dn{iq- vsa v: Imºkv kpohw Ãohv tpm_vkv: ssivhgn-bnse am{ ni a\kv kmº-øni hf {]Xo aßp p \bw-am- -Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-bn v HIvtSm-_ t]mfnkn 19 PRICE Rs.

1 dn{iq- vsa v: Imºkv Ãohv tpm_vkv: ssivhgn-bnse am{ ni a\kv 2 kpohw kmº-øni hf {]Xo aßp p 7 VOL. 6 ISSUE 11 PRICE Rs. 10/- \bw-am- -Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-bn v HIvtSm-_ t]mfnkn 19

2 Iw]yq- -dns\ am{x-a Cu Xe-ap-d-bpsS kwkvim-c-tøbpw am n adn ssiv hgn-bnse alm-am-{ n-i-\mwv Ãohv tpm_vkv. tai- p-dsø henb Iw]yq- -dp-i-fn \n v t]m - n-en-sm-hp sf t^mwn-tebv v Bfp-I-fpsS ioew am p- -Xn tpm_vkns ] v hep-xm-wv. sf Syq hgn a\p-jys ]m p tiƒ p ioe-øn am w hcp-ønb tpm_vkv AtX am w ImgvN-bnepw (sf Snhn) hcp-øp-hm-s\m-cp-ßp-i-bm-bn-c- p. Ãohv tpm_vkv: ssivhgn-bnse am{ ni a\kv Ãohv tpm_vkv Xs Pohn-X-Øn-semcn- epw Iw]yq- cq]-i-ev]\ snbvxn- n-. F m tpm_vkv aqe-amwv B nƒ Iw]yq- temi-øn\v e`n- -Xv. XpS v sshhn-[y-am B nƒ DXv]- -ß-fpw. ain-t m-jv, sf amiv, sf t]muv, B t^m.. XpS-ßn-b-h-sb- mw. k thm-]cn tsmbn tãmdn, ^b nwk s\tam XpSßnb kn\n-a-iƒ ImWp-hm Ign- - Xn\pw ImcWw tpm_vkns ]nivkcv A\n-ta-j Iº\n aqe-am-wv. 1955 s^{_p-hcn 24- \v kndn-b Ad-_n- A_vZpƒ ^Ø\ P Umen Ata-cn- mcn tpmhm\nknw_vk-wnt bpw ai-\mbn ]nd- p. Ccp-hcpw hnkvtim kn bqwn-th-gvkn- n-bnse hnzym n-i-fm-bn-cp- p. Ãoh t]mƒ tpm_vkv ]nd- -bp-ss\ ZØv \evip-ibpw snbvxp. A u- mb Ivfmcbpw timãv Km Umb t]mƒ tpm_vkp-amwv tpmwns\ ZsØ-Sp-Ø-Xv. Ãoh t]mƒ tpm_vkv F p t]cn- Xpw Ivfmc t]mƒ Zº-Xn-I-fm-Wv. tpmwns\ ZØv \evin A[nIw sshimsx A_vZpƒ ^Ømbpw tpmhm\nbpw hnhm-ln-x-cm-ip-ipbw Ahcv v Hcp Ip n P\n- p-ibpw snbvxp. tamw knwk. tpm_vkn\v 27 hbkv XnI-bp- -Xp-hsc Cu hnh-c-ßƒ At±lw Adn- n-cp- n-. Ivfmc t]mƒ Zº-Xn-Iƒ Iment^m Wn-b-bnse knev hmenbnemwv Xma-kn- n-cp- -Xv. Ip n- meøv t]mfn-s\ tpm Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv D]-I-c-W-ß-ƒ \ m- p- -Xn klmbn- n-cp- p. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkv Fß-s\- bmwv ]p\ \n an- - -sx tpmwn\v t]mfn\v ImWn- p-sim-sp-øp. Hcp tlm_nsb \ne-bn tpm CXn-jvS-s - p. ]n osv AsXmcp ]mj-\mbn amdn. CXv tpmwn Bfl-hn-izmkw IpØn \nd- p. hfsc _p n-am-\m-bn-cp tpm Hu]-Nm-cnI hnzym-`ym-ksø H pw CjvSs - n-. sslkviq-fn tpmwns\ Hgnhm- p-hm-\mbn kviqƒ A[n-Ir-X ssãv Cs - nepw tpm AXn hnp-bn- p- Ibpw sslkviqƒ Ivfmkn tncp-ibpw snbvxp. tpm Xs Hgnhp kabw apgph Xs lyqe v ] m Un-emW sneh-gn- -Xv. ChnSpsØ Iw]yq- Ivf n h mwv Ãohv thmkv\n- ns\ Is -Ø- -Xv. thmkv\n v AhnsS Iw]yq- F Pn-\n-b-dm-bn-cp- p. hs- Imen-t^m Wn-bm-bnse Ip Øot\m sslkviqfn hnzym- `ymkw ]q Øn-bm- n-b- v Ãohv tpm_vkv Hdn-tKm-Wnse t]m ve Un-ep-f-fM-MdoUv timf-pn tn p. F nepw Bdp amk-øn-\p-tijw timfpv hnzym-`ymkw Dt]- n- v Imen-t^m Wn-bm-bn-tebv v as-ßn. AhnsS hountbm skbnw \n am- X- -fmb ASm-dn-bn tpmen snbvxp XpS-ßn. C y-bpss Bflo-b-X-bn BIr-jvS-\mb tpm AXn-\mbn ]Ww kq n p h p XpS-ßn. sk _p nkw, kky-`p v ` Ww, ab- p-a-cp- p-iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb mw tpmwns Xebv p ]nsn p XpS-ßn. C y-bn-se- Øn-sb- nepw Xma-kn-bmsS bp Fkntebv v asßn ASm-cn-bn ho pw tpmen v Ib-dn. timw]mivsv k Iyq v t_m Uv \n an- p-hm-\p-ff tpmen-bmwv \evin-b-xv. Ãohn\v B tpmen-bn henb Xmev]cyw txm n-bn-. AXn- \m kplr-ømb thmkv\n- ns\ B tpmen Gev]n- p. t_mwkv e`n- m ]IpXn hoxw F -Xm-bn-cp p Icm. 1976- thmkv\n v kz w Bhiy-Øn-\mbn Iw]yq- hni-kn- n-s -Sp- Øp. tpm_vkv CXn BI jn-x-\m-bn. thmkv\n- ns Iw]yq- hn]-w\w \S- Øm-sa v tpm_vkv ]d- p. Hcp tem tãmdns\ kzm[o-\n v thmkv\n ns 50 Iw]yq- -dn\v Hm U t\sn. ]t AXn\v ]W-sa-hnsS F - Xm-bn-cp p {]iv\w. A-Xn\pw tpm {]Xn-hn[n Is - Øn. ÿesø Ce-Iv{Sn- ISbn \n v Iwt]m-sW vkn\v 30 ZnhksØ s{iun- v hmßn. AºXp Iw]yq- -dp-ifpw \n an p \evin. Cu Iw]yq- dp-isf Ah B nƒ F p hnfn- p. BZysØ Iw]yq- -dns\ B nƒ 1 F mwv hnfn- -Xv. 1976- -em-bn-cp- p B nƒ H ns P\-\w. tpm_vkn\v A v 21 hb-km-bn-cp p {]mbw. tpm_vkns KmtcPv Bbn-cp p Iw]yq- \n amw ^mivs-dn. XpS v tpm_vkpw thmkv\n pw tn v B nƒ Iw]yq-t -gvkn\v cq]w \evin. CXn\p ]Ww kzcq-]n- p-hm- \mbn tpm_vkv Xs thmivkv hmk hn p. thmkv\n v Xs {]nb-s kb n-^n v Im p-te- -dpw. Hcp h j-øn-\p-tijw B nƒ H n-t\- mƒ sa -s B nƒ- 2 Ah ]pd-øn-d- n. Ccp-hcpw tn