-kr-jvShpw bym -hp-amb kw`-h-ß-fpss t{iwnbmwv BJym\w'' 4 ""]ckv]-c-_- -ap- kw`h߃ {Ia-ambn Ah- X-cn- n- p- -XmWv BJym-\-sa pw'' 5 ""Hcp kw`-h-søtbm IYsbtbm Ie-bpsS GsX- nepw am[y-a-øn-eqss {]I-Sn- n- -emwv BJym-\w'' 6 F pw \n N-\-ß-fp- v. BJym-\-im-kv{X- am-cmb t{smtkm- v, {]m v F n-h-cpss BJym-\-\n -N-\-߃ A\p-`-h-߃ pw `mjbv pw {]m[m\yw \ Ip- p. ""bmym ytam `mh-\m-fl-itam Bb ]q Imekvac WIƒ aueniamb `mjbneqss {]Xn\n[m\w snøp XmWv BJym\w.'' 7 ]q -Im-e-kva-c-W-Iƒ pw `mjbv pw {]m[m\yw simsp-øp-sim- p- Cu \n -N-\-Øn \n pw hyxy-kvx-ambn Ime-Øn\pw ka-b-øn\pw {]m[m\yw \ Ip- -XmWv spdmƒuv {]n kns \n -N-\w. ""Ime_- n-x-ambn tim Øn-W- -s -Sp bym tam `mh-\m-fl-itam Bb kw`-h-ß-fpss Bhn-jvIm-camWv BJym\w.'' 8 spdm Uv sp\ v ""Hcp kw`-h-søtbm ]e kw`-h-ß-sftbm IYn- p enjn-xtam hnn-xtam Bb BJym-\- {]-kvxm-h''-sa v BJym-\sØ \n -Nn- p- p. 9 ""ktµiw hn\nabw snø-s -Sp {]{In-b-bmbpw ktµiw {]k-cn- n- m-\p-]-tbm- Kn- p hmnn-i-kz-`m-h-øn-ep- am y-a-ambpw'' 10 jvtemanxv dna si-\m BJym-\sØ \n -Nn- p- p. sdmfm-mv _m Øv ""k -hym-]-ihpw Ncn-{Xm-Xo-Xhpw kwkvim-cm-xo-x-hp-ambn'' BJym-\sØ hne-bn-cp-øp-tºmƒ hnim-e-amb A -Øn F m k -kr-jvsn-ifpw BJym-\-Øns ]cn-[n-bn Dƒs -Sp- p. 15

IYm-L-S-\-bp-ambn _ -s BJym\w hy y-[njvtn-xhpamwv. IYm-Im-cs cn-\m-]-c-amb kn n-hn-ti-j-߃ IY-bn-ep- m-hpw. ""kw`-h-hn-h-c-w-sa Npcp-ßnb A -Øn-emWv \mw IYsb kao-]n- p- -sx- n AXn-t\mSp tn p-h-cp BhnjvIm-c-]-c-amb LS-I-ß-sf mw tn mte BJym-\-am-hp-I-bp q. IYbv v Hcp ss\c- cyw Ah-Im-i-s -Smw. ]e IY-I-fnepw Imcy- Im-c-W-_ hpw Is - p-h-cmw. IYm-]m-{X-ßfpw Ah-cpsS snbvxn-ifpw Ah-bpsS Dt±-iy-e- y-ßfpw F mw IYm-Km-{X-Øn Dƒs -Spw. F m Ah-sb mw Dƒs m- p- Xpw Ah-bn Dƒs m- mø Imcy-߃ qsn Dƒs m-f-fp- -Xp-amWv BJym\w'' 12 F n-ßs\ BJym-\sØ \n -Nn- p-tºmƒ IYbpw BJym-\hpw XΩn-ep- A cw IqSn hy -am-ip- p. Cu \n - N-\-߃ hy -am- p hkvxp-x-iƒ Ch-bm-Wv. BJym\w k m-fl-i-am-wv. AXv _lp-kz-c-x-bm -Xp-am-Wv. Hmtcm kmln-xy-cq-]-øn\pw Ah-ew-_-am-bn- p- {]ta-b-]-chpw `mjm-]-c-hp-amb Xe-ß-fpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-km- y-x-i-fn-eqss Hcp IrXn ZrjvSm- -h -cn- p k m-fl-i-amb kn n-km-[-\-ifnse auen-i-x-bpss BsI-Øp-I-bmWv BJym-\w. AXv Fgp- Xp bmfpss BJym-\-]-c-amb k m-fl-i-kn- n-i-fpss {]Imi- \-am-wv. IY-]-d-b-ens coxn-bn \n m-cw-`n v IrXn-bpsS ka-{kam-\-ß-fn-te v hf-cp _lp-kz-c-x-bpss Xe-߃ A\m-h-cWw snøm BJym-\-X-{ -߃ v km[n- p- p. BJym-\-X-{ w apjy-\n-co- -W-߃ BJym-\-Øns hn]p-ehpw kq va-hp-amb _lp-apjkm y- X-Isf BJym-\-X{ w F ]Zw tzymxn- n- p- p. BJym-\]camb hnhn-[-l-s-i-ß-fpss ka-\z-b-amwv BJym-\X{ w. BJym-\ 16

X{ -ß-fpsS km^-ey-amwv BJym-\Ie. Pohn-X-Øns `uxn- Ihpw B -cn-i-hp-amb hnhn-[-km-l-n-cy-ß-fn-ep- m-ip am - ߃ -\p-k-cn v kmln-xy-øn BJym-\X{ -]-c-amb am -߃ kzm`m-hn-i-am-wv. kmln-xy-ir-xn-i-fn Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkvim-cn- I-hp-am-b, Ime-tZ-i-]-cn-W-Xn-Iƒ v A\p-kr-X-amb BJym-\X{ ß-fpsS AS-bm-f-߃ IS- p-h-cm-dp- v. AXn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn kn m- -ßfpw BJym-\coXn-Ifpw ]p\ \n Æo-X-am-Ip- p. `mjbpw kmln-xyhpw Bkzm-Z-\hpw ]cn-wm-a-hn-t[-b-am-bn-s m- n-cn- p- p. BJym-\X{ -ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-x-iƒ IrXn-Iƒ v hyxykvx hmb-\-iƒ km[y-am- p- p. BJym-\X{ -sø- p-dn- v "Technique as Discovery'bn 13 am Iv kvtimd hni-zo-i-cn- p- p v. Iem-X-{ -ß-sf- p-dn- p- At\z-j-W-amWv kvtimd-dpss hna i-\-ß-fpss ImX. IYbpw Iem-cq-]-Øn D ox-am-ip ]mthpw XΩn-ep A -c-amwv "ssiv\niv' F hm p-sim v kvtimd Dt±-in- -Xv. ""ssiv\n- n-s\- p-dn p kwkm-cn- m GXms - m-øn-s\- p-dn pw kwkm-cn p Ign p'' 14 F v BJym- \sø kvtimd hne-bn-cp-øp- - p. BJym-\X{ w F ]Z-Øns hnim-e-amb km y-x-iƒ Cu \n -N-\-Øn-ep- v. IYm-X- p, hnjbw F n-h-bn \nc- cw A`n-c-an- p BJym-Xmhns k m-flix BJym-\X{ -Øn\v cq]w \ Ip- p. ssiv\n- n-eqss-bmwv t\mh-enãv bmym ysø A\m-h-cWw snøp- -Xv. t\mh-ense hnj-b-sø, F p-h- m kz w A\p-`-h-ßsf Is - Øm-\pw ]cn-tim-[n- m-\pw C\w Xncn- m-\pw A]-{KYn m\pw AhbpsS A w kwth-z\w snøm-\pw BXy- n-i-ambn Ahsb hne-bn-cp-øm\pw {KŸ-Im-c B{i-bn- p- Xv ssiv\n- n-s\-bm- Wv. Cu {]m[m\yw a\- n-em- n-b-xp-sim- mwv am Iv kv-tim-d ]d- -Xv, ""Dƒs m-f-fn- m-hp- Xpw Dƒs m-f-fn- -Xpw (Content 17

& achieved content) XΩn-ep- hyxym-k-amwv ssiv\n vv'' 15 F v. D -S- -Øns km[y-x-isf D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-ep- {]mk y-amwv ssiv\n-iv. Hcp IYm-X- p-hns\ IrXn-bm n am p F m LS-I-ßfpw "ssiv\niv' F hm n Df-f-S-ßp- p. ""hmb- \- m-cs\ bmym y-tøm-sn-w- m Ign-bp-tºm-gmWv ssiv\n v Fgp-Øp-Im-cs Z i-\sø \nb-{ n- p Ie-bm-hp- -Xv. inev]- X-e-Ønepw BJym-\Xe-Ønepw \S- p ]co- -W-߃ ssiv\n- ns `mk-ß-fm-wv. ssiv\n v F Xv hnj-b-tøm-sp- Fgp-Øp- Im-cs kao-]-\hpw AtX-k-abw BJym-\sØ \nb-{ n- p coxn-bp-amwv'' 16 BJym-\X{ -ß-fpsS sshhn yw Fgp-Øp-Im-cs ssien-bp-ambpw Z i-\-hp-ambpw _ s p\n p- p. Hcm-ibsØ t\mh-em n am m Fgp-Øp-Im-c kzoi-cn- p IYm-]- c-hpw (-C-Xn-hr-Øw) -]m-t-]-c-hp-am-b (-I-Ym-]m-{X-߃, ho -Ww, ÿe-im-e-߃, `mjm-ssi-en) -F m LS-I-ßfpw BJym-\X{ - Øns ]cn-[n-bn Dƒs Sp- p. sxc-s -Sp- p {]ta-b-tøm- Sp- Fgp-Øp-Im-cs kao-]-\hpw BJym-\sØ \nb-{ n- p coxn-bp-ambn ssiv\n v amdp- p. ""BJym-\Øn BJym-Xmhv snøp- Xv \n Ωm-W-X-{ -ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn v BJym-\\n Ωn-Xn-bnte s -SpI F IrXy-am-Wv... BJym-\-]-T-\-sa- Xv Cu \n Ωn- Xnsb AXns \n Ωm-W-th-f-bn ]cn-tim-[n- pi F -Xm-Ipw. AtXm-sSm w Xs BJym-\]T\w \n Ωn-Xn-bn BJym-Xmhp- ]-tbm-kn X{ -ß-fpsS kam- -c-kr-jvsn-bmb ka-ky-bpss A\mh-cWw IqSn-bm-Ip- p. ka-ky-bpss A\m-h-cWw \S- p- -txm-sp- IqSn BJym-\X{ w hy -am-ip p.'' 17 BJym-\Øns auen-i- L-S-I-߃ IrXnsb Bkv]-Z-am n ]Tn- p-tºmƒ BJym-\-X-{ ß-fpsS ]T-\-am-Ip- p. BJym-\LS-\-bp-ambn _ -s ]T-\- im-j-bmwv BJym-\imkv{Xw (Narratology). 18

BJym-\imkv{Xw BJym-\imkv{Xw F A -Øn "Narratology' F {^ p-]zw BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- Xv tkzz txmz-tdm-hv (Tzvetan Todorov) BWv. 18 1969 At±lw cnn Grammerere du Decameron F IrXn-bn-emWv Cu ]Z-{]-tbm-Kw. 1969 \p tijw hna i-\-th-zn-i-fn Ah-X-cn- n- -s BJym-\-imkv{Xw hym]n- n- Xpw IqSp-X hni-i-e-\-߃ v hnt[-b-am- n-bxpw spdm Uv sp\- v, an n-_m, spdmƒuv {]n kv F n-h-cm-wv. LS-\m-hm-Z-Øns Hcp imj-bm-bn- mwv BJym-\-imkv{Xw XpS w Ipdn- -sx- nepw kzx-{ -amb \ne-\n v BJym-\-im-kv{X- Øn-\p- v. ""a\p-jy {]]- sø \nb-am-\p-km-tcw \n Ωn-s -Sp- p D]m-[n-I-fmWv IrXn-Iƒ AYhm ]mt-߃. Ah-bpsS BJym-\-co-Xnsb Bkv]-Z-am n {]kvxp-x-\n Ωm-W-co-Xnsb t\m n- m-wm-\mwv BJym-\-imkv{Xw {ian- p- -Xv. kmwkvimcn-i-hy-h-lm-c-ß-sf mw \nb-am-\p-km-cn-i-fmb Bi-b-hn-\n-ab hyhÿ-i-fm-bn- m-wp LS-\m-hm-Z-Øns Xs ImgvN- m-sm-wnxv.'' 19 BJym-\-im-kv{Xhpw LS-\m-hm-Zhpw XΩn-ep- _ w ChnsS kqnn-x-am-ip- p. `mjm-im-kv{x-kn- m- -ß-fn \n pw hniiet\m]m[niƒ kzoi-cn- n- p-s - nepw BJym-\-im-kv{X-Øn\v {^ p-cq-]-hm-z-hpam-bmwv IqSp-X ASp w. ""kzcq-]-l-s-\m-hm-z-øn (Structuralism) \mw emmv (Langue), ]tcmƒ (Parole) F n-hsb B{i-bn- p-tºmƒ BJym-\-im-kv{X-Øn BJym-\-`mj (Narrative language), BJym-\-`m-jWw (Narrative parole) F n-hsb B{i-bn- p- p. kzcq-]-l-s-\m-hm-z-øn Hct_m-[-Xew \n _- -am-wv. am Ivkn\v AXv kmº-øni At_m-[-X-e-am-Wv. t{^mbn-un\v AXv 19

am\-kni At_m-[-X-e-amWv. hymi-c-w-i Øm- ƒ v `mjm-]-camb At_m-[-X-e-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse BJym-\-im-kv{X-Øn Xmev]-cy-ap-f-f-h v Hcp BJym\ At_m-[-X-e-ap v F v ka n- m Ign-bpw.'' 20 LS-\m-hm-Zhpw BJym-\-im-kv{Xhpw hnhn-[-hn- m-\-im-j-ifpw XΩn _ -ap- v. BJym-\-im-kv{X- Øns \nb-a-ß-fn IY, {]`m-jww F n-ßs\ Hcp ZznXz-kwln-X-bp-s v _m _dm-kvanøv hy -am- p- p. 21 BJym-\sØ tihew `mjm-im-kv{x-ambn elq-i-cn- p Xn\ pdw BJym-\- Øns \ne-\nev]v B -cn-i-\n-b-a-߃ pw bp n pw hnt[-bam-sw v spdm Uv sp\ v hn]p-eoicn p. BJym-\-im-kv{Xhpw BJym-\-I-ebpw BJym\-imkv{Xw BJym-\-Øns LS-\-bp-ambn _ - s p \n p- p. BJym-\-Øns imkv{xo-b-]-t-\-amwv BJym- \-im-kv{xw. BJym-\-Ie krjvsn-{]-{in-bbv v {]m[m\yw \ Iptºmƒ BJym-\-imkv{Xw LS-\m-]-T-\-Øn\v {]m[m\yw \ Ip- p. ""BJym-Xm-hns\ kw_- n- n-s-tømfw BJym\w Ie Xs -bmsw- nepw hna i-i-\mb hmb-\- m-cs ] Øp\n p t\m ptºmƒ BJym\w Hcp imkv{xhpw IqSn-bm-sW p txm m-\n-s-bp- v. Aßs\ BJym-\-I-ebpw BJym-\-im-kv{Xhpw ho -Wt`ZwsIm v hyxy-kvx-am-sw- nepw kam-\-x-iƒ Gsd-bp v'' 22 F v Aø- - -Wn- \nco- n- p-tºmƒ BJym-\-I-e-bp-sSbpw BJym-\-im-kv{X-Øn-s bpw t\cnb hyxymkw {]I-S-am-Ip- p- v. ""BJym-\-I-e-bnse t_m[m-t_m-[-t{]-c-w-isf A]-{K-Yn v Fßs\-bmWv Hcp IYm-Im-c IY sa\-s -Sp- p- -sx v At\z-jn- p {]{In-b-bmWv BJym-\-imkv{Xw F p ]d-bmw.'' 23 BJym\hn m-\o-b-øns c p imj-i-fmbn BJym-\-I-e- 20

sbbpw BJym-\-im-kv{X-sØbpw ]cn-k-wn- mw. ""BJym-\-I-ebpw BJym-\-im-kv{Xhpw Dƒs m-f-fp BJym-\-sØ- p-dn- p- kakvxhnh-c-ß-fpw, ka-kvx-]-t-\-ßfpw kwh-ln- p hn m- \-im-j-bmwv BJym-\-hn- m-\obw.'' 24 djy t^m a-enãv ]mc-º-cy-øn ASn-bp-d v BJym-\-khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ \n -ln hvfmun-an t{]m v \mtsm-sn- -Y-Iƒ, sfxn-ly-߃ XpS-ßnb BJym-\-߃ mwv {]m[m\yw \evinb-xv. shbv -kn.- _q-øns ]T-\-ß-fnepw LS-\-bp-sS k o Æ Xsb th {X ]cn-k-wn- p- n-. B[p-\nI BJym-\-imkv{Xw Ch-bn \ns mw hyxy-kvx-ambn hn]p-ehpw k o Æ-hp-amb BJym-\-߃ v {]m[m\yw \ Ip- p- v. F nepw BJym-\-khn-ti-j-X-Isf pdn v thdn- -dn-bm t{]m n-s bpw shbv kn.- _q-øn-s bpw a pw ]T-\-߃ v km[n- n- p- v. BJym-\-Øns Xe-߃ (Levels of Narration) BJym-\-Øns ssk m- nixe-ßsf kq va-ambn IqSp- X A]-{K-Yn- Xv ]m m-xy-]-t-\-ß-fm-wv. BJym-\-im-kv{Xhpw BJym-\-I-ebpw tncp BJym-\-hn- m-\o-b-sø- p-dn- p- ]T- \-߃ krjvsn-{]-{in-b-sbbpw Dƒs m-f-fp- p. BJym-\-im-kv{X-]-T-\-Øn Nn -hn- m-\ob]t-\-߃ v {]m[m-\y-ap- v. IYbpw hyh-lmchpw XΩn-ep- hnth-n\w BJym- \-im-kv{x-]-t-\-øn A\n-hm-cy-am-sW v BJym-\-im-kv{X-]-Tn-Xm- ƒ hy -am- p- p. {Inb-I-fp-sSbpw kw`-h-ß-fp-ssbpw {Ia-amWv IY. IY-bpsS IY\w AYhm BJym-\-amWv hyh-lm-cw. kmln-xy-ir-xn-bpss hyh-lm-csø kw_- n At\zjWw BJym-\-]-T-\-Øn kp{]-[m-\-am-wv. djy cq]-hm-zn-iƒ ^m_p-e (Fabula), kqtj (Sjuzhet) F o ]Z-߃ IY (Story), 21

hyh-lm-cw (discourse) Chbv v ]I-c-ambn BJym-\-]-T-\-Øn D]-tbm-Kn- p- p. ^m_pe F m \S kw`-h-ß-fm-sw p ]d-bmw. Cu kw`-h-ß-fmwv IY-bpsS Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp- ƒ. IY-bv m-kv]-z-amb kw`-h-ßsf Bhn-jv -cn- p- -XmWv kqtj. ho -Ww, {Iaw, [z\n F o BJym-\-L-S-I-ß-fm Bhn-jv -cn- -s -Sp-tºmƒ ^m_p-e, kqtj Bbn ]cn-w-an- p- p. djy cq]-hm-zn-i-fmb t{]m pw (Vladimir Propp) txma-tjmhvkvinbpamwv (Thomashovski) ^m_p-e, kqtj F n kw - Iƒ kmln-xy-øn Ah-X-cn- n- -Xv. ^m_p-ebv pw kqtjbv pw Xpey-amb {^ p {]tbm-k-ß-fmwv lntãm-bn (Histoire), UnkvtIm-gvkv (discourse) F n-h. Cu kw -Iƒ txmz-tdm-hns kw`m-h-\-i-fm-wv. sdmfmmv _m Øpw Cu kw -Iƒ kzoi-cn- p- p. Fan s_ h-\n-ãns lntãm-bn, UnkvtImgvkv F o kw -Isf B[m-c-am- n-bmwv spdm Uv sp\ v lntãm-bn (Histoire), sdkn- v (Receit) F o kw -Iƒ cq]s -Sp-Øn-bXv. 25 IY F Xv kw`-h-ß-fpss ]n Xp-S m-{i-ahpw hyh-lmcw F Xv Ah-X-c-W-hp-am-Wv. Ch IqSmsX hyh-lm-c-ønse Bhn-jvI-c-W- {]-{In-bsb \td- nßv F ]Zw kqnn- n- p- p. skbvtam Nm vam, jvtemanxv dna si\m F n-hcpw Cu kw -Isf AwKo-I-cn- p- p- v. lntãm-bn, sdkn v F n-hbv p ]Icw IY (Story), ]mtw (text) F o kw -Iƒ jvtemanxv dna si\m kzoi-cn- p- p. 26 IY CXn-hr-Ø-sØbpw ]mtw BhnjvImcØn \p kakvxlsißsfbpw kqnn n p p. IY, ]mtw F o kw -IfmWv Cu {]_- -Øn BJym-\-X-{ -]-T-\-߃ v B[m-c-am- n-bn-cn- p- -Xv. ^m_p-e, kqtj F o ]Z-߃ v IYm-P-\-Iw, IYm-P-\nXw F n-ßs\ Un.- cm-[m-ir-jvw \m-b `mjm- cw \ Ip- p. IYm- 22

P-\n-X-Øn \n pw IYm-P-\Iw Is -Øm Ign-bpw. ""IYm-P-\n- X-Øn \n v IYm-P-\-I-Øn-te- p- Hcm-Jym-\-tc-Jm-]-Yw (Narrative trajectory) Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn\pw BJym-\-th-f-bn A\p-`-hth-Zy-amIpw.'' 27 IYm-P-\n-X-Øn \n pw IYm-P-\-I-Øn-te- p- BJym-\-tc-Jm-]Yw t\mh-ep-i-fpss A]-{K-Y-\-Ønepw khn-tij-{]m-[m\yw A ln- p- p. BJym-\-im-kv{X-Øn \n v Dcp-Øncn IY, ]mtw F o kw -Iƒ BJym-\-]-T-\-Øn-\v - D-X-Ip- p. kw`-hm-\p-{i-a-wn-i-bmwv (Sequents of events) BJym-\-ßfpsS apj-ap-{z. kw`-h-ß-fpss ]c-º-c-bmwv Hcp IYsb IY-bm- p- -Xv. kw`-h-ß-fpss Bhn-jvIm-c-amb IYsb ]mt-am n am p- I-bmWv BJym-Xmhv snøp- -Xv. kw`-h-߃ A\m-Jym-\-ß-fm-Wv. Ahsb \n n-x-{i-a-øn Ah-X-cn- n- p-tºmƒ ]mt-ß-fm-ip- p. ]mt-amwv hmb-\- m-cs apºn-ep-f-f-xv. ]mt-øn-eq-ss-bmwv IYbn-te-s -Øn-s -Sp- -Xv. IY-\-sa {]{Inb ]mt-øn-ep- -S-ßp- p-ap- v. BJym-\-]-T-\-Øn c p-xcw Is -Ø-ep-Iƒ km[y-am-wv. H v BJym-\sØ kw`-hm-[n-jvtn-x-ambn ImWp-I, c v kw`-hsø hyh-lm-c-\n Ωn-Xn-bmbn ImWp-I. kw`-h-{i-a-wn-i-tbm-sv (Sequents of events) hmmva-b-{i-a-wn-i-sb (Verbal Sequents) CW n-s m v `qx-im-em-\p-`-hsø kwt -]n- m-\p- Hcp am amwv BJym- \-sa v hneyw et_mhv A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p v. 28 A\p-`-h-ß-tfmsSm w BJym-\-co-Xn-bpsS sshhn yw IqSn tn mte BJym- \-\n ΩnXn ]q Æ-am-hp-I-bp-f-fq. BJym\hn m-\ob ]T-\-߃ krjvsn{]{in-bbv v {]m[m\yw \ Ip- p. BJym-\-im-kv{X-]-T-\-ß-fn IYbpw ]mthpw IrXy-ambn A]-{K-Yn- -s -Sp- p. kw`-h-]-c-º-c-bmb 23