Iw]yq- P\-Iob-am- n. sndpxpw snehp Ipd- -Xpamb Iw]yq- -dp-iƒ cq]-i-ev]\ snbvxpsh p am{x-a F m-h pw hmßphm km[n pw hn[w hnebpw Ipd- p.666.6 tumf-dn t]gvk-w Iw]yq- Ah ]pd-øn-d- n. CXp-hgn Ah 774000 tumf hcp-am\w t\sn. aq ph j-øn-\p-tijw B nƒ c v ]pd- Øn-d- n. hnev]\ 700 ix-am-\-amwv h [n- -Xv. 1980- Iº\n ]_vfniv enan- Uv Bbn. BZysØ hym]mc Znhkw Xs AXns hn]an aqeyw 120 timsn tumf-dm-bn-cp- p. s]]vkn-tim-f-bpss tpm kvi nsb B nfv {]kn-u mbn \nb-an- p. hn]-w-\-øn\v i n ]I-cm- \m-bn-cp p CXv. B n-fn\v ]pd-tøbv v B nƒ XpS p ]pd-øn-d- nb GXm\pw DXv]- -ßƒ {]Xo- n- -Xpt]mse hnpbw t\sn-bn-. cq]-i-ev]-\- bnse Ipg- -ß-fm-bn-cp p Imc-Ww. D]- tbm- m- ƒ \ncm-i-cm-b-xn-s\-øp-s v ]e DXv]- -ßfpw ]n h-en-t n h p. sf _n Fw ]n kn hn]-wn-bn apt dp ka-b-am-bn-cp- p. ISpØ a -c-amwv B n-fn\v t\cn-ts n h -Xv. 1984- B nƒ akn-t mjv ]pd-ønd- n-sb- nepw sf _n FΩn-t\mSv a - cn- m-\m-bn-. CtX-Øp-S Iº-\n-bn A`n-{]mb hyxym-k-ßƒ D m-bn. tpm_vkv I-º-\n-bpsS `mhnsb XI psa v hniz-kn kvi n Abmsf ]pd- Øm- p-hm-\p-ff \o -ßƒ \S-Øn. 1985- kn C H ÿm\-øp-\n pw Iº-\n-bn \n pw Ãohv tpm_vkv cmpn h p. s\iv v F t]cn ]pxnb lm Uv th Iº\n XpS-ßn. XpS v tpm Pv eq m-kns A\n-ta-j Iº\n hmßp-ibpw snbvxp. ]n osvv ]nivk A\n-ta-j ÃpUntbm F v AXns t]cv am p-ibpw snbvxp. hfsc sshhn- [y-am \nc-h[n P\-{]nb A\n-ta-j k\n-an-iƒ Iº\n ]pd-øn-d- n. F _Kvkv sse^v (1998), tsmbn tãmdn 2 (1999), tam tã-gkv (2001), ss^ UnwKv s\tam( 2003), Z C s{i-un-_nƒkv (20044) XpS-ßn-b-h-sb mw I-\\n ]pd-øn-d- nb hfsc {]i-kvx-amb A\n-ta-j Nn{Xß-fm-Wv. ]nivkcv ^nen-ap-iƒ 400 timsn tumf-dmwv t\sn-b-xv. 2006- ]nivkcv Iº\n hmƒsv Unkv\n-bn ebn- p. kv ohv tpm_vkv Unkv\n-bpsS G hpw henb Hmln-bp-S-a-bm-Ip-Ibpw snbvxp. ho pw B n-fn-tebv v ]nivk hnp-bn- p-sh- nepw s\iv v hnpbw I n-. AXns kvs]jyssekvuv Hm -td- nwkv knãw hnev phm-\p-ff {iaw XpS-ßn. 1997- B nƒ Cu Iº-\nsb 42.9 timsn tumf-dn\v hmßn. B h jw Ãohv tpm_vkv B nfns kn C H ]Z-hn-bn-tebv v ho pw hcn-ibpw snbvxp. 1970- -I-fn B n-fns\ hnp-b-øntebv v \bn- -Xp-t]mse 1990-I-fnepw Ãohv B n-fn\v ]pxnb Du Pw \evin. ]pxnb amt\-pvsa v Sow B n-fns\ Du P-kz-e-am- n. H tumf iºfw hmßn-s m v Ãohv B n-fs\ bym ]mx-bn-tebv v \bn- p. sf am v t]mep-ff ssãeojv DXv]- -ßƒ hn]- Wn-bn-se-Øn- p. B nƒ ho pw D]-tbm- m- -fpss {]nb- -c-am-bn. amiv _p v Fb, sf t]muv, sf t^m XpS-ßn-b-h-sb mw B[p-\nI ssivt\m-f-pn-bpss hc-hn\p hgn-sbm-cp- n. Iº\n ]pxnb DXv] w ]pd-øn-d- n-bm AXn\p th n D]-tbm- m- ƒ ImØn-cn- pi ]Xn-hm-bn. CX-t\mSv InS- ]n-sn- p DXv]- -ßƒ ]pd-øn-d- phm FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ v ITn-\-ambn t]mcm w \S-tØ- -Xmbn h p. 2007 apx Iº\n ani Izm {]h Ø- \-^-e-ßƒ ]pd-øp-hn p XpS-ßn. Iº- \n-bpss A m-zmbw 180 timsn tumf-dmbn Db p. _m n 1800 timsn tumf an ap- m-bn.- ISw ]q-py-hpw. 2008- sf Syq kv Ata-cn- bnse G hpw henb c m-asø dos bn-ecv Bbn amdn. B n-fns hcp-am-\- Øn ]Ip-Xnbpw sf Syq, sft]muv hnev]-\-bn \n- m-wv. t^m Nyq 500 I-º-\n-I-fn H mw ÿm\-amwv B nfn-\p-f-f-xv. 2003- - tpm_vkn\v ]m {In-bm-kn Im k BsW v Is -Øn. s]s Hm -td-j\v hnt[-b-am-ip- -Xn\v ]Icpw Pyqkv Dƒs -ss-bp-ff ` -W-{I-a-amWv tpm_vkv ]co- n- -Xv. H\v]Xp amkw k Pdn \o n-h- p. F nepw 2004- k Pdn v hnt[-b-am-bn. Im k apg hnp-b- I-c-ambn \o w snbvxp. 209- tpm_vkns `mcw \jvs-s p XpS-ßn. tpm_vkns Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ßƒ B nƒ Hml-cn-bp-S-a-Isf Bi- -s -Sp-Øn- Øp-S-ßn. F nepw Btcm-Ky-sØ- p-dn v IqSp-X-sem pw ]pdøp h n-cp- n-. 2009 sk]v w-_ Hº-Xn\v B nƒ Iº-\n-bn \S-Ønb Iot\m v A{Ukn Xs kzimcy Pohn-X-sØ- p-dn- p-ff shfn-s -Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Øn. hfsc kzim-cy-am-bn- mwv At±lw Xs Pohn- XsØ kq n- n-cp- -Xv. {Inkm s{_æ F s] kp-lr-øn X\n v Ccp-]-Øn-aq mw hb-kn Hcp Ip n ]nd- -Xmbn At±lw sh-fn-s -Sp- Øn. enk F mwv ai-fpss t]cv. sndp- -Øn ai-fp-ambn _ w C m-bn-cp- psh- nepw Ahƒ apxn -txmss Xmakw kv ohn-s\m- -am-bn. 1990- tpm_vkv temd kv ]h-ens\ hnhmlw Ign- p. Ãm t^muv _nkn-\kv kviqfn Fw _n F hnzym n-bm-bn-cp p Ah-cv. 1991 am v 18- \v Ah hnhm-ln-x-cm-bn. Iment^m Wn-b-bn Xma-kn- p Ah v aq p Ip n-ifpw ]nd- p. {]h Øn CS-ß-fn-se mw Xs ssisbm v]xn- - Ãohv tpm_vkv 2011 HIvtSm-_ A n\v Cu temi-tømsv hns-]-d- p. B n-fns\ ]pxnb kmc- Yn Snw Ip ns\ Gev-]n- -ti-jw. icnbm-bxp snøpi F D]-tZ-i-amWv Ip n\v Ãoh \evinb D]-tZ-iw. (Ãohv tpm_vkns 2005- se {]i-kvx-amb Ãm t^muv _nkn-\kv kviqfn v \S-Ønb Isa kvsa v kv]o v t]pv 10 ImWp-I)

3 dn{iq- vsa v: Imºkv kpohw BtKmf kº-zvl-s\bpss hf bv pta Icn-\n-g hogp-tºmgpw C y Imº-kp-Iƒ kpo-h-am-ip-i-bm-wv. sshhn-[y-am taj-e-i-fn \n- p-ff Iº-\n-Iƒ C y Imº-kp-I-fn-tebv v {]Xn-`-Isf txsn-sb-øp-i-bm-wv. C y C Ãn- yq v Hm^v amt\-pvsa v Al-Ω-Zm- _m-znse aq p hnzym X-Yn-Iƒ v {]o ]vtfkvsa v Hm^ e`n Xv Hcp timsn cq]-bm-wv. AXpw [\-Im-cy-tk-h\ taje-bn \n- v. sf sf FΩnse 380 c mw h j hnzym n-i-fn ]Ip-Xn-bn-tesd t] pw Hm^ e`n p Ign- p. sf sf FΩn am{x-a-, C ybnse ]c-tam- X ssivt\m-fpn ÿm]- \-ß-fmb C y C Ãn- yq v Hm^v ssivt\m-fpn apx km[m-cw F Pn- \o-b-dnwkv timf-pp-i-fn hsc dn{iq vsa v Pzcw ]S-cp-I-bm-Wv. ] v hnzym n-ifmwv tpmen- mbn Iyq \n n-cp- -sx- n Ct mƒ Iº-\n-I-fmWv Imº-kp-I-fn ani- -h p-th n ImØp \nev p- -Xv. Pqsse sk]v w-_ Izm -dn C y Iº-\n-I-fpsS dn{iq- vsa n 21 ix-am\w h [-\-bp- m-b-xmbn dn nƒkv I kƒ kn k ho-kkv am ]h Iº\n ]d-bp- p. F\ Pn, C {^m-kv{s- IvN, I k-iv nw-kv, aoun-b, sf Sn, dos -bn XpS-ßnb taj-e-i-fn \n- - p-ff dn{iq- nwkv 20 ix-am-\-øn-e-[niw h [\ ImWn- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. cmpysø 879 sxmgn Zm-b-I-cp-tSbpw 1274 ÿm]-\-ß-fp-tsbpw CS-bn ssa lb-dnwkv Ivf v tum v timw \S-Ønb k th-bn I Xv 2010-11- s BZy- Izm -dn dn{iq- vsa v BIvSn-hn n 21 Xam\w h [\ ImWn- p-sh- m-wv. Cu h jsø Imºkv dn{iq- vsa n-\mbn cpn-ã snbvx Iº\nIfpsS FÆw ap h j-tø- mƒ IqSp-X-em-sW v t_mws_, U ln, a- {Zmkv sf sf Sn Ifn \n- p-ff dnt m p-iƒ ]d-bp- p. sk]v w-_ 22 hsc 150 Iº-\n-I-fn-e-[nIw dn{iq- vsa n\v t]cv cpn-ã snbvx-xmbn U ln sf sf sf Sn tπkvsa v Xe-h Iui sk ]d-bp- p. CtX \ne Xs -bmwv a{zmkv sf Consulting Editor Dr. P.K. Abraham Editor T.C. Mathew tcmathew@gmail.com Editor In Charge: Joy Philip joyphilip@gmail.com Managing Editor Jayesh.V.Sudhakar jayeshhin@yahoo.co.in Media Consultancy Current Business Inc. \mkvtimw hne-bn-cp-ø * 2009-10 2010-11 2 11-12 F Pn-\o-b-dnKv _ncp-z-[m-cn-iƒ 451700 497475 636480 F Pn-\o-b-dnwKv t]mãv {KmtUz v F Pn-\o-b-dnwKv 62400 72777 87332 sf Sn {KmtUz v 185515 203642 258119 ssivt\m-fpn {KmtUz v ( Fw kn F XpS-ßn-bh 268622 295846 376624 * \mkvtim-ans FÃn-ta- mwv Cu IW- p-iƒ. sf Snbn-epw. Ign h jw 60 Iº-\n- Iƒ cpn-ã snbvx ÿm\øv Cu h jw CXp-hsc 100 Iº-\n-Iƒ cpn-ã snbvxn- p- v. Ch-bn \s mcp ] pw hntzi Iº-\n-I-fm-sW v ]vtfkvsa v Xe-h ctajv _m_p ]d-bp- p. P m- \nse F Sn Sn Iayq-Wn-t -j kv, bp Fknse Ct m BIvkv XpS-ßn-bh BZy-am-bm-Wv dn{iq- vsa n\v FØp- -Xv. C- y Iº-\n-I-fmb F^v Fw kn ssivt\m-f-po-kv, t{_muvtimw C y, Fw F ZkvXm, Fs Ivkv teiv {Kq v, {Sn_n knãwkv XpS-ßn-b C y Iº- \n-iƒ BZy-am-bmWv dn{iq- vsa n\v FØp- -Xv. Unkw-_-dn-emWv dn{iq- vsa v Bcw- `n- p-i. t_mwt_m sf sf Snbn HmKÃv hsc 100 Iº-\n-Iƒ cpn-ã snbvxn- p- v. Ign h jw 250 Iº- \n-i-fmwv FØn-b-Xv. Cu h jw FÆw AXnepw Ihn-bp-sa- mwv {]Xo-. sf sf SnI-ƒ am{x-a a v bqwnth-gvkn- n-i-fnepw dn{iq- vsa n\v FØp Iº-\n-IfpsS FÆw h [n- p-i-bm-wv. sim s m-øn-bnse PmZ-hv]q bqwn-thg-a-kn- n-bn ]e hntz-i-i-º-\n-ifpw CXn-\Iw cpn-ã snbvxp Ign- p. P m-\nse sf Sn ÿm]-\-amb tpm_v sskntbm A_p-Zm-_n-bnse A Kpsdbn {Kq v XpS-ßnb Iº-\n-Iƒ bqwnth-gvkn- nbn t]cv cpn-ã snbvxn- p- v. C y-bnse {]apj sf Sn Iº-\n- Iƒ Cu h jw h dn{iq v sa mwv Dt±-in- p- -Xv. kº-zvl-s-\n-bnse hf - p-d-shm pw Ah hi-h-bv p- n-. C y sf Sn Iº-\n-Iƒ Cu h jw Imºkv dn{iq- vsa v h [n- n- pw. C y sf Sn taj-e-bnse Sn kn Fkv, hnt{]m, sim n-km v, C t^m-knkv XpSßnb Iº-\n-Iƒ 2011-2.5 e w t]sc Imº-kn \n v dn{iq v snøp-hm-\mwv Dt±-in- p- -Xv. Ign h jw 2 e tømfw t]sc FSpØ ÿm\-øm-wn- Xv. Iº-\n-Iƒ Ct mƒ cmpy-øns hnhn[ `mk-ß-fn Imºkv dn{iq vsa v \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fn-eqsS IS- p-t]m-hp-i-bm- Wv. Nne Iº-\n-Iƒ Hm^ se dpw \evin ØpS-ßn-bn- p- v. Cu h jw Ggmw ska-ã-dn Xs Iº-\n-Iƒ dn{iq vsa v \S-]Sn XpS-ßn-bn-cn- p-bm-wv. ]e Fa PnwKv Iº-\n-Ifpw CØ-hW dn{iq vsa n\v FØn-bn- p- v. Cu h jw XpS- - m v Iº- \n-iƒ Hm^ snøp iºfw 3 3.25 e w cq] hsc-bm-wv. Ign h jhpw CtX \ne-hm-c-øn-em-bn-cp p \evin-bncp- Xv. 2011-12- cmpysø