^m_pe DNn-X-amb BJym-\-X-{ -ß-fpsS sxc-s -Sp- p- IƒsIm v Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-tºmƒ kqtj Bbn ]cn-w-an- p- p. IYbv v ^m_pe, tãmdn, lntãm-bn F pw ]mt-øn\v kqtj, UnkvtIm-gvkv, sdkn v F pw hyxykvx BJym-\-im-kv{X- hnhn[ {]tbm-k-߃ kzoi-cn- p-tºmgpw Ah-bpsS Bibw kam- \-ambn \ne-sim-f-fp- p. kw`-h-߃ tn v IYbpw hn]p-e-amb BJym-\-X-{ -߃ tn v ]mthpw \n Ωn- -s -Sp- p. kw`-hßfpw BJym-\-co-Xn-Ifpw BJym-\-krjvSnbpsS Ah-iy-L-S-Iß-fm-Wv. BJym-\-L-S-I-߃ BJym-\-im-kv{X- -\mb spdm Uv sp\- ns "\td- ohv UnkvtImgvkv' F IrXn-bnse ]T-\-߃ t\mh-ens BJym- \sø ti{µo-i-cn- p-f-f-xm-wv. sp\ v BJym-\-Øns Bdv hn`m- K-ß-sf- p-dn v tnmzy-߃ D -bn- p- p. 29 BJym\-cq-]-Øns ASn-ÿm-\w, BJym-\-tI-{µw, IYm-Jym-Xm-hv, ka-bm-hn-jvi-cww IY-bn, IY-bpsS {Iao-I-c-Ww, kw`m-j-ww, Nn Ch-bpsS {Iao- I-cWw XpS-ßn-b-h-sb- p-dn- p- tnmzy-ß-fmwv sp\ v D -bn- p- -Xv. 1. BJym-\-cq-]-Øns ASn-ÿm-\w- -A-\p-I-c-Ww (Mimesis), kw{k-lw(digesis) {Inb-Ifpw kw`m-j-w-ßfpw A\p-I-c-Wm-fl-I-amb coxn-bn Bhn-jvI-cn- p- -XmWv ana-knkw. cwk-ßfpw t\cn- p- kw`m-j- Whpw CXn-ep- m-bn-cn- pw. {Inb-Ifpw kw`m-j-w-ßfpw Hmtcm-cp- Ø pw th n-bm-sw txm ana-kn-kn-eqss hmb-\- m-c\v e`n- p- p. CXn \n v hncp- -amwv UnP-knkv. kw`-h-߃ hmb- \- m-c\v I ap-ºn \S- p- -Xmbn A\p-`-h-s -Sp- n-. ChnsS 24

BJym-Xmhv F mwv kw`-hn- p- -sx v BJym\w snøp-itbm As - n kw`-h-ß-fp-ambn _ -s -Sp-Øp-Itbm BWv snøp- -Xv. AXv thk-øntem kmh-[m-\-øntem BImw. IYbv v Ahiyw th Xpw ]c-kv]cw _ n- n- p- -Xp-amb A\p-`-h-߃ Ign-bp- {X {Inbmfl-I-ambn ChnsS Ah-X-cn- n- -s -Sp- p. 2. BJym-\-tI-{µo-I-cWw BJym\-tI-{µo-I-c-W-sa- Xv IY Ah-X-cn- n- -s -Sp ho -W-tIm-Sn-I-fm-Wv. ]cn-t{] yhpw hnhn[ IYm-]m-{X-ßfpw hyxy-kvx-ho- -W-ß-fp-amWv BJym-\sØ sshhn- y-ap-f-f-xm- p- -Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn _mly-amb ti{µo-i-c-w-øn IYm-]m-{Xßsf ]pd-øp-\n p t\m n- m-wp-i-bm-wv. IYm-]m-{X-Øns hm pw {]hr-ønbpw C{]-Imcw \nco- n- -s -Sp- p. IYm-]m-{XßfpsS Nn bpw A\p-`-h-ßfpw hmb-\- m Dƒs m-f-fp {]{Inb-bmWv B -cn-i-ti-{µo-i-c-ww. 3. IYm-Jym-Xmhv IY ]d-bp- Xv BJym-Xm-hm-sW- nepw BJym-Xm-hns ] Øp\n p-xs IY Ah-X-cn- n- -s -S-W-sa- n-. c p-xcw BJym-Xm- sf IY-bn Is -Ømw. BJym-\-Øn I-Y-]dbp am[y-a-am-bn (telling media) {]Xy- -s -Sp BJym-Xm-hmWv BZytØ-Xv. Abmƒ t]cpw Ncn-{X-hp-ap- Hcp {]txyi IYm-]m-{Xambn Xncn- -dn-b-s -Sp- n. Kp]vX-amb BJym-Xm-hv (Convert), \ms- Iobm-Jym-Xm-hv (dramatized) Fs mw Adn-b-s -Sp Cu BJym- Xmhv IY-]dbm\p am w am{xamwv. c masø BJymXmhv IYbn hy ambn Xncn dnbs Spw. Abmƒ enwk-t`-zhpw kz amb Ncn-{Xhpw C m-\n-jvs-ßfpw kmaq-ly-po-hn-x-øn ÿm\hpw hy n-xz-hp-ap- IYm-]m{Xw Xs -bm-bn-cn- pw. BJym-\-kw-`-h- 25

ß-fpsS km ntbm ] m-fntbm Bb Cu BJym-Xm-hns\ {]Xy- -mjym-xm-hv (overt) F p-hn-fn- mw. 4. ka-bm-hn-jvi-cww IY-bn BJym\w km[m-c-w-bmbn Dƒs m-f-fp- Xv \S- txm \S- m-hp- txm Bb kw`-h-ß-sf-bm-wv. AXn-\m BJym\w \S- p- -Xns {Iaw F Xv kw`-h-߃ \S {Ia-Øn-em-h-W-sa- n-. Ign- -Ime kw`-h-ßsf h Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn-te v sim ph-cp ^vfmjv_m v coxn-bmhpw Nne-t mƒ BJym-\-Øn A\ph Øn- p-i. Cu coxnsb `qxm-jym-\w (Analeptic) F p hnfn- mw. CXp-t]m-se-Xs ]n o-sp- m-tb- m-hp kw`-h-ßsf hymjym- \n- mt\m Zo L-Zr-jvSn-tbmsS Bhn-jvI-cn- mt\m Nn -Iƒ apt m p \bn- -s -Smw. CØcw BJym-\-co-Xnsb `mhn-i-y-\w (Proleptic) F p hnfn- mw. 5. IY-bpsS {Iao-I-cWw IYIƒ Ft mgpw t\sc Ah-X-cn- n- -W-sa- n-. BJym- Xmhv {]my-ani BJym-\-Øn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn- mepw AXn\p n Hcp ZznXob BJym\wIqSn Dƒs -Sm-dp- v. 6. kw`m-j-ww, Nn F n-h-bpss {Iao-I-cWw kw`mj-w-߃ t\sc Ah-X-cn- n- pi F -XmWv G hpw efn-x-amb am w. tnmtzym-ø-c-ß-fmbn _ n- n v ]d-bp-tºmƒ A\m-h-iy-hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-߃ Hgn-hm- -s -Sp- p. `mjm-]-c-amb LS- I-߃ \p-k-cn v kw`mjw߃ v ]cn-wmaw hcp- p. kw`mj-w-øn \n v k mjym\øn-te v IYm-h-X-cWw ]cn- W-an- mw. spdmƒuv {]n kv aq p-xcw BJym-\-ß-sf- p-dn v ]d-bp- p. 30 hmb-\- m-cs\ ckn- n- p-i, hmb-\- msc t{]cn- n- p-i, 26

hmb-\- mcpss {i Xncn- p-hn-sm Ign-bpI F n-ß-s\. IqSmsX a p-f-f-hsc sh p-hn-fn- pi F [ Ωhpw BJym-\-Øn-\p- v. kw`-h-߃ shdpsx Ah-X-cn- n- pi am{x-a-, hy n-bpss hn[nsb hni-zo-i-cn- pi IqSn-bmWv BJym-Xmhv snøp- -Xv. kaql-øns hn[nsb hni-zo-i-cn- m\pw BJym-Xm-hn\v Ign-bp- Xv BJym-\-X-{ -ß-fpsS icn-bmb hn\y-k\w aqe-am-wv. Hcm-fnse Rm F `mhsø Zqco-I-cn- m\pw a\p-jys hnhn-[-ß-fmb am\-kn-i-`m-h-ßsf A]-{K-Yn- m\pw BJym-\-Øn\v Ign-bp-sa v spdmƒuv {]n kv Iq n-t p- p. ta hn-h-cn BJym-\-L-S-I-ß-fpsS taf-\-amwv Hcp t\mhen-ãns BJym\X{ sø cq]-s -Sp-Øp- -Xv. BJym\w t\mh-en k mfl-i-amb BJym\sshZ-Kv y-øns _lp-ap-j-x-e߃ e y-am- p- Xpw km y-am- p- -Xp-amWv t\mh km-ln-xyw. Pohn-Xhpw t\mh-ep-am-bp- KmV-_ w t\mh-ens BJym-\- X-e-sØbpw kzm[o-\n- p- p. ""\mw Pohn- p {Ia-Øns e - W-amWv \ΩpsS PohnXw Bhn-jvI-cn- p t\mh-ep-iƒ. AhbpsS A]q ÆX \ΩpsS Nn -bp-ssbpw hnizm-k-øn-s bpw A]q Æ-X-bmWv.'' 31 sshhn- y-am Pohn-X-sØbpw kw`-h-ßsfbpw Bhn-jvI-cn- m t\mh-en-ãn\v D]-bp- -am-ip cn-\m- X-{ -ß-fmWv t\mh F Ie-bpsS auen-i-xbpw kuµ-cyhpw. Ah-tem-I-\-i- nbpw hnj-b- m-\hpw XZ-\p-tbm-Py-amb `mjm- I-ev]-\-Ifpw `mh-\bpw X -b-xzhpw IqSn-t -cp-tºm-gmwv t\mh kuµ-cym-fl-i-am-ip- -Xv. kq va-amb \nco- W]mS-h-amWv t\mh F kmln-xy-i-esb Pohn-X-Øns BJym-\-am n am p- -Xv. ""{]ta-b-x-e-øn {Iaw \jvs-s Hcp temi-sø-bmwv 27

t\mh-en-ãn\v Bhn-jvI-cn- m-\p-f-f-xv. kµnkv XbpsS temi-am- W-Xv. AXp-sIm- p-xs GI-in-emflI-amb LS-\sb kzm`m-hn- I-am-bn-Øs sndp- p kmln-xy-cq-]-amwv t\mh.'' 32 am\- kn-im-]-{k-y-\-øn\v {]m[m\yw \ Ip dm ^v t^mivkns (Ralf Fox) t\mh \n -N\w {it -b-amwv. ""t\mh F Xv tihew si p-i-y-b-, adn v a\p-jy-a-\- ns\ ka-{k-ambn I psim- p- KZym-fl-Im-hn-jvIm-c-amW.v'' 33 _lp-ap-j-amb BJym-\- X-{ -߃ t\mh-ens _mlyhpw B -cn-i-hp-amb LS-\sb kzm[o-\n- p- p. BJym-\-X-{ -ß-fpsS sshhn- y-ß-fm kº- -amwv t\mh km-ln-xyw. t\m-h-ense BJym-\-L-S-I-߃ IY, IYm-]m-{X-߃, ho -WtI{µw, ÿe-im-e-߃, `mjm-ssien F n-h-sb mw t\mh-ens BJym-\-X-{ -\n-jvt-amb LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. IYm-]-chpw ]mt-]-c-hp-amb Cu BJym-\-X-{ -ßfpsS ktω-f-\-amwv t\mh. IY (Story) t\mh-ens\ kw_- n- n-s-tømfw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb LS- I-amWv IY. IYm-]-c-amb \nc-h[n LS-I-ß-fpsS Bhn-jvIr-Xn-bnemWv t\mh \n Ωn-Xn.- IYbn aq v ASn-ÿm-\-hn-`m-K-߃ Is -Ømw; IYmX p, CXnhrØw, BJym\w. IYbpw CXn-hr- Øhpw hyxykvxambn \ne-sim-f-fp- p. ""BJym-\-km-ln-Xy-Ønse Ne-\m-fl-Ihpw {Iam-\p-_- n-bp-am-b (dynamic and sequential) Awi-ambn tπm ns\ \n -Nn- mw. IYm-]m-{X-sØ-t m-se-xs BJym-\-I-e-bnse Ne-\m-fl-I-X-bp- GsXm-cw-ihpw tπm ns ]cn-[n-bn-epƒs Sp p''. 34 IY-sb-t mse Pn mk P\n- n- en \n pw hyxy-kvx-ambn hmb-\- m-cs _p nbpw Hm Ω-i- 28