F Pn-\o-bdnwKv timf-pp-i-fn \n v 4.3 e w t]cmwv ]Tn n-d-ßp- -Xv. Ch-bn 2.5 e w t] sf Sn Un{Kn-bp-am-bn- mwv ]pd-øn-d-ßp- -Xv. G hpw IqSp-X F Pn-\o-b-dnwKv hnzym n-isf e`y-am- p- Xv B{ {]tziv BWv. {]Xnh jw c p e w t]cm-wv ChnsS ]Tn- n-d-ßp- -Xv. sxm p ]n n-ep-ff Xan-gv\mSv 1.8 e w hnzym n-isf e`y-am- p- p. I Wm-S-Ibpw alm-cm-jv{sbpw 80000 hoxw hnzym n-isf kw`m-h\ snøp- p. ticf-øns kw`m-h\ 60000 Ip n-i-fm-wv. ]Tn- n-d-ßp Ip n-iƒ F m-hcpw ani- -h-c-s v Iº-\n-Iƒ v Adn-bmw. AXn-\m ani Sme p-iƒ mbn Iº- \n-iƒ ap \n-c-bn-ep-ff ÿm]-\-ß-fn dn{iq- vsa n-\mbn Iyq \nev p-i-bm-wv. Ip n-ifpw hfsc {i -tbm-ss-bmwv \oßp- -Xv. kmº-øni hf Ipd-bp kml-n-cy-øn hfsc kq va-x-tbm-ssbmw va-h Iº-\n-Iƒ sxc-s -Sp- p- Xv. sim n-sk pw Sn kn Fkp-amWv Iq n-iƒ Gsd CjvS-s -Sp sf Sn Iº- \n-iƒ. 2008- -se amµysø t\cn-sp-hm sim n-sk n\v Ign- -XmWv ]e-tcbpw Cu Iº-\n p ap K-W\ \evip-hm Imc-Ww. CtXm-sSm w Iº-\n-Iƒ {_m Uv CtaPpw dn{iq- vsa v hgn e y-an-sp- p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v sim n-sk v Hcp Imºkn \n v Hcm-sf-sb- nepw dn{iq v snøm Xbm-dm-Ip- p. bp si ti{µ-am- n-bp-fe Izmfn n B Uv FIvk-e kv Iº\n ASpØ Hcp h jw C y-bn \n v 250 t]sc dn{iq v snøm Dt±-in- p- p. ^n\m jy B Uv A u- nwkv tkh-\-ßƒ \evip Hu vtkm-gvknwkv Iº-\n-bm-Wn-Xv. ssivt\m-fpn ÿm]-\-ßƒ am{x-a kzim-cy- -s]m-xp-ta-je amt\-pvsa v ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw dn{iq- vsa v Iº-\n-Iƒ kpo-h-am-wv. cmpysø ap \n-c-bn-ep-ff _nkn-\kv amt\-pvsa v kviqfp-i-fn A`y- -c cmpym c Iº-\n-Iƒ dn{iq- vsa n\v FØn-bn- p- v. Ign- -h jw

4 60 Iº-\n-Iƒ FØnb `ph-t\-iz-dnse tkhy C Ãn- yq v Hm^v amt\- Pvsa n CØ-hW FÆw KWy-ambn h [n- n-cn- p-i-bmwv. HIvtSm-_-dn-emWv an _nkn-\kv kviqfp-i-fnepw dn{iq- vsa v \S- p- -Xv. sslz-cm-_m-znse C y kviqƒ Hm^v _nkn-\-kn CXn-\Iw 24 Iº- \n-iƒ cpn-ã snbvxp Ign- n- p- v. Cu h jw 80 Iº-\n-Iƒ FØp-sa- mwv {]X- n- p- -sx v sf Fkv _n Ub-d-IvS hn si tat\m ]d- p. U ln ti{µ-am-bp-ff C y C Ãn- yq v Hm^v t^mdn t{sun 70 Iº- \n-iƒ CXn-\Iw cpn-ã snbvxp Ign- p. C Ãn- yq- n ]Tn- p 209 t] pw ]vtfkvsa v In p-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. bqtdm-tkm {]-iv\-ßƒ Nne Bi- Iƒ Db Øp- p-s - nepw 2010- -te- mƒ sa -s A -co- -amwv dn{iq- vsa v cwk-øp-f-f-sx v an _nkn-\kv kviqfp-ifpw A`n-{]m-b-s - Sp- p. an _nkn-\kv kviqfp-i-fnepw ap h j-tø- mƒ 10-25 Iº-\n-Iƒ Cu h jw IqSp-X-embn dn{iq- vsa n\v FØp- p- v. K K-th ti{µ-am- n-bpff amt\-pvsa v suh-e-]vsa v C Ãn- yq- n Ign h jw 170 Iº-\n-Iƒ h ÿm\øv Ct mƒ Xs 187 Iº- \n-iƒ FØn-b-Xmbn C Ãn- yq v Adnbn- p. _mwk-fq sf sf FΩn CXn- \Iw 120 Iº-\n-Iƒ cpn-ã snbvxp Ign p. Ign h jw 180 Iº-\n-IfmWv FØn-b-Xv. CØ-hW AXp Ihnbp-sa v {]Xo- n- p- p. Ign h jw 127 Iº-\n-I-fn-embn 375 t] v \nb-a\w e`n- n-cp- p. sf sf Fw sim s m-ø-bp-tsbpw ÿnxn hyxykvx-a-. BtKm-f-k-º-ZvL-S-\-bnse hf - p-dhv dn{iq- n-sa ns\ _m[n- n- n-s v \s mcp ] v F v B Xe-h- mcpw ]d-bp- p. F m ASpØ Bdp amk- m-eøv 20 ix-am-\-tømfw Ipdhv dn{iq- vsa n D m-im-sa v 30 ix-am- \-tømfw amt\-p am A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. CXv F {Sn eh-en Imcy-amb {]iv\-ap- m- n-s - mwv Ah-cpsS A`n- C y bpfkn sxmgn-ep- m- p p C y-bpss bp Fknse \nt ]w \ txmxn sxmgn D m- p-hm klm-bn- p- -Xmbn bp Fkv tã v su]yq n sk{i- dn _n t_ kv ]d-bp- p. C y-bpss \nt -]w aqev ]Xn-\m-bn-c- -Wn- n\v sxmgn bp Fkn krjn-sn- -s - Xmbn t_ kv ]d-bp- p. bp Fknse C y \nt ]w h [n- p-i-bm-wv. 2005 apx {]Xnh jw 33 ix-am\w hf -bmwv t\sn-b-xv. 2001-10 Ime-b-f-hn bp Fknse C y \nt ]w 960 e w tumf-dn \n v 330 timsn tumf-dmbn Db n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. AtX-t]mse C y-bnse t\cn- p-ff bp Fkv \nt -]hpw ani hf t\sn-bn- p- v. ]Øp h j-øn-\p-f-fn bp Fkns C- -bnse t\cn- pff \nt ]w 240 timsn tumf-dn \n v 2710 timsn tumf-dmbn Db n- p- v. hni-kn-x-cm-py-ß-fn ]e-xn-t bpw kº-zvl-s\ ISpØ ssixy-øn-tebv v \oßp-tºmƒ IqSp-X hntz-io-b tpmen- mbn C y-bn-tebv v Xncn-bp-I-bm- Wv. {]txy-in pw bp Fkn \n pw bqtdm- n \n- p-ap-ff Bfp-Iƒ. Cu h jw C y-bn tpmen txsp hntz-io-b-cpss FÆ-Øn 20 ix-am\w h [-\-bp- m-b-xmbn dn{iq- vsa v GP kn-iƒ ]d-bp- p. C y-bn-en-t mƒ \mev]-xn- \m-bn-c-tømfw hntz-io-b tpmen snøp- p-s - mwv IW- m- -s -Sp- -Xv. C y temi-øn G hpw thkw hf-cp kº-zvl-s-\-i-fn Hs \nebn henb Ah-k-c-amWv Chn-sS-bp- m-ip- -sx hne-bn-cp-ø-emwv hntzio-bsc C y-bn-tebv v BI jn- p- -Xv. _m nw-kv, Hmt m, ^m a, dos bn, ]mc-ºcy F\ Pn, C {^m-kv{s-ivn F o taj-e-i-fn-emwv IqSp-X t]cpw sxmgn txsp- -Xv. anuv seh tpmen v h jw 80000-125000 tumfdmwv iº-fw. {]m-bw. dn{iq- vsa n\v Iº-\n-Iƒ D mlw ImWn- p- p-s - nepw kº- ZvLS-\-I-fnse hf m- p-dhv tpmbn-\nw- Kn Xmakw hcp-øp- p-s - m-wv dnt m p-iƒ. C -gn Pq / Pqssebo ]Tn- n-d-ßnb ]e pw t]mbn- \nwkv e -dp-iƒ Xma-kn- p-i-bm-sw v dn-t m p- v. F m Iº-\n-Iƒ CXv ]c-ky-ambn kω-xn- p- n-. Ign Hcp h j- m-eøv cmpysø c p e -tømfw t] v Hm^ se \evin-bn- p v. CXn 60 ix-am-\hpw 20 tsm v sf Sn Iº-\n- IfmWv \evin-bn- p-f-f-xv. ]pxnb ] - Xn-Iƒ, simgn p t]m v XpS-ßnbhsb ASn-ÿm-\-am- n-bmwv Iº-\n- Iƒ Hm^ se \evip- -Xv. C gn h jw Sn kn Fkv 40000 t] pw C t^m-knkv 30000 t] pw sim n-sk v 28000 t] pw hnt{]m 20000 t] pw F v kn F 8000 t] pw Hm^ se \evin. Cu h jw ]mkmbn ]pdøp h 50 ix-am\w F Pn-\o-b-dnwKv hnzym n-iƒ pw 2012 sk]v w-_-tdmsstb \nb-a\w e`n- p-i-bp-f-fp-sh- mwv sluv lt gvkv C y-bpss kn C H {Inkv e van-im- ns hnebn-cp-ø. \mwy-s -cp hpw kmº-øni hf Ipd-bp- Xpw ssen-timw, C jp-d kv, Hmt m, dnb n taj-e- I-fn dn{iq- vsa v Ipd- n- p-s v sxmgn kw_- n t]m \u cn tum v timw hn-bn-cp-øp- p. dn{iq- vsa n\v Iº-\n-Iƒ A{X D mlw ImWn- p- n-. 2010 Unkw-_ apx \mwy-s -cp w 9 ix-am-\-øn\v api-fn \ne-\n-ev p-i-bm-wv. HmK-Ãn 9.78 ixam-\-amwv \mwy-s -cp- w. Ãm Um Uv B Uv ]ph bp Fkns td nwkv Ipd-s - nepw C y sfsn _n ]n H Iº-\n-Iƒ apj-ap-b Øn-Øs \nev p-i-bm-wv. CXv XmevIm-en-I-{]-iv\-am-sW- mwv Ah-cpsS hne-bn-cp-ø. C y sf SnbpsS hcp-am-\-amb 6000 timsn tumfdns 60 ix-am-\hpw bp Fkn \n- m-wv. bp Fknse amµyw CXns\ _m[n- p-sa- mwv `bw. su v {]iv\- Øn Id-ßp bqtdm- n \n v 20 ix-am\w hn p-h-c-hv. tpmen snøm\pw KqKnƒ C y-bn tpmen snøp-hm G nhpw \ Iº-\n-tb-Xm-sW v C twm-aniv ssswkpw t{k v ]vtfkv Sp h v C Ãn- yq pw kwbp- -ambn \S- Ønb k th-bn KqKnƒ H mw ÿm\-sø-øn. Ccp-]Xv taj-e-i-fn \n- pff 67000 tpmen- m-cpss CS-bn \S-Ønb k th-bn-emwv KqKnƒ H m-a-sx- Øn-b-Xv. ap n p \nevip I-º-\n-I-fpsS ] n-i. 1. KqKnƒ 2. C ssivt\m-fpn 3. taiv ssa {Sn]v 4. Ata-cn- FIvkv{]kv 5. amcn-tbm v tlm kv 6. IvfmknIv kvss{s]vkv 7. kvtim]v C \m-j-w 8. FPn-e v ssivt\m-f-pokv 9. Ivfmcnkv sse^v kb kkv 10. s\ v B v 11. t^m _vkv am j 12. sfunb sk p-em 13. ImIvSkv Iayq-Wn-t -j 14. D o-h ^n\m jy k ho-kkv 15. sss C U-kv{Sokv 16. kmkv C Ãn- yq v 17. t]]mƒ C y 18. C s\ v Kvtfm_ k ho-kkv 19. F Sn ]n kn 20. F v kn F C t^m-kn-ãwkv

5 {Kokn {]Xn-tj[w apdp-ip p {Kokv c p Znhkw \n -e-ambn. HIvtSm-_ 18- \v XpS-ßnb c p Znh-ksØ ]Wn-ap-S v {Koknse G hpw henb {]t m-`-am-bn-cp- p. hnam-\-ßƒ Fb t]m v \n -e-am-bn. hml-\-ßƒ \nc-øn-en-d-ßn-b-tx-bn-. sndnb IS- Ifpw Kh-s v Hm^o-kp-Ifpw kviqfp- Ifpsa mw AS- p-in-sp- p. tumivs am, So am, A`n-`m-j-I, IS-bp-S-a-Iƒ, Kh-s v Hm^okv tpmen- m, XpS-ßnb tpmen-bp-ff F m-hcpw s]mxp, kzim-cy-ta-j-e- hyxym-k-an- msx ]WnapS n. Kh-s v Poh-\- m [\- Imcy a{ m-ebw Divs -ss-bp-ff si n-sßfn Xmakw {Kokn\v hmbv] \evip- -Xn\v bqtdm-]y bqwn-b\pw cmpym- c [\- Imcy GP kn-ifpw apt m p h \n_- -\-Iƒ ]men- p- -Xns `mk-ambn iº-fhpw s] j\pw sh n- p-d-bv p- - Xpƒs -ss-bp-ff c p _n p-iƒ ]m esa v ]mkm- p- -Xn-s\-Xn-tc-bm-bn-cp p cmpysø A -cm -Øn Xf Ønb ]Wn-ap-S- v. CXv ]mkm- p ka-bøv ]m esa n\v ]pdøv h am v Ac-tß-dp-Ibm-bn-cp- p. Cu {]Xn-tj-[-Øn-\n-S-bnepw {Kokv ]m e-sa v Cu \S-]-Sn-Iƒ IjvSn v ]mkm- n-sb-sp-øp. Ign H c h j-ambn snehp Ipd-bv p-ibpw \nipxn h [n- n- p-ibpw snbvx-ti-jamwv ]pxn-b-\-s-]-sn-iƒ FSp-Øn- p-f-f-xv. AX-\p-k-cn v s] j\pw iº-fhpw sh n- p-d-bv pw. 7.5 e w Kh-s v Poh-\- m-cn 30000 t]sc ]ncn p hnspw. F m sxmgn Imc-dp-Ifpw d±m- pw. t{]m n t{]m n SmIvkv h [n- n- p-v XmWv Hcp \nb-aw. CXp-hgn 270 timsn tumf A[nI hcp-am\w t\sm- \m-hp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. hossm- n\v 800-1500 bqtdm \nip-xn-bmbn {Ko v ho p-s-a-iƒ \evi-ww. sxmgn-en- mbva 16 ix-am-\-øn \nev p kml-n-cy- Øn ]e ho p-im p CXp km[y-amsw p Icp-X- n-. {Ko v]m en-sa v \nipxn h [- \bpw iºfw sh n- p-d-bv pepapƒs ss-bp-ff \S-]-Sn-Iƒ p-ff _n ]mkm- n-b-xn-s\-øp-s v {Kokn-ep-S-\ofw ]Wnap-S- p-ifpw Snb Kymkv {]tbm-k-hp-am-wv. IqSmsX GX kns sxcp-hp-i-fn 120000 StÆmfw N p-n-h-dp-i-fmwv No p \mdp- -Xv. Ch am p sxmgn-em-fn-iƒ 17 Znh-k-ambn ]Wn-ap-S- n-em-wv. Npcp- -Øn {Ko v P\-X-bpsS a-bpss s\ n- -ei XI n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Cu \S-]-Sn-Iƒ n-s-bnepw {Ko v ]uc- m v iºfw In mø Ahÿ ]e-t mgpw D m-ipw. Db \nip-xnbpw h [n s]t{smƒ hnebpsams klnt ÿnxn-bn-em-wv. dn -b sa n-\- SpØv FØn-b-h IqSp-X Imew tpmen sntø ÿnxn-bm-wv h p `hn- p-i. Cu \S-]-Sn-I-sf mw bqtdm-]y bqwn-b {]Jym-]n 17500 timsn tumfdns kmº-øni ]mt -Pn\v th n-bm- Wv. AXp e`n- n-s - n cmpym c hmbv]-ifpss Xncn- -S-hn {Kokn\v hogvn hcp-tø n hcpw. AXm-bXv {Kokn\v ]Ww IqSntb Xocp. kmº- ØnI]nc-jvIm-c-ßƒ \S- m- -W-sa \n_- -\-bmwv bqtdm cmpy-ßƒ \nipxn h [-\-bvs -Xn-tcbpw iºfw, s] j sh n- p-d-bv p- -Xn-s\-Xn-tcbpw {Kokn {]Xn-tj[w Ac-tß-dn-b-t mƒ hmbv] \evip-hm-\mbn {Kokn\v ap n h -Xv. AXns `mk-am-bn- mwv ]m e-sa v ]mt Pv AwKo-I-cn v \nbaw ]mkm- nb-xv. \hw-_ ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS 800 timsn tumfcv ASn-b- n-c-ambn e`n- n-s - n {Kokns ISw Xncn- -Shv aps-ßpw. s] j\pw iº-fhpw \evip- Xpw apsßpw. {Kokns [\-IΩn {]Xo- n- p- - Xn-t\- mƒ h [n- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. [\- IΩn 8.5 ix-am-\-am-bn-cn- p-sa- mwv {Ko v I-W- m- p- -Xv. GXm v 2520 timsn tumf. {Ko v hmkvzm\w snbvxncp- Xv [\-IΩn 2310 timsn tumf-dn\v Xmsg \ndp-øp-sa- m-bn-cp- p. AXm-bXv Pn Un ]nbpss 7.8 ix-am-\w. am{x-hpa. {Kokns kº-zvl-s\ s\k- ohv hf -bn-em-wv. \S- p-h jw {Ko v kº- ZvL-S\ 5.5 ix-am\w Npcp-ßp-sa- mwv IW- m- p- -Xv. AXm-bXv Kh-s n\v FSp- m-hp ]W-Øns txmxv Ipd p hcn-i-bm-wv. 2012- {Kokns IS-_m-[yX Pn Un ]nbpss 172.7 ix-am- \-ambn Db-cpw. {Kokns\ c n- p-hm-\p-ff {ia- Øns `mk-ambn bqtdm-tkm cmpyßƒ Ign Pqsse-bn 11000 timsn tumf-dns ]mt -Pn\v AwKo-Imcw \evin-sb- nepw CXv Fßs\ \n h-ln- -W-sa Imcy-Øn bqtdm cmpy-ßƒ CXp-h-scbpw tbmpn- n-se-øn-bn- n-. {Ko v t_m nse \nt -]-I Ah-cpsS \nt -]-Øns 60 ix-am-\- tømfw Fgp-Xn-Ø- p-ibpw bqtdm-]y bqwn-b 10900 timsn bqtdm hmbv] \evip-ibpw snø-w-sa- -XmWv {Kokns Bh-iyw. {Kokns ISw Fgp-Xn-Ø- p- Xv A\p-k-cn- mhpw bqtdm-]y _m p- Iƒ v Fev p BLmXw IW- m- phm km[n- p-i. Ct mƒ Xs 10000 timsn bqtdm-bpss A[nI I n- Bhiy-am-sW \ne-bn-emwv bqtdm-]y _m p-iƒ. {Kokn\v \evip `mhn klm-b- Øn\v Pmayw thw-sa- mwv ^n e Uns Bh-iysØs m- n-bm-bncp p CXp-hsc AwKo-Imcw sshin-b- Xv. C-Xn\v Hcp hn-[-øn ]cn-lmcw Is -Øn-bn- p- v. {Kokns [\-Imcy Btcm-Ky-sØ- - nbpw FSpØ kmº- ØnI ]cn-jvim-c-ß-sf- p-dn pw ]cn-tim- [n- m-sa Icm-dn-emWv ^n e Uv hgßn-b-xv. Cu amkm-h-km-\-tømss {Kokns\ c n- m-\p-ff kmº-øni ]mt Pv ] - Xn v bqtdm-tkm cmpy-ßƒ Ah-km\ AwKo-Imcw \evip-sa- mwv Icp-Xp- -Xv. {Kokns [\-Imcy ]cn-jvim-c-ßƒ kw_- n cmpym c su v C kvs]- IvS am-cpss dnt m ns ASn-ÿm-\-Ønem-bn-cn pw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp- p-i. sf Fw F^v, bqtdm-]y sk {S _m v,-k-bqtdm-]y IΩo-j F n-hn-s-ß-fn \n- pff C kvs]-ivs am-cmwv hne-bn-cp-ø \S-Øp-I. ISw Ipd-bv -W-sa- Xp icn-x-s. ]t Ct m-gsø IS-s -Wn-bn \n p ]pdøp hc-w-sa- n kmº-øni hf D mtb ] q. Kh-s v snehp Ipd- p-x-sim p am{xw AXp km[y-am- In-. Kh-s v snehp Ipd-bv p Xv \nipxn e`yx Ipdbv pw. hcp-am\w Ipdbp- Xv [\-IΩn h [n- n- pw. {Kokns ISw FhnsS \n v bqtdm- nse _m p-iƒ p am{xw {Kokv 4300 timsn tumf \evim-\p- v. suivkn-b, simtagvkv _m v, _n F ]n ]cn-_m-kv, skmssk n P\-d-se, s{iun v A{Kn-tImƒ, tumbnjv _m v F o Bdp _mlvipƒ v h XpI-bmWv \evim-\pf-f-xv. {Kokv ISw Xncn- -S-hn hogvn hcp-øn-bm Cu _m p-iƒ v ]Ww Xncn p In p-i-bn-. {Kokn \n v ]Ww In n-bn-s - n Cu _m p-iƒ v Imjv Is - Øp-hm km[n- p-i-bn-. a v coxn-bn Imjv Is -tø n hcpw. H p--in ]eni-bvs -Sp- -Ww. As - n Kh-s ns ] \n v e`n- -Ww. Kh-s v \evip- I-sb p h m \nip-xn- -W-Øn \n v \evipi F -Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv a v cmpß-fnse km[m-c-w- m-cmb ]uc- m Ah-cpsS ]gvkn \n v Cu XpI \evi-wsa v A w. Aßs\ Cu ISw temiw apgp-h hy]n- p- p. IqSmsX Cu _m p-iƒ \nt -]-ßƒ \n Øn hbv p-ibpw snøpw. ImcWw \nt -]-Øn\v \evip-hm ]W-an-. bq-tdm-]y ]W hn]-wn-bn \n v _nkn-\- kn\v ]Ww kzcq-]n- p- -h {Kokns IS-Øns ^ew A\p-`-hn p XpS-ßn-bn- p- v.