nbpw Bh-iy-s -Sp- -XmWv CXn-hr-Øw. IY CXn-hr-Ø-ambn hni-kn- p- Xv ]mt-]-c-amb LS-I-ß-fpsS km n ywsim m-wv. CXn-hr-Ø-Øn\v Hcp XpS- hpw a yhpw Ah-km-\-hp-ap- v. GXp hy n-bpss Pohn-Xhpw BJym-\-Øn\p sxc-s -Sp- mw. ""P\-\(birth)sØt mse \s mcp XpS- hpw Pohn- X(life)sØt mse \s mcp a yhpw ac-w(death)søt mse Hch-km-\hpw tπm mhpw.'' 35 BZn-a- ym- -s m-cpøw CXn-hr-Ø- Øns kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-x-bm-sw v ChnsS hy -am-ip- p. ""BJym-\-Ønse th s]-sp-ø-s F m LS-I-߃ pw AXnt -Xmb CXn-hrØw D m-bncn pw. F m LS-I-ßfpw kwl j- Ønepw hnt«-j-w-ønepwiqsn IrXn-bpsS s]mxp-l-s-\-bn-te v FØn-t -cp- p. Hmtcm A[ym-bhpw kw`-hhpw am{x-a-, Hmtcm Jfin-Ibv pw Hmtcm hmiy-øn\pw AXn-t -Xmb XpS- hpw a yhpw Ah-km-\hpw D m-bn-cn- pw. IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS hy n- K-X-t\- -ßsf th -hn[w Af- p- Xv Ft mgpw CØcw sndnb Jfin-I-I-fn-eq-sStbm hmiy-øn-eq-sstbm Bbn-cn pw.'' 36 tihew IY-bn \n p hyxy-kvx-ambn hmb-\- m-cs hnth-ihpw Bhiy-s -Sp- -XmWv CXn-hr-Ø-sa v a\- n-em- mw. hnivs lyqtkm-bpss ]mh-߃, amivknw tkm nbpss AΩ, tumtãm-hvkvin-bpss Ip hpw in -bpw, Imc-a-tkmhv ktlm-z-c- m F nh CXn-hr-Øn\v {]m[m\yw simsp- p t\mhep-i-fm-wv. tsmƒtãm-bn-bpss A m-icn\o\, SmtKmdns tkmd F o t\mh-ep-iƒ IYbv v {]m[m\yw \ Ip- p. t\mh-enãv Xs Z i\w Bhn-jvI-cn- p- Xv t\mh-ens IYm-L-S-\-bn-eqsS-bm-Wv. IY-bv -\p-tbm-py-amb IYm-]m-{X-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Z i\w aq Ø-am-Ip- -Xv. 29

IY, D]-I-Y-Itfm kwl j-ßtfm IqSmsX apt m- p-t]m- Ip- n-. kw`-h-{i-a-amwv IY-sb p ]d-bmw. Hcp kw`-h-øn \n v as m- n-te v \oßp {Iaw IY-bpsS khn-ti-j-x-bm-wv. kw`h-ß-fpss XpS -bmwv IYbv v Imc-W-am-Ip- -Xv. IY-bpsS XpS bpw Imcy-Im-c-W-_- hpw tn Øp-h p IYm-tc-J (Storyline) F k -ev]-\sø jvtemanxv dnω si\m, hvfmun-an t{]m v F n-h Bhn-jvI-cn- p- p- v. Hcp IrXn-bpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb hnh-c-w-øn-eqss kq va-amb kw`-h-{i-a-߃ F{]- Imcw _rl-ømb kw`-h{i-a-ß-fmbn amdp- -sx pw Ah-bpsS tn -bn-eqss ]q Æ-amb IY-bm-bn-Øo-cp- -sx-ß-s\-sb pw si\m A]-{K-Yn- p p. 37 IYbv pw _rl-ømb kw`-h-{i-a߃ pw CSbv v Nne-t mƒ a y-h Ønsb Hgn-hm- n-s m pw kw`-h-{i-a-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn- mw. IYm-tc-J (Storyline) F v si\m Cu coxnsb kqnn- n- p- p. {][m\iym-tc-j (main storyline) F pw D]-I-Ym-tc-J (Subsidiary storyline) F pw IYm-tc-Jsb At±lw c mbn Xncn- p- p- v. {][m\iym-tcj (main storyline) Hcp hy n-sb-øs ti{µo-i-cn- p-sim v kw`-h-{i-a-ßsf {]_-e-amb IYm-L-S-I-ambn Ah-X-cn- n- p-tºmƒ {][m-\-i-ym-tc- J-bmbn amdp- p. 38 kw`-h-ß-fpss Imcy-Im-c-W-_- -ßsf \n Æbn- m kw`-h-ß-fpss Ime-{I-a-Øn\v Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc km[n- mdp- v. D]-I-Ym-tcJ (Subsidiary storyline) Hcp kw`-h-t{iwn as m-cp-iq w hy n-isf ti{µo-i-cn- psim v Bhn-jvI-cn- p-tºmƒ D]-I-Ym-tc-J-bmbn amdp- p. 39 D]- 30

I-Ym-tc-J-Iƒ {][m-\-i-ym-tc-j-tbmsv tn v IYm-L-S-\bv v ]q ÆX \ Ip- p. ka-b-{i-a-øn qsnbpw Imcy-Im-cW_ -Øn qsnbpw kw`-h-{i-a-øn qsnbpw IYm-tcJ IrXn-I-fn Ah-X-cn- n- -s -Smw. F m t\mh-ep-iƒ pw CØ-c-samcp IYm-tc-Jm-]-T\w bp -am-h- W-sa- n-. F nepw kw`-h-ß-fpss {Iaw Zo n- p-sim v ti{µ- I-Ym-]m-{XsØ ap \n Øn-bp IYm-tc-Jm-]-T\w Cu k -ev]- \sø bp n-]q -am- p- p. {][m-\-kw-`-h-ß-fpss {Iaw ]pe Øns m p CØcw IYm-]-T-\-amWv Cu {]_- -Øn kzoi-cn- n-cn- p- -Xv. IYm-]m-{X-߃ IYm-]m-{X-ßfneq-sS-bmWv Df-f-S- hpw IYbpw hnimkw {]m]n- p- -Xv. ti{µ-i-ym-]m-{xsø Np n- n IY apt m- p-\oßp kao-]-\hpw \nc-h[n IYm-]m-{X-߃ Hcp-t]mse {]m[m\yw hln- p IYm-h-X-c-Whpw t\mh-ep-i-fn {]Xy- -s -Sp- p. am {^-Uv Pm, \d-t m-fpn F sskuv p Z Xnbdn Hm^v \td- ohv 40 F {KŸ-Øn t\mh-ense IYm-]m-{X-ß-sfbpw IYm- ]m-{x-k-hn-ti-j-x-i-sfbpw hni-i-e-\-hn-t[-b-am- p- p. Bc,v Bsc, F n-\p-th n IYm-]m-{X-am- p p F ASn-ÿm-\-tNm-Zy-߃ B[m-c-am- n-bmwv At±lw IYm-]m-{X-hn-i-I-e\w \S-Øp- -Xv. Xmsg hnizoicn p aq v ASn-ÿm\ am\-zfi-ß-fmwv P\ v CXn-\mbn kzoi-cn- p- Xv. 1. BJym\w snøp IYm-]m-{Xw - -I-ev]n-X-I-Ym-]m-{X-w (Narrational v/s Figural Character) {]ta-bm-hn-jvi-c-w-øn-\mbn krjvsn- -s -Sp IYm-]m-{Xß-fmWv BJym\w snøp IYm-]m-{X-߃. Iev]n-X-I-Ym-]m-{X- 31

h -c-w-øn {][m-\-hn-j-b-am-bn-øo-cp- Xv IYm-]m{Xw Xs bm-bn-cn pw. 41 Hcp IYm-]m-{X-Øns hnizm-ky-amb hn[n-\n Æbw bmym ym-[n-jvtn-x-amb kml-n-cy-ßsf Gdnb txmxn B{ibn p \ne-sim-f-fp- p. {]tabhnim-k-øn\v IY-bn-ep-S-\ofw Cu IYm-]m-{X-Øns kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-x-iƒ FSp-Øp-Im- p- p. IYm-Jym\w \n -ln- p IYm-]m-{X-߃ temi-km-ln- Xy-Ønepw `mc-xotbxn-lm-k-ß-fnepw \mtsm-sn- -Y-I-fnepw [mcmf-ambn IS- p-h-cp- p- v. "Bbn-csØm p cmhp-i-fn'se jl-dmkmzv BJym-\-I-Ym-]m-{X-Øn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ImØn-cn- v, hni- v, Ah-K-W-\, GIm- X XpSßn \nc-h[n Bi-b-ßsf B[m-c-am n krjvsn- -s -Sp IYm-]m-{X-߃ Iev]n-X-I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fn-epƒs -Sp- p. tkxp-hns ]mwvu-h-]pcw F t\mh-ense tzhn Iev]n-X-I-Ym-]m-{X-Øn-\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. 2. {]I-S-I-Ym-]m-{Xw kq-nn-x-i-ym-]m-{xw (Explicit character v/s Implicit character) IYm-]m-{X-Øns hy n-xz-k-hn-ti-j-x-iƒ cn-bn-xm-hns hm p-i-fn-eqss hni-zo-i-cn- p-tºmƒ {]I-S-I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ krjvsn- -s -Sp- p. Hcp IYm-]m-{X-Øn\v kzbw Bhn-jvI-cn- m-sa- -Xpt]m-se-Xs Abmƒ v a v IYm-]m-{X-ß-sfbpw Ah-X-cn- n- mw. ""km[m-c-w-bm-bn {]IS-I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ hni-zo-i-c-w-ß-fn-eq-ssbmwv Ah-X-cn- n- -s -Sp- -Xv. IYm-]m-{X-ßsf Xncn- -dn-bp- -Xn\pw {Ia-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn\pw hy nxzkhn-ti-j-x-iƒ FSpØpIm p- - Xn\pw hne-bn-cp-øp- -Xn\pw Cu coxn-bn-eqss Ign-bp p.'' 42 kqnnx-i-ym-]m-{x-߃ hni-zo-i-c-w-ß-fn IqSn-b- msx thj-hn-[m-\-ß-fn qsnbpw kw`m-j-w-ß-fn qsnbpw s]cp-am- 32

-ß-fn qsnbpw kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-x-iƒ A\m-hr-X-amIpw hn[- amwv t\mh-ep-i-fn IS- p-h-cp- -Xv. 3. Bfl-I-Ym-]m-{X-h -c-ww- -A-\y-I-Ym-]m-{X-h -cww (Self-characterisation [Auto characterisation] v/s Altero characterisation) IYm-]m-{X-Øns hy n-xz-k-hn-ti-j-x-iƒ Abm-fpsS {]hr-øn-i-fn \n p-xs Adn-bm Ign-bp p F -XmWv Bfl- I-Ym-]m-{X-h -c-w-øns {]txy-i-x. kzxz-kw-c- -W-X-{ ßfpw k -ev]-\-ß-fn qsn-bp- B{Kl]q Øo-I-c-W-ßfpw Cu IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS {]txy-i-x-i-fm-wv. Bfl-\n-jvT-X-bv mwv CØcw IYm-]m-{X-߃ ap Xq w \ Ip- -Xv. Jmtfi- -dpss bbmxn Bfl-I-Ym-]m-{X-Øn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. A\y-I-Ym-]m-{X-h -c-w-øn {][m-\-i-ym-]m-{x-øns kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-x-iƒ A\y-I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fn-eqsS shfn-s -Sp-Øp- p. ""A\y-I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ km[m-c-w-bmbn kmaq-ly-t{i-wn-i-sfbpw X{ -{]-[m-\-amb e y-ß-sfbpw ]cn-k-w-\-i-sfbpw henb txmxn kzm[o-\n p p.'' 43 a p- IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS Nn -I-fneq-sSbpw Xocp-am-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw A\y-I-Ym-]m{Xw hne-bn-cp-øs -Sp- p. N p-ta-t\ms imcz F t\mh-ense e van-bω CØcw IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. IYm-]m-{X-[ Ω-߃ -\p-k-cn v IYm-]m-{X-h o-i-c-w- Øn hnizmkyiym-]m-{x-߃ (confidant characters), sshcp- ymfliiym-]m-{x-߃ (foil characters), GtIm-]-\-I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ (chorus characters) F o hn`-p-\-߃ km y-amwv. 44 hnizmkyiym-]m-{x-߃ (Confidant Characters) {][m\iym-]m-{x-øns Bi-bm-`n-em-j-߃ Btcm-SmtWm 33

] p-h-bv -s -Sp- Xv Ah-cmWv hnizm-ky-i-ym-]m-{x-߃. km[mc-w-bmbn {][m-\-i-ym-]m-{x-tømsv ASp-Øn-S-]-g-Ip hy n hnizm-ky-i-ym-]m-{x-ambn amdp- p. sj e-ivtlmwkv IY-I-fn tum. hmsvk CØcw IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. sshcp- ym-fliiym-]m-{x-߃ (Foil Characters) {][m\iym-]m-{x-øns hy nxzw FSp-Øp-Im-Wn- p- - Xn-\mWv CØcw IYm-]m-{X-߃ krjvsn- -s -Sp- -Xv. ""kmln-xy- Øn Hcp D]-I-Ym-]m{Xw ti{µ-i-ym-]m-{x-øns Nne kz`mhkhnti-j-x-iƒ Dƒs m-f-fp- Xv km[m-c-w-bmbn sshcp- ymflixbn-eq-ss-bm-bn-cn pw.'' 45 sj e-ivtlmw-kns _p n-kma yw FSp-Øp-Im- p- Xv tum. hmsvks aqv-xz-øn-eq-ss-bm-wv. GtIm-]\IYm-]m-{X-߃ (Chorus Characters) t\cn v IY-bn {]Xy- -s -SmØ IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmWv GtIm- ]\IYm-]m-{X-߃. ""IYbv v shfn-bn \n p-sim v IYm-k-µ `ß-sfbpw IYm-]m-{X-ß-sfbpw Ah-X-cn- n- p-ibpw XXz-Nn- m-]- c-ambpw \oxn-]q -I-ambpw lmkym-fl-i-ambpw kwkm-cn- p-ibpw snøp IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmWv GtIm-]\IYm-]m-{X-߃.'' 46 `mc- Xob CXn-lm-k-ß-fn GtIm-]\IYm-]m-{X-߃ Zriy-am-Wv. alm- `m-c-x-iy ]d-bp sshi-ºm-b\ GtIm-]\IYm-]m-{X-amWv. "hn{i-am-zn-xy\pw thxm-fhpw' IY-I-fn hn{i-am-zn-xy GtIm- ]\IYm-]m-{X-amWv. hnh-c-wm-fl-ii-ym-]m-{x-߃ (explanatory characters), \ms- IobIYm-]m-{X-߃ (dramatic characters) F n-ßs\ amcntbm md (Mario Klarer) IYm-]m-{X-ßsf h o-i-cn- p- p- v. 47 34

hnh-c-wm-fl-ii-ym-]m-{x-߃ (Explanatory Characters) IYm]m{Xw cn-bn-xm-hns hnh-c-w-ß-fn-eqss IS- p-h-cptºm-gmwv hnh-c-wm-fl-i- I-Ym-]m-{X-߃ krjvsn- -s -Sp- -Xv. ""IYm-]m{Xw BJym-Xm-hns sxc-s -Sp- n-eq-ssbpw hn[n-\n Æb-Øn-eq-sSbpw ip o-i-cn- -s v {]Xn-\n-[m\w \n -ln- p- p. Cu cn-\m-x{ w BJym-Xm-hns\ t_m[-]q w {]ap-j-ÿm-\- tø v sim p-h v {Inb-bp-sSbpw hmb-\- m-c-s bpw hn[n- \n Æbam y-a-am n am p- p.'' 48 am {^Uv Pm\ns {]ISIYm- ]m-{x-ß-fp-ambn hnh-c-wm-fl-ii-ym-]m-{x-߃ v kmzr-iy-ap- v. \ms-iobiym-]m-{x-߃ (Dramatic Characters) {]Xy m-jym-\-øn \n pw A cw ]pe Øn-s m- mwv \ms-iobiym-]m{xw \ne-sim-f-fp- -Xv. ChnsS IYm-]m-{X-Øn\v BJym-\-am- yaw F \ne-bn \n p-sim v hmb-\- m-cn-ep- {]Xy- -kzm-[o\w Hgn-hm- m km[n- pw. ""hmb-\- m-c-\n _mly-i- n-i-fpss CS-s]-S-en- msx Hcp \ms-iobmh-x-c-w-øn\v km n-bm-bn-s m v \nco- n- m-\p- am\-kn-im-hÿ Cu coxnbn-ep- Ah-X-cWw krjvsn- p- p. Hcp hy n-bpss {]Xn- mb hymjym-\-ß-fn- msx Abm-fpsS {Inb-bn-eq-sSbpw kwkm-c-øn-eqssbpw BJym\w snø-s -Sp p'' 49 kqnn-x-i-ym-]m-{x-ß-fp-ambn \ms-iobiym-]m-{x-߃ v kmzr-iy-ap- v. IYm-]m-{Xm-h-X-c-W-Øn\v {]m[m\yw \evin-s m- p- amcntbm md-dpss Is -Ø-ep-Iƒ IYm-]m{X]T-\-Øn {it b-am-wv. IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS kz`m-h-k- o Æ-X-I-sfbpw hy n-xz-khn-ti-j-x-i-sfbpw Af- m ]cym-]vx-amb hn[-øn-emwv C.Fw t^mã-dpss IYm-]m-{X-h o-i-c-ww. ÿnc-kz-`m-hn-iƒ (Flat char- 35

acter or Static character), k o Æ-kz-`m-hn-Iƒ (Round character or dynamic character) F n-ßs\ c p Xc-Øn IYm]m{Xßsf t^mã hn`-pn- p p. 50 ÿnc-kz-`m-hn-iƒ (Flat characters or Static Characters) \nb{ n-x-amb kw`m-j-w-ßfpw {]hr-øn-ifpw kq n- p GtIm- p-j-cmb IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmWv ÿnc-kz-`m-hn-iƒ. 51 ÿnc-kz- `m-hn-i-fmb IYm-]m-{X-ßsf hmb-\- m A\m-bm-k-ambn Xncn- dn-bp-ibpw Hm Ωn- p-ibpw snøpw. ""Pohn-X-sØ- p-dn- p- cnbn-xm-hns GtIm- p-jamb ImgvN- msv ]-et mgpw Ah-X-cn- n- s -Sp- Xv amxr-im-i-ym-]m-{x-ß-fn-eq-ss-bm-bn-cn pw.'' 52 {]txyi kz`mhkhn-ti-j-x-iƒ ]pe Øp Cu amxrimiym-]m-{x-߃ ÿnc-kz-`m-hn-i-fm-bn-cn- pw. ""Hcm-i-b-sØtbm aqey-søtbm ASnÿm-\-am n \n Ωn- -s -Sp IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmWv ÿnc-kz-`m-hn- I-fm-b IYm-]m-{X-߃.'' 53 kml-n-cy-߃ -\p-kr-x-amb hnimktam hf tbm CØcw IYm-]m-{X-߃ p- m-ip- n-. k o Æ-kz-`m-hn-Iƒ (Round characters or Dynamic Characters) IqSpX k o Æ-kz-`m-h-ap- Xpw hyxy-kvxx \ne-\n Øp- -Xp-amb ]tcm BJym-Xm-hn-s\-bmWv k o ÆIYm-]m{Xw F -Xp-sIm v Dt±-in- p- -Xv. ""hniz-k-\o-b-amb coxn-bn hnkvabn- n- p IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmWv k o ÆIYm-]m{X߃.'' 54 ÿnckz-`m-hn-i-fmb IYm-]m-{X-߃ Ah-cpsS {]hr-øn-iƒsim v Hcn- epw hmb-\- msc hnkva-bn- n- p-i-bn-. k o ÆIYm-]m-{X߃ am\-knikwl j-߃sim pw Dd PohnX\ne-]m-Sp- IƒsIm pw hmb-\- m-cs\ hnkva-bn- n- p-ibpw t\mh-ens\ A{]-Xo- n-xm- y-øn-te v \bn- p-ibpw snøpw. am Øm-fi- 36

h Ω F t\mh-en ]mdp- p n amxr-im-i-ym-]m-{xhpw kp`{z k o ÆIYm-]m{Xhp-am-Wv. at\m-hn- m\kao-]-\-ß-fn IYm-]m-{X]T\Øn\v hf-scb-[niw {]m[m-\y-ap- v. a\ximkv{xxxz-ß-fn Du n\n p-sim v IYm-]m-{X-Øns kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-x-ifpw kw`-h-ß-fpss A\pkyq-X-amb {]hm-l-øn Hmtcm IYm-]m-{X-Øns bpw \ne-]m-sp- Ifpw ]cn-wm-a-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-øm km[n- pw. kz`m-h-k-hn-tij-xi-fn-eq-ssbpw Nn -I-fn-eq-sSbpw kz]v\-ß-fn-eq-ssbpw IYm-]m- {X-ßsf A]-{K-Yn- p- p. ""{]Xy- -Øn hy n-bpss t_m[-a- WvU-esØ \nb-{ n- p LS-I-ß-fn At_m-[-a-\- n\v henb kzm[o-\-ap- v. At_m-[-a-\- ns ta bp n v bmsxmcp \nb- { -Wm-[n-Im-c-hp-an-. am\-kn-i-bm-ym yw hmkvx-h-øn Cu At_m-[-a-\- n-emwv IpSn-sIm- p- -Xv. AXns {]{In-b-Iƒ Ahy- -am-bn-s - nepw \mw a\- n-em- p- Xv kz]v\-ß-fn-eq-ss-bm-wv.'' 55 IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS Nn -Ifpw hnim-c-ß-fp-ambn _ -s v kmlnxyirxnifn kz]v\-߃ IS- p-h-cp p. AhbpsS A]{KY\ØneqsS IYm-]m-{X-kz-`m-h-Øn FØn-t -cm Ignbp p. BJym-Xm-hns Pohn-X-Z i\w IYm-]m-{X-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv [z\y-am-\-am-ip- -Xv. AXn-\m t\mh ]-T-\-Øn BJym-\-imkv{X-Øn-e[njvTnX-amb IYm-]m-{X-]-T-\-Øn\v Gsd {]k- n-bp- v. am {^Uv Pm hni-zo-i-cn- p IYm-]m-{X-]-T-\-ßfpw amcntbm md-dpss Is -Ø-ep-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw kmzr-iy-ap- v. Cu ]T-\- ß-tfm-sSm w Xs C.-Fw.-t^m-Ã-dpsS IYm-]m-{X-hn-`-P-\hpw Cu {]_- -Ønse IYm-]m-{X-]-T-\-Øn am\-z-fi-ambn kzoi-cn- p- p. 37