6 cmpv cmpcxv\øn\v 11 h jw XShv hmƒkv{so- nse G hpw henb Hmlcn C ssku t{sunw-kn sluvpv ^ v sss q Bb cmpv cmpc-øn-\-øn\v bp Fkv timsxn 11 h jsø XShv hn[n- p. C ssk-u t{sunw-kn\v Hcp hy n v e`n- G hpw \o Ime-b-fhv in -bmwv cmp cmpcxv\-øn\v e`n- -Xv. CXn\p ]pdta 1 timsn tumf ]ngbpw ASbv Ww IqSmsX 5.32 timsn tumf I psi p-ibpw snbvxp. bp Fknse G hpw henb C ssk-u t{sunwkv tikm-wn-xv. {ine- -bn P\n ^ v amt\-pcmbn amdnb cmpcxv\w 700 timsn tumf \yqtbm v ti{µ-ambn {]h Øn- p Kme sluvpv ^ ns Xe-h-\m-bn-cp- p. Iº-\n-IfpsS cl-ky-ßƒ Adn-bp- -Xn-\mbn C t^m a am-cpss Hcp irwjesb cmpcxv\w \ntbm-kn- n-cp- p-sh v sxfn- - Xn-s\-Øp-S mwv in e`n- -Xv. t\csø Kme {Kq v sluvpv ^ nse Poh-\- m-c-\m-bn-cp p cmpcxv\w t{]mko-iyq- 19.5 h jsø XShmWv Bh-iy-s - -sx- nepw PUvPn AXv 11 h j-ambn Ipd-bv p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. ISpØ InUv\n tcmkw _m[n- -Xns ] m-ø-e-ønepw {ioe- -bnepw ]m nÿm-\nepw bp Fknepw {]-Ir-Xn-t m- `-Øn\v Cc-bm-b-hsc klm-bn- -Xns t]cnepw cmp-c-xv\-øns in -bn Ipdhv hcp-øp-i-bm-bn-cp- p. 1957- {ioe- -bn P\n cmpv 1980- CwKvf- nse kskivkv bqwn-thgvkn- n \n v F Pn-\o-b-dnw-Kn _ncpzw s_ Ivj-b lmxvth Hmlcn Xncn p hmßp p \nt -]-Kpcp hmd _ps^-bpss s_ Ivjb lmxvth AXns Ncn- {X-Øn BZyambn Hmlcn Xncn p hmßp- p. ck-i-camb hkvxpx F m-sw p h m Hmlcn ss m v F v ti m s\ n Npfn- p- -bmfm-bn-cp p _ps^. Imc-W-ambn ]dbp- -Xv, ]e-t mgpw G hpw sx mb ka-b-øm-bn-cn pw Hml-cn-Iƒ Xncn- p-hm-ßp- Xv F -Xp-sIm- mwv _ps^ CXns\ FXn Øn-cp- -Xv. Ct m-gsø ]pkvx-i-aq-ey-tø mƒ 10 ix-am\w {]oan-b-øn Hmlcn hmßp-hm-\mwv I-\n-bpsS Ub-d-IvS t_m Uv Xo-cp-am-\n- n- p-f-f-xv. t\sn. 1983- bqwn-th-gvkn n Hm^v s] kn hm-\n-b-bnse lm S kviqfn \n v _nkn-\kv amt\-pvsa n amtãgvkv _ncpzw t\sn. XpS v tnkv a l- _m n sslssiv Iº-\n-Iƒ p-ff tem hn`m- K-Øn tpmen-bn {]th-in- p. Xmakn-bmsX Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkv C U-kv{Snbnse \nt ]w \S-Øn-bn-cp \nzmw B Uv timbntebv v cmpv amdn. \nzman ssivt\m-fpn tãm n \nt ]w \S-Øp sluvpv ^ v cmpv Bcw-`n- p. AhnsS sluvpv ^ v dntk v Xe-h-\mbv cmpv 1991- AXns {]kn- U m-bn-øo p. ]n osv Cu ^ v cmpv hmßp-ibpw Kme F v t]cp am p- Ibpw snbvxp. Kme ani {]I-S-\-amW ImgvN h -Xv. AXns apjy ^ v 1999-93 ix-am\w Db -bmwv t\sn-b-xv. CtXmsS temiw Ign -amkw cmpcvx\w sluvpv ^ v taj-e-bn {]i-kvx-\m-bn. CtXm-sSm w cmpns hy n-kx kºøpw h [n- p-sim- ncp- p.2009- t^m _vkns kº- cpss ] n-i-bn 236- m-a-sx-øn. 180 timsn tumf-dm-bn-cp p cmpns kºm-zyw. temi-ønse G hpw kº- -\mb {ioe- - m-c-\mbn At±lw amdn. 2004- se kp\manbn {ioe- -bn Zpcn-Xm-izmk {]h-cvø-\-ßƒ mbn ssib-b p \evin-b-txmss Cu taj-ebnepw At±lw {i n- -s - p. CØ-c- Øn-ep-ff {]txyi Nmcn n {]h Ø-\- ßƒ v At±lw DZm-c-ambn kw`m-h\ snbvxp t]m p. Cu kº- -X-bvs m w Xs \nb-a- p-cp- p-i-fnepw cmp-cxv\w sn ps]- p. ap C tpmen- m-c-\mb dqan Jm KmeWv tim ^n-u jv hnh-cßƒ ssiam-dn-sb p shfn-s -Sp-Øn-btXmsS At\z-jWw XpS-ßn. 2004- cmppw as mcp Kme FIvkn-Iyq- nhpw tn v 5.2 timsn tumf-dns \nipxn sh n v \S-Øn-b-Xmbn Ct -W dh\yp k ho-kkv Is -Øn. \nip-xnbpw ]ngbpw simspøv AXn \n Xe-bqcn. 2005- bp Fkv skiyq-cn- okv FIvkvtN v IΩo-j \S-Ønb At\zj-W-Øn Kme Iº\n Hmlcn hym]c \nb-a-ßƒ ewln- -Xmbn Is - Øn. C ssk-u t{sunwkn\v 2009- cmpv Ad-Ãn-embn. cmpn-s\m w sf _n Fw, C, a n kn B Uv Iº\n FIvkn-Iyq- o-hp-ifpw AdÃv snø-s - p. CtXmsS \nt -]-I ]Ww ]n h-en- p-ibpw Kme Iº\n ]q nt m-hpibpw snbvxp. C ssk-u t{sunwkv hgn Zi-e- - -W- n\v tumf t\sn-sb- -XmWv tikv. hnnmcw ka-bøv Kme Iº-\n-bn FIvkn--Iyq- o-hp-i-fm-bn-cp 21 t]sc- qsn AdÃp snøp-i-bp- mbn. CXnemWv cmpn\v 11 h jsø Pbn in In n-bn- p-f-f-xv. Ãohv tpm_vkns Poh-N-cn{Xw ln v B n-ƒ Xe-h A -co Ãohv tpm_vkns ]pxnb Pohn-N-cn-{X-Øn\v bp Fkn h {]nbw. C s\ v dos -bvecv Bb Ba-tkm tum v timan 2011- G hpw IqSp-X hn -gn-bp ]pkvxiw CXm-bn-cn- p-sa v Ba-tkm h mhv {]Xym-in- p- p. hm sfkm-ivk BWv ]pkvx-i-øns cn-bn-xm-hv. HIvtSm- _cv 24- \v BWv ]pkvxiw hn]-wn-bn FØn-b-Xv. CXns UnPn- ]Xn v 23- \v ]pd-øn-d- n-bn-cp- p. Ba-tkm In Un C _p- n tsm]v sk nwkv _p v Bbn tpm_vkns