BJym-Xmhpw ti{µo-i-c-whpw (Narrator & Foculization) BJym-\-hy-h-lm-c-Ønse kzc-ambpw `mj-i-\mbpw BJym- Xm-hns\ spdm Uv sp\ v hne-bn-cp-øp- p. 56 hmb-\- m-cp-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw km y-am- p- Xpw F v, F{]-Imcw, GXv ho WØn-eqsS Ah-X-cn- n- -W-sa v Xocp-am-\n- p- Xpw cn- \-bpss e yhpw Bi-bhpw Fßs\ kwth-z\w snø-s -S-Wsa v Xocp-am-\n- p- Xpw BJym-Xm-hm-Wv. IY Ah-X-cn- n- p \n nx]cn-t{]- y-amwv ti{µo-i-cww (Foculization). BJym\ ti{µo-i-c-w-øn\v spdmƒuv {]n kv ho -W-tIm (Point of view) F kw kzoi-cn- p- p. 57 BJym\w ti{µo-ir-x-am-ip- Xv Bcn-emtWm Abm-fmWv BJym-\-]m-T-Øns Ah-Xm-c-I. Abm-fpsS hnim-c-hn-nm-c-ßfpw hn m\hpw hy nxz{]xn-^-e-\-ßfpw bym hpw `mh-\m-fl- I-hp-amb ho -W-ßfpw AXn-ep-]cn kmwkvim-cn-ihpw Bi-b-]- c-hp-amb {Iao-I-c-W-ßfpw IrXn-bn ÿm\w ]nsn- p- p. spdm Uv sp\ pw skbvtam Nm vam\pw ti{µo-i-c-wsø IYm- ]m{xti{µo-i-c-w-ambn ]cn-an-x-s -Sp-Øp-tºmƒ an n-_m, jvtemanxv dnω si-\m F n-h ti{µo-i-c-wsø _mly-ti- {µo-i-c-ww, B -cniti{µo-i-cww F n-ßs\ hn`-pn- p- p. _mly-ti-{µo-i-c-w-øn-eqss cn-bn-xm-hn\pw B -cniti{µo-i-c- W-Øn-eqsS IYm-]m-{X-Øn\pw {]m[m\yw \ Ip hn`-p-\-amwv Ch kzoi-cn- -Xv. _mly-ti-{µo-i-cww (External or Narrator Foculization) k - m-jym-xm-hmb {KŸImc Xs bmwv _mly-ti- {µo-i-c-w-øn IY Ah-X-cn- n- p- -Xv. IYm-kw-`hßsfbpw IYm-]m-{X-ß-sfbpw \nb-{ n- m\pw {Ia-s -Sp-Øm\pw ChnsS cn- 38

bn-xm-hn\v kzmx{ yw e`n- p- p. IYm-]m-{X-ßsf Xs Z i-\- Øn-\-\p-k-cn v Ah-X-cn- n- m\pw hmb-\- m-cs\ kzm[o-\n- m\pw _mly-ti-{µo-i-c-w-øn\p Ign-bp- p. B -cniti{µo-i-cww (Internal or Character Foculization) IY-bv p- nse GsX- nepw IYm-]m-{X-Øns ho -W-ØneqsS IY Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip- -XmWv B -cn-i-ti-{µo-i-c-ww. Hcp IYm-]m-{X-Øns ]cn-t{]- y-øn-eq-sstbm H n-e-[niw IYm-]m- {X-ß-fpsS ]cn-t{]- y-øn-eq-sstbm IY Ah-X-cn- n- -s -Smw. ti{µo-i-cwiym-]m{x߃ (focal characters), {]Xn-^-eIIYm- ]m-{x-߃ (reflectors), ip o-irxiym-]m-{x-߃ (filter characters) Fs mw CØcw IYm-]m-{X-߃ Adn-b-s -Sp- p. Npcp- -Øn BJym-\sØ ]cn-an-x-s -Sp-Øp Xn\pw BhnjvIr-X-am-Ip kw`-h-ßtfmspw IYm-]m-{X-ß-tfmSpw klm-\p-`q- Xntbm sshcp- ym-fli\ne-]mtsm ]pe Øp Xn\pw ti{µo-i-c- W-Øn-eqsS km[n- pw. am {^Uv Pm {][m\ambpw \n nxti{µoicww, AÿnctI{µoIcWw, _lpti{µoicww, ka nti{µoicww F nßs\ \mep-xcw ti{µo-i-c-wsø Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. 58 1) \n nxti{µo-i-cww (Fixed Foculization) IYmh-kvXp- -sfbpw IYm-k-µ `-ß-sfbpw Hcp ho -Is ÿnc-amb ImgvN- m-sn-eqss Ah-X-cn- n- p- -XmWv \n n-x-ti-{µo- I-cWw. s_\ymans BSpPohnXw F t\mh \Po_v F IYm]m{XØns ÿncamb ImgvN msneqssbmwv AhXcn n p Xv. 39

2) AÿnctI{µo-I-cWw (Variable Foculization) H n-e-[niw ho -I-cn-eqsS Hcp cn-\-bpss hnhn[jfi߃ Bhn-jvI-cn- -s -Sp- -XmWv Aÿn-c-tI-{µo-I-c-Ww. C\n Rm\p-d-ßs F t\mh-en I Æ-s bpw {Zu]-Zn-bp-sSbpw ho -W-߃ ImWmw. 3) _lpti{µo-i-cww (Multiple Foculization) BJym-\-Øns hnhn[ Jfi߃ Hmtcm ho -I-\n-eqsS Ah-X-cn- n- -s -Sp- p. Htc kw`-h-sø-xs hnhn[ IYm-]m-{Xß-fpsS ho -W-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn- n- p-tºmƒ IYm-L-S-\bv pw Bkzm-Z-\-Øn\pw am w hcp- p. Hmtcm IYm-]m-{X-hpw Xß-fpsS Z i-\-øn\pw Bi-b-߃ pw A\p-k-cn p kw`-h-ßsf t\m n- m-wm Cu coxn-bn-eqss Ign-bp- p. ]mt-߃ _mlyti{µo-ic-w-øn-se- -t]mse hyxykvxho -I-cn-eqsS Ah-Xo Æ-am-Ip- p. Ddq-_ns an m-s Æv F t\mh-en Zmº-Xy-sØ- p-dn- p N{µ-s bpw Ip p-e- van-bp-ssbpw Ia-e-Øn-s bpw ho -W-߃ ka-\z-bn- p- p. 4) kajvsnti{µo-i-cww (Collective foculization) \nc-h[n BJym-Xm- -fn-eq-sstbm Hcp-Iq w IYm-]m-{X-ß-fneq-sStbm IYm-Jym\w ti{µo-ir-x-am-ip-tºmƒ kajvsnti{µo-i-c- W-am-hp- p. "R߃' BWv ChnsS BJym-Xm-hv. BJym\kµ `-߃ (Narrative situations) k o Æ-amb BJym-\-L-S-\-I-sfbpw BJym\khn-tijX- I-sfbpw Ipdn- m BJym-\-k-µ `-߃ F ]Zw Ãm kepw sp\ pw D]-tbm-Kn- p- p- v. 59 BJym-\-kzcw AYhm BJym- Xm-hv, ti{µo-i-cww F o k -ev]-\-ß-fn-eqss IYm-k-µ `-ßsf 40

kq va-ambn Ah-tem-I\w snøm sp\ v {ian- p. Ahsb amxr- Im-]-c-amb ]cn-hr-øn-bn-se-øn- m\pw {Ia-s -Sp-Øm\pw Ãm ken\p km[n- p. Ãm k-ens amxr-im-]-c-amb BJym\kµ `߃ Dƒs m- p k o Æ-L-S\ e y-am- n-bxv _ -ßfpsS khn-ti-j-x-i-fpw AI-e-ß-fpw bmym y-t_m-[-hpw Adnhpw hnizm-ky-xbpw BJym-Xm-hns kzchpw ho -Whpw Dƒs m- p BJym-\-k-µ `-ß-sf-bm-Wv. Fgp-Øp-Im-cs ho - W-hp-ambn _ -s Cu BJym-\-k-µ `-ßsf aq p ho -WtI-{µo-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn- n- mw. 60 1) DØ-a-]p-cp-jm-Jym\w (First person Narration) IYm-]m{Xw kzbw A\p-`-h-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn- p- Xv DØa-]p-cpjmJym-\-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. kz w IY-bnse IYm-]m-{X-ambn BJym-Xmhv amdp- p. Abmƒ Xs Pohn-X-hp-ambn _ -s kw`-h-ßsf Bhn-jvI-cn- p- p. DØ-a-]p-cp-j-i-_vZ-amb Rm (narrating I) BJym-Xm-hn-s\tbm IY-bnse GsX- nepw Hcp IYm- ]m-{x-søtbm (experiencing I) kqnn- n- p- p. 61 DØ-a-]p-cp-jm- Jym-Xmhv IY-bnse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-am-sW- n "Rm ' IYbpsS h m-hmbn (protagonist) hcp- p. Rm A{]-[m\ IYm- ]m-{x-am-sw- n "Rm ' km n-bmbn (witness) amdp- p. km[m-cwa\p-jys ]cn-an-xn-iƒ Dƒs m- p DØ-a-]pcp-jm-Jym-Xm-hn\v Htc-k-abw ]e kw`-h-ß-fn `mk-`m- m-im Ign-bn-. kz w `mhn-sb- p-dnt m kz w ac-w-sø- p-dnt m a p IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS hnim-c-hn-nm-c-ß-sf- p-dnt m Ah-t_m- [-ap- m-hp-i-bn- F em k-dpss A`n-{]mbw DØ-a-]p-cp-jm-Jym- \-Øns ]cn-anxn kqnn- n- p- p. 62 spdm Uv sp\ v "BJym-\-Xe BJym\w' F t]cmwv DØ-a-]p-cp-jm-Jym-\-Øn\v \n t±-in- p- -Xv. Bflm-hn-jvIm-c-{]m- 41

[m-\y-ap IrXn-I-fn DØ-a-]p-cp-jm-Jym-\-Øn\v Gsd {]k- nbp- v. ""`qcn-`mkw BJym-\-ß-fnepw DØ-a-]p-cp-j {][m-\-h- mhv Xs -bm-bn-cn- pw (protagonist). BJymXm-hns A\p-`-h-ßfpw hnim-c-ßfpw Bhn-jvI-cn- m\pw Abm-fpsS {]mxn-\n[yw IY-bn Dƒs m- n- m-\p-ap apjy-amb ]cn-{i-a-amwv DØ-a-]p-cp-jm-Jym- \-Øn {][m\iym-]m-{x-ß-fn-eqss Bhn-jvI-cn- -s -Sp- Xv.'' 63 kmlnxyw kzm\p-`-h-{]-xo-xn-bp-f-hm- p- Xpw Cu BJym-\-coXn kzoi-cn- p-tºm-gm-wv. Hcp A{]-[m\IYm-]m-{XsØ DØ-a-]p-cp-j-\m n am n-bm apjy-i-ym-]m-{x-øns km n yw IY-bn Hgn-hm- mw. kw`-h߃ A{]-[m-\-I-Ym-]m-{X-Øn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn- -s -Sp-tºmƒ apjy- I-Ym-]m-{X-Øns kz`mhw Ahy- X \nd- -Xm-bn-cn- pw. C{]- Imcw apjy-i-ym-]m-{xsø Ahy- -ambn \ne-\n Øn-sIm pw DØa-]p-cp-jm-Jym\w km[y-am-wv. hmb-\- m-cs Pn mk \ne- \n Øn-s m v BJym\w \n -ln- m A{]-[m-\-I-Ym-]m-{X-ßfpsS ho -W-Øn-ep BJym-\-Øn\p km[y-am-wv. {KŸ-ImcmJym\w (Authorial Narration) {KŸ-I Ømhv IY-bn \n p- am-dn-\n- p-sim v Abm-fpsS ho -W-Øn-eqsS IY ]d-bp- -Xn-s\-bmWv {KŸ-ImcmJym\w F p-hn-fn- p- -Xv. Abmƒ cn-\-bn IYm-]m-{X-ambn {]Xy- s -Sp- n-. a v IYm-]m-{X-ßsf Dƒs m- n- p-sim v {KŸ-Imc IY ]d-bp-i-bmwv ""A\y-ÿm-\o-b-\mbpw Nne-t mƒ IYmtem-I-sØbpw IYm-]m-{X-ß-sfbpw Ipdn v F mw Adn-bp hy n-bmbpw\n p-sim v IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS t_m[-]q -amb Nn -I-sfbpw At_m-[-]q -amb B -tcm-t±-iy-ß-sfbpw {KŸ- ImcmJym-Xmhv t\m n- m-wp- p.'' 64 an {KŸ-ImcmJym-\-ß- 42

fnepw cn-bn-xmhv t\cn v hmb-\- m-cp-ambn kwh-zn- m\pw IYm- ]m-{x-ß-fpss {]hr-øn-sb- p-dn v A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-߃ \S- Øm\pw hnh-c-w-ß-fn-eqss IYmLS-\sb XS- -s Sp-Øm\pw kzmx{ yw ]pe Øp- p. k kz-`m-hn-bmb a y-h Ønbmbpw {KŸ-ImcmJym-Xmhv \ne-sim- p- p. IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS [m Ωn-I-i- n-sbbpw kwln-x-i-sfbpw th -hn[w Bhn-jvI-cn- m {KŸ-ImcmJym-\-Øn-eqsS Ign-bp- p. kqnn-xm-jym\w (Figural Narration) BJym-Xmhv ]n n-te v amdn-\n- p-sim v BJym-\-]m-T- Ønse IYm-]m-{X-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw kw`-h-ß-fn-eq-ssbpw {][m-\-ambpw IY Bhn-jvI-cn- p- p. IY-bpsS ]pd-øp-\n v kw`-h-ßsf t\m n- m-wp- p. {]Ya]pcp-jkz`mh-ap {]Xn-^eIIYm-]m- {X-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmhpw {Inb Ah-X-cn- n- p- Xv. k - m-jym-xmhn \n pw hyxy-kvx-\mbn A ap-j-\mb BJym-Xm-hmWv kqnn- Xm-Jym-\Øn {]Xy- -s -Sp- -Xv. IYm-]m-{X-Øns ho -Wß-sfbpw Nn -I-sfbpw at\m-\n-e-i-sfbpw t\cn v Ah-X-cn- n- m {ian- p- -Xn-\m kqnn-xm-jym\w IrXn-I-fn IqSp-X-embpw {]Xy- -s -Sp- p. B -cn-i-ti-{µo-i-cww e yw-h-bv p kqnn-xm- Jym\w t_m[-[mcmk{º-zm-b-hp-ambpw _ -s - p-\n p- p. t_m[-[mcmk{º-zmbw (Stream of consciousness) _mly-amb LS-\-bn \n v B -cn-i-l-s-\-bn-te v t\mh ]cn-w-an- p-tºmƒ t_m[-[m-cm-k-{º-zmbw t\mh-ep-iƒ kzoi-cn- p- p. Ata-cn- a\x-im-kv{x- -\mb hneyw spbnwkmwv t_m[-[m-cm-coxn BZy-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn- -Xv. {^ v - -P Ω cq]-hm-z-øn Cu coxn k -km-[m-c-w-am-wv. t_m[-[m-cm-co-xnbpss kz`m-hsø hneyw spbnwkv C{]-Imcw Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. 43

""Nn -bpss {]hmlw an th-k-øn-em-wv. IS- p-]n-sn- m sn ptºm-tg pw AXv ]cy-h-km-\-øn-se-øn-t n-cn- pw. AYhm AXn-t\- mfpw thk-øn IS- p-]n-sn- m, ]nsn-bn-e-a-cp- -txmss AXv AX- m-xm-bn-øo-cp- p. A -co- -Øn \n p-ho-gp a n Duh-ep-Isf \mw Iøn-se-Sp- p-tºm-tg pw Fßs\ AXv AX- m-xm-bn-øo-cp- pthm, Fßs\ AXv HXp Xp n sh -ambn cq]m- -c-s -Sp- p-thm, AXp-t]mse Aßs\ ambn-i-amb Hc-\p-`q- Xnsb ]nsn- m sn p \ap p In p Xv aq Ø-amb Hcp hkvxphn-s\-bmwv.'' 65 ]q Æ-X-{]m-]n Nn -Ifpw A`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-a-, adn v cq]-s -Sp kml-n-cy-ßsf AtX-]Sn {]Z in- n- p-i-bmwv t_m[-[m-cm-am -Øn-eqsS BJym-Xmhv snøp- -Xv. t{^mbn-uns am\-kn-im-]-{k-y-\-øn \n pw (Psycho analysis) kzm[o\w Dƒs m- mwv kmln-xy-øn t_m[-[m-cm-k-{º- Zmbw kzoi-cn- p-xp-s-ßn-b-xv. spbnwkv tpmbvkv, sumtdmøn dn m Uvk, sh Po-\nb hpƒ^v F n-h Cu coxn km -{Xn- I-ambn kzoi-cn- p. t_m[-[m-cm-co-xn-bpss ka -amb D]-tbmKw spbnwkv tpmbvkns bpeo-k- n (Ulysses)Is -Ømw. t_m[- [m-cm-k-{º-zm-b-øns kzoim-c-tøm-sp-iqsn kmln-xy-øn Hcp ]pxnb BJym-\-ssienXs kwpm-x-am-bn. t\mh-ep-i-fn t_m[-[m-cm-k-{º-zmbw kzoi-cn- p-tºmƒ hmb-\- m-c\v IYm-]m-{X-hp-ambn GIo-I-cWw kw`-hn- p- p. {][m- \-I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fn-te v Xs Nn -Ifpw am\-kni{]xn-i-c-w-ßfpw G n- p-sim v BJym-Xmhv ]n n-te v amdp-i-bmwv t_m[[mcmco-xn-bn. apjyiym]m-{x-ß-sf- p-dn v {]Xn-]m-Zn- p-i-b-, adn v Ah-cpsS Nn -I-fn-te pw hnimc-ß-fn-te pw {]th-in- p-i-bm-wv. IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS t_m[-{]-hm-l-øns kzcw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- - 44

s -Sp- Xv B -cnikzk-xm-jym\w (Interior monologue), {]Xy- -Nn- -Iƒ (Direct thought) F n-h-bn-eq-ss-bm-wv. 66 B -cn-ikz-k-xm-jym\w (Interior monologue), kzx{ ]tcm hyh-lmcw (Free indirect disxourse) F n-ßs\ acn-tbm- mddpw t_m[[mcmcoxnbpss khntijxiƒ hni-z-am- p- p. B -cn-i-kz-k-xm-jym\w (Interior Monologue) IYm-]m-{X-Øns cl-ky-nn- -Ifpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw CjvSm- \n-jvs-ßfpw hmb-\- m-c\v {Kln- p-hm Cu coxn-bn-eqss Ignbp- p. \ni-_vz-xbpw ss\c- -cyhpw B -cn-i-kz-k-xm-jym-\- Øns {]txy-i-x-i-fm-wv. ""B -cn-i-kz-k-xm-jym\whgn BJym-\-Øn krjvsn- -s - Sp ]pxp-a-iƒ DW tø Xv IYm-]m-{X-Øns Nn m-[m-c-isf-bm-wv. IYm-]m-{X-Øn-eqsS XS- -ß-fn- msx Hgp-In-t m-ip Nn m-{]-hm-l-øn\v bp n-]-c-amb XpS Bh-iy-an-. At mgmwv kzm`m-hn-im-\p-`hw e`y-am-ip- Xv.'' 67 BJym-\-ß-fn Gsd k o ÆX ]pe Øp B -cnikzk-xm-jym\w Ah-[m-\-Xm- ]q w Bhn-jvI-cn- -s - n-s - n IrXn-bpsS LS-\-sb-Øs {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n- pw. {]Xy- -Nn- -Iƒ ({]-Xy- -hy-h-lm-cw) (Direct thought or direct discourse) {]Xy- -Nn- -Iƒ km[m-c-w-bmbn D -c-wn-i-fn qsn-bmwv IrXn-I-fn Ah-X-cn- n- -s -Sp- -Xv. hnh-c-w-ß-fn \n pw hyxykvx-ambn kv]jvs-amb D -c-wn-i-fn-te v IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS Nn - Iƒ ]cn-w-an- p- p. spdm Uv sp\- ns D -c-wo-\n-baw (Quatation theory) kzx-{ -Nn- -I-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-hp-ambn _ - s p h Øn- p- p. 45

{]Xy- -hy-h-lmcw, A\p-_ {]Xy- -hy-h-lm-c-ambpw (Tagged direct discourse) A\-\p-_- -{]-Xy- -hy-h-lm-c-ambpw (Untagged direct discourse) c v hn`m-k-ß-fp- v. \n_- -\-Iƒ v hnt[-b-ambn \ne-sim- p Btcm-]n-X-hy-h-lm-c-amWv A\p-_- -{]-Xy- -hy-h-lm-cw. \n_- -\-I-fn- msx \ne-sim- p Nn - I-fmWv A\-\p-_- {]-Xy- hyh-lm-cw. ""{]Xy hyh-lm-c- Øns Hcp {][m-\-s khn-ti-jx D -cn- -s kw`m-j-wß-fpss sshj-ay-ta-dnb `mk-߃, {]txy-in v Ime-t`-Z-߃, k - \m-a-߃ XpS-ßnb kwtbm-pn-x-`m-k-߃ ]q Æ-ambpw kzx-{ am-bn-cn- p-sa- -XmWv.'' 68 Bfl-KXw (Soliloquy) {]Xy hyh-lm-c-hp-ambn _ -s v Bfl-KXw t\mh-ep- I-fn {]Xy- -s -Sp- p. ""kw`m-j-w-l-s-\-bmbpw Db Xe- Øn-ep Be- m-cn-i-`mj'' 69 bmbpw Bfl-KXw hne-bn-cp-ø-s - Sp- p. kzx-{ -]-tcm- -hy-h-lmcw (Free Indirect discourse) kzx-{ -]-tcm- -hy-h-lm-c-øn IY kw`-hn- p- Xv Hcp {]txyi IYm-]m-{X-Øns am{xw Nn m-[m-c-bn-eq-ss-b-. t\mhense {][m-\hpw A{]-[m-\-hp-amb IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS Nn m-[m-c- Isf tim Øn-W- n-s m v IY Bhn-jvI-cn- -s -Smw. apjy-i- Ym-]m-{X-Øn\v a v IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS Nn m-[m-c-i-fn-eqss Akm- [m-cw ]cn-thjw e`n- p-ibpw snøpw. Hmtcm IYm-]m-{X-Øns bpw hy n-\n-jvt-xbpw Ah-X-c-Whpw tnmzy-co-xn-ifpw B - cy-nn- -ßfpw Cu coxn-bn ÿm\w hln- p- p. \nc-h-[n-bmb IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS am\-kn-im-]-{k-y-\-øn-eqss t\mh GI-cq-]- Øn-se-Øn-t -cp-ibpw snøp- p- v. ""BJym\]cn-t{]- y-øn- 46

s bpw IYm-]m-{Xm-h-X-c-W-Øn-s bpw {]tbm-k-l-s-\-bp-ssbpw ]ckv]-cm-{ib-øn-eqss t\mh-ens hnpbw F s]mxp-e- y-ønse-øn-t -cm Ign-bp- Xv t_m[-[m-cm-co-xn-bpss {]txy-i-xbmwv.'' 70 CXc IYm-]m-{X-߃ v kw`-h-ßsf hne-bn-cp-øm-\p Ah-k-chpw Cu coxn-bn \n p e`n- p- p. `qxm-jym\w (Flashback) t_m[-[m-cm-co-xn-bp-ambn _ -s - p-\n p BJym-\-k- {º-Zm-b-amb `qxm-jym\w ÿe-im-e-]-t-\-ønepw ]cm-a i-hn-t[- b-am-hp- p- v. ""`qxm-jym\w ho -W-hp-ambpw ÿe-im-e-hp-ambpw _ -s - p-\n p- p. G hpw HSp-hn kw`-hn Imcy-߃ BZyw Ah-X-cn- n- -s - p-sim v BJym-\-L-S-\-bn Xs am - ߃ krjvsn- m ^vfmjv_m psim v Ign-bp- p. BZytam Ahkm-\tam Ah-X-cn- n- -s -Sp Cu Hm Ω-Iƒ IYm-L-S-\sb {Iaan- m-xm n am p- n-. k o Æ-X-bn- m-ø-hn-[-amwv ^vfmjv_m v IS- p-h-cp- -Xv.'' 71 `qx-im-esø h Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn \n psim v hni-zo-i-cn- m-\p Hcp]I-c-W-ambpw ^vfmjv_m- ns\ ImWmw. ""BJym-Xm-hn\v Abm-sf-Øs kw`-h-ß-fpss apiƒø- n \n Øn-s m v, kw`-h-ßsf ]pd-in \n pw Hcp \n n-x- Zqcw ]men- p-sim v, kuµ-cym-fl-i-ambn Ah-X-cn- n- p-hm ^vfmjv_m v kui-cy-sam-cp- p- p... bym ho -WsØ kuµ-cym-fl-i-ambn \nb{ n- p-sim pw apt m pw ]nt m pw Nen- n- p-sim pw BJym-Xmhv \ne-\n p- p. AXn-\m Cu coxn v IY-bn th {X kzm[o-\hpw {]m[m-\y-hp-ap v.'' 72 api-fn {]kvxm-hn BJym-\-tI-{µo-I-c-W-ß-sf mw B[p- \n-i- -B-[p-\n-Im-\ c t\mh-ep-i-fn ka -ambn tbmpn- n- psim v {]tbm-kn- p- p- v. ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-Ip t\mh-epi-fn 47

hyxykvxho -W-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ka-\z-bhpw Zriy-am-Wv. CØcw hyxy-kvx-amb ti{µo-i-c-w-ß-fpss Xncn- -dnhpw A]-{K- Y-\hpw t\mh ]-T-\-Øn {]k- -am-wv. ÿe-im-e-߃ BJym-\-]-T-\-ß-fn A -co- -kr-jvsn-bp-ambn _ -s v ÿe-im-e-߃ {]Xy- -s -Sp- p. `mh-{]-im-i-\-am-[y-a-amb A co- -kr-jvsn-bpss {][m-\-l-s-i-amwv ÿe-im-e߃. ÿe-ime-߃ ]c-kv]cw _ -s p \n p LS-I-ß-fm-bmWv {]Xy- -s -Sp- -Xv. I]ne hm ym-b kam-l-cn I sk]v vkv Hm^v kvs]bvkv: F jy v B Uv tamtu 73 F {KŸhpw _n.- si.-dn-uvse-bpss ss w, kvt]bvkv B Uv XnMvkv 74 F {KŸhpw ÿe-im-e-ßfpw {]]- hpw XΩn-ep _ w imkv{x_ n-xambn N snøp B[n-Im-cnI{KŸ-ß-fm-Wv. ÿe-im-e-ß-sf pdn- p ]T-\-Øn ÿen-i-x, Imen-IX F o kw -Iƒ Un.- cm-[m-ir-jvw \mb D]-tbm-Kn- p- p v. 75 IY \S- p ÿe-߃ IY-bpsS kµ `-hp-ambn At`-Zyambn _ -s p h Øn- p- p. IY P\n- p ÿehpw IY Bhn-jvI-cn- p ÿehpw XΩn-ep sshpmxyw BJym-\-]m- TsØ kzm[o-\n- p- p. IYm-P-\-I-ÿ-ew, IYm-P-\n-X-ÿ-ew, BJym-\-ÿew F n-ßs\ ÿe-i-ev]-\sb hn`-pn- m-hp- -Xm- Wv. 76 IYm-P-\-I-ÿew kw`-h-ß-fpss bym tam bym sa p txm p- txm Bb ÿe-am-wv. IYm-P-\-I-ÿew cn-bn- Xmhv Xs IrXn-bn Bhn-jvI-cn- p-tºmƒ IYm-P-\n-X-ÿ-e-am- Ip- p. BJym-\-ÿew IYm-k-µ `-hp-ambn _ -s p h Øn- p Iev]-\-bm-Wv. "IY-bnSw' F p hnfn- m-hp BJym-\- ÿew kml-n-cy-ßfpw kw`-h-ßfpw kµ `-ß-fp-ambn _ -s - 48

p-\n p- p. tihew `qanimkv{x-sa- -Xn-ep-]cn kzxz-hp-ambn _ -s v kmln-xy-ir-xn-i-fn ÿew hf {]m]n- p- p. Hcp apdn-tbm hotsm {]tz-itam tzitam Bhmw ÿew. AXv bym am-hww F v \n - -hp-an-. `mh-\m-fl-i-amb ÿew bmym y- {]-Xo-Xn-tbmsS t\mh-en IS- p-h-cmw. BJym-Xmhv Ah-X-cn- n- p Hcp cwkw GXv BJym-\-ÿ-esØ kw_- n- p- pthm AXn \n pw hyxy-kvx-amb BJym-\-ÿ-e-amhmw A\p-hm-N- Is a\- n BJym-\-]m-cm-b-W-Øn-eqsS e`n- p-i. IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS sshb- n-i-po-hn-x-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn- s -Sp t\mh-ep-iƒ Ime-Øn\p {]m[m\yw \ Ip-tºmƒ DØcm-[p-\nIt\mh-ep-Iƒ ÿe-øn\p {]m[m\yw \ Ip p. Iºyq- kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS hf -bneqssbmwv ]pxnb ÿe-k- ev]w hf p-h- -Xv. ]pxn-b-im-eøv krjvsn- -s -Sp ]pxnb CS-߃ hy n-_- -߃ v {]k- n-bn- m-ø-hbpw D]-t`m-K-kwkvIm-c-Øns amdn-h-cp apjsø {]Xn-\n-[m\w snøp- -h-bp-am-wv. D]-cn-π-h-amb _ -ß-sfbpw ]pxn-b-im-eøv \n -Nn- -s -Sp ÿe-߃ {]Xn\n[m\w snøp- p. ""AXn-cp-Ifpw BIr-Xn-bp-ap `q`m-k-ÿe߃ am{x-a-, Cu KpW-ß-sfm- p-an- mø A -ÿ-e߃ p-iqsn ÿm\-ap- -XmWv hnh-c-km-t -Xn-I-XbpsS kvt^ms\w kw`-hn- n-cn- p- ]pxnb temiw. sh_vssk- p-iƒ, C ^ ta-j kq ssl-th, ssk_ kvt]bvkv XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs -ss-bp ]pxnb ÿe-cq-]-߃ Iºyq- kmt -Xn-I-hnZy DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øn\p \ Ip- p.'' 77 BJym-\-co-Xn-bpsS ÿecm-in- - p-d-ap hf -bmwv CØcw BJym\ßfn ImWp- -Xv. t\mh-ense ÿe-im-e-ß-sf- p-dn v ]d-bp-tºmƒ "t{imtwmtsm v' (Chronotope) F ]Zw _ n D]-tbm-Kn- p- p. "ÿe- 49

Im-enIw' F v Cu kw sb `mjm- -co-i-cn mw. 78 ""ÿe-imen-i-sa- m BJym-\-Øns \qem-am-e-iƒ apdp-ip-ibpw Agnbp-Ibpw snøp CS-am-Wv. sshi-ey-ß-fn- msx BJym-\sØ A -]q Æ-ambn cq]-s -Sp-Øp- Xv ÿe-im-en-i-sa k -ev]- \amwv.'' 79 ÿe-im-e-ß-sf- p-dn- p bp n-bp- -amb hni-zo- I-c-W-ß-fmWv t\mh-ense kw`-h-߃ v ssh m-\n-i-xbpw ^e-{]-z-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-{]-[m-\-Xbpw ssih-cp-øp- -Xv. kw`h-߃ kzbw \ne-\n p- n-. kw`-h-߃ Ah-X-cn- n- -s -Sp- Xv ÿe-im-e-ß-fn-eq-ss-bm-wv. t\mh-ense ÿe-im-e-߃ amdnh-cp Ncn-{X-sØbpw Pohn-X-sØbpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w snøp- p. ÿe-im-e-߃ bmym y-hp-ambn _ -s - p-\n p-tºm-gmwv BJym-\hpw bmym y-tøm-s-sp- p- -Xv. A\p-`-h-߃ v Ime-hp-am-bp _ w dnuven C{]-Imcw kqnn- n- p- p- v. ""\mw H pw Xs A\p-`-hn- p- n-s - n Ime- Øn\v bmsxmcp A hpw kn n- p- n-. Imehpw kw`-h-ßfpw th s]-sp-øm km[n- m-ø-hn[w _ -s - p-h Øn- p- p.'' 80 kmlnxyirxnifnse ImesØ pdn v si. -]n.- A- kab{]hm lhpw kmlnxyiebpw F IrXnbn hne-bn-cp-øp- p- v. 81 spdm Uv sp\ v {Iaw (Order), Ime-b-fhv (Duration), BhrØn (Frequency) F n-ßs\ aq mbn Xncn v Ime-k- - ev]sø hni-i-e\w snøp- p. IYm-Im-ehpw (Story time) ]mt-imehpw (text time) XΩn-ep _ w ChnsS ]cm-a in- p- p. {Iaw (Order) IY-bnse kw`-h-߃ \S- p {Ia-amWv ChnsS kqnn-xw. kw`-h-߃ \S- p ]q -m]c-{iaw ChnsS hni-i-e\w snøp- p. kw`-h-߃ v Imen-I-amb {Iaw IqSn-tb-Xocq F v BJym- 50

Xm- ƒ k -ev]n- -Ww. IY-bpsS ]q m-kvxnxzw {][m-\-am-sw v tpm\m-y Ip hmzn- p- p- v. ""kw`-h-ß-fpss ]T-\-_m-lyamb Ah-ÿ-bn Ime-_ w D m-bn-cp- m-te, {]kvxp-x-im-e- _- sø Fgp-Øp-Im-cs {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cWw F{]-Imcw am n-adn p F tnmzyw D -bn- m-\m-hq. kw`-h-ß-fpss ]u m]- cysø BJym\wsIm v ]cn-jvi-cn- p-i-bmwv Fgp-Øp-Im-c.'' 82 kw`-h-ß-fpss Ime-{Iaw BJym-\sØ kzm[o-\n- p- p-sh v ChnsS hy -am-ip- p. EXp-t`-Z-ßfpw ka-b-t`-z-ßfpw BJym- \sø kzm[o-\n- p LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. Ime-{I-asØ IY-bn `qxm-jym-\-øn-eq-ssbpw (flash back) `mhn-i-y-\-øn-eq-ssbpw (flash forward) Bhn-jvI-cn- mw. A\-se- ]vknkv (analepsis), t{]mse-]vknkv (prolepsis) F v spdm Uv sp\ v Chsb hnfn- p- p. IY-bn apºv \S kw`-h-ßsf ]n ossmcp L -Øn Bhn-jvI-cn- p- -XmWv A\-se-]vknkv AYhm `qxm-jym-\w. kw`-h-ßsf IY-bpsS XpS- -Øn Xs ]cm-a in- p- -XmWv t{]mse-]vknkv AYhm `mhn-i-y-\w. kqssk (Suzanne Keen) \td- ohvt^mw (Narrative form) F Xs {KŸ-Øn B -cn-i-`q-xm-jym\w (Internal analepsis), _mly-`q-xm-jym\w (External analepsis), an{i-`q-xm-jym\w (Mixed analepsis), B -cn-i-`m-hn-i-y\w (Internal prolepsis), _mly-`m-hn-i- Y\w (External prolepsis), an{i`mhniy\w (Mixed prolepsis) F nßs\ Ah-X-c-W-{I-asØ hn`-pn- p- p- v. B -cn-i-`q-xm-jym\w IY-]-d- n-ens hgn-øn-cn-hp-i-sf mw Ign- mhpw {]Xy- -s -Sp-I. _mly`qxm-jym\w IY-]-d-b-en\v apºv B-cw-`n- p- p. an{i-`q-xm-jym\w {][m-\-i-y-bpss XpS- -Øn\p apºv B-cw-`n- p-ibpw IY-bpsS Iq n-t -en-s\m-sp-hn Ah- 51

km-\n- p-ibpw snøp- p. `qxm-jym-\-øns ssz Lyhpw hym]vxnbpw Hmtcm IY-bnepw hyxy-kvx-am-bn-cn- pw. 83 _mly`mhn-i-y\w apjyiybpss Ah-km-\-Øn-\p-tijw Bcw-`n- p-ibpw IYm- y-øn-\pap-ºp-xs Ah-km-\n- p-i-bp-amwv snøp- -Xv. F m IY-bnse B -cn-i-`m-hn-i-y\w Xm m-en- I-sa p ]d-bm-hp IYm- y-øn\p apºm-cw-`n v Ah-km-\n- p- p. F m km[m-c-w-bmbn I p-h-cp coxn IYm- y-øn-\p-ap-ºp- Xs IYm-]m-{X-Po-hnXw Ah-km-\n- p-ibpw ]n o-sxv `mhn-i-y- \-Øn-eqsS IY-bv - p-d-tø v hf-cp-ibpw snøp- -Xm-Wv. 84 Ime-b-fhv (Duration) IY-bn F{X-k-abwsIm mwv kw`-h-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn- -s -SpI F -XmWv "Ime-b-fhv' F -Xp-sIm v A -am- p- -Xv. BJym-\-kn- m- hpw ka-b-kn m hpw XΩn KmV-_- -ap v. Hcp IYsb ]n Xp-S-cp- Xpw apt m- p-\-bn- p- Xpw Ime-b-f-hm-Wv. ""GXm\pw awn- q-dp-iƒ p- n-emwv IYm-]m-{Xßfpw Ah-cpsS A\p-`-h-ßfpw IS- p-h-cp- -Xv. ka-bsø {]Xn- ]m-zn- p- -X BJym-\w. adn v ka-b-øn-\p- n-ep- -Xm-Wv. BJym- \-Øns kabw s]mxp-k-a-b-am-wv. IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS ka-bamwv hmb-\- m-c a\- n-em- p- -Xv. s]mxp-k-a-b-hp-ambn AXn\p _ -an.'' 85 h j-߃sim p \S- p kw`-h-߃ Nne-t mƒ c p-h-cn-bn Bhn-jvI-cn- -s -t - mw. bp n-`-{z-amb ka-b-{iaw kzoi-cn- mte BJym\w A -]q Æ-am-hq. ssz Lyw (Speed) F am\-z-fi-ap-]-tbm-kn v IY-bnse kµ `-߃ \S- m-s\-sp- p ka-bhpw AXv Bhn-jvI-cn- ms\-sp- p ka-bhpw XΩn Xmc-X-ay-s -SpØn Ime-b-fhp IW- m- p-i-bmwv DNn-X-sa v sp\ v ]d-bp- p. IrXn-bnse kw`-h- 52