Poh-N-cn{Xw amdnbn-cn- p-i-bm-sw v Iº\n Adn-bn- p- p. sssw amk-kns ap amt\-pnwkv FUn- -dmb sf kmivksw Ãohv tpm_vkv 2004- kao-]n v Xs Poh-Ncn{Xw Fgp-Xmtam F p tnmzn- p-i-bm-bncp- p. BZyw hmƒ cv tpm_vkns Bhiyw \nc-kn- p-. F nepw tpm_vkv ]m {In-bm- niw Im k-dn\v Nn-In- -bn-emsw v Adn- -txmss hmƒ Pohn-Ncn{Xw Fgp-Xp-hm kω-xn- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. Cu ]pkvxiw Fgp-Xn-Øo p-hm hmƒ c p h j-sa-sp-øn. ]pkvx-i-c-n-\-bv mbn tpm_vkns\ hmƒ 40 XhW C hyp snbvxp. tpm_vkv acn- p- -Xn\v HcmgvN apºv HIvtSm-_ A n-\m-bn-cp p Ah-km\w C hyp \S-Øn-b-Xv. 2012- sf Ãohv: Z _p v Hm^v tpm_vkv F t]cn ]pd-øn-d- m-\m-bn-cp p BZyw Dt±-in- ncp- -Xv. ]n o-smwv 24- \v ]pkvxiw ]pd- Øn-d- n-b-xv. (Ãohv tpm_vkns 2005- se {]i-kvx-amb Ãm t^muv _nkn-\kv kviqfn v \S-Ønb Isa kvsa v kv]o v t]pv 10 ImWp-I)

kmº-øni hf {]Xo aßp p 7 Ah-km\w [\-Im-cy-a-{ -e-bhpw C ybpss kmº-øni hf aßp- -Xmbn C y Id v A u v kω-xn- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. F p ix-am-\- Øn\p api-fn hf t\sp-sa v Dd p ]d- n-cp [\-Im-cy-a-{ m-e-bhpw [\- a-{ nbpw A{Xbpw hf Ct m-gsø ÿn-xn-bn {]Xo- n- m-\m-in-s v A`n- {]m-b-s - n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. \S- p-h jw kmº-øni hf {]Xo- n- p- -Xn-t\- mƒ tami-am-bn-cn- p-sa pw Db p \nev p \mwy-s -cp- hpw D-b-cp ]en-i-\n-c pw C y-bpss hf F p ix-am-\-øn\p Xmtgbv v FØn- psa pw [\-a{ n {]W_v apj Pn Bi- -s -Sp- p. _P v ka-bøv 9 ix-am\w hf -bmwv apj Pn {]Xo- n- n-cp- -Xv. BtKmf-k-º-ZvL-S\ Xf -bn-emsw- nepw C y kº-zvl-s\ \S- ph jw F p ix-am\w hf -t\-sp-sa v {][m-\-a{ n Bfl-hn-izmkw {]I-Sn- n- p- p. {lkz-im-e-tøbv v \mwy-s -cp w henb sh -hn-fn-bmbn XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. ti{µ-k m-cn\pw dnk hv _m n\pw CsXmcp sh p-hn-fn-x-s -bm-sw pw At±lw ]d-bp- p. G -hp-sam-sp-hn [\-a-{ m-ebw Xbm-dm- nb Ipdn- n ]d-bp- Xv \S- p-h jw C y Pn Un ]n hf 7.5 ix-am-\øntebv v Xmgp-sa- m-wv. temi-sa-ßp-apff hf m- p-dhv C y-bpss hf sb 7.5 ix-am-\-øn-tebv v XmgvØp-sa v [\-a--{ m-e-b-øns No^v C -twm-an v AssUz-k IuinIv _kp ]d-bp- p. \S- p-h j-øns BZy-Izm -dn kmº-øni hf 7.7 ix-am-\-am-wv. CXm- Is 6 Izm -dp-i-fnse G hpw Ipd hf -bm-wn-xv. 2010-11- 8.5 ix-am\w hf t\sn-bn-cp- p. hm jni hf 7.5 ix-am-\-øn-tebv v Xmgp-I-sb p h m hcpw Izm dp-i-fnse hf 7.5 ix-am-\-øn\v Xmtgbv v \oßp-sa- m-wv. F p ix-am\w hf t\s-w-sa- n ASpØ Izm -dp-i-fn hf F p ix-am-\-øn-tebv v \oß-ww. Ah-km-\sØ c p Izm -dp-iƒ km[m-cw BZy-c p Izm -dp-i-tf- mƒ sa -s -Sp- -Xm-bmWv ap Ime A\p-`-hw. F m CØ-hW Ah-km-\Ø c p Izm -dp-i-fnepw henb {]Xo ths - mwv IuinIv _kp-hns A`n- {]m-bw. BtKmf kmº-øn-im- -co w, \mwy-s -cp w Dƒs -ss-bp-ff \nc-h[n LS- I-ßsf B{i-bn- mwv C y-bpss samøw kmº-øn-i-h-f \ne- p- -sx v\ B-kq-{X-W Ωoj A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. F m-bmepw [\-Im-cy-am- m-ebw hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z\w 2 h j XmgvN-bn hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z\ hf HmK-k- n 4.1 ix-am-\-ambn. F nepw Pqssebn-se 3.8 ix-am-\-tø- mƒ Aev]w sa -am-wv. ap h jw HmK-Ãn-en-Xv 7.35 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. {]Xo- n- -Xn-t\- mƒ hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z\ hf. 4.8 ix-am\w hf -bm-bn-cp p {]Xo- n- n-cp- -Xv. kqnn-i-bn 76 ix-am\w shbn-t Pv Dff am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv taj-e-bnse hf 4.5 ix-am-\-amwv HmK-Ãn. Pqsse-bn-enXv 3.2 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. ap h jw HmK-Ãn 4.7 ix-am-\-hpw. sk]v w-_-dn am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv taj-ebnse hf Ipd-hm-bn-cn- p-sa kpn-\-bmwv F v Fkv _n kn C y ] t knwkv amt\-tpgvkv C suivkv ( ]n Fw sf) \evip kqn\. A qdv Iº- \n-i-fpss CS-bn \S-Ønb k th A\p-k-cn v kqnni sk]v w-_-dn 50.4 ix-am-\-ambn Xmgv n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. HmK-Ãn-enXv 52.6 Dw Pqsse-bn 53.6 Dw Bbn-cp- p. 2009 am n-\p-ti-j-ap-ff G hpw Xmgv t]mbn m-wn-xv. Im n- KpUvkv taj-e-bn h\y-amb hyx-bm-\-amwv kw`-hn- p- -Xv. Cu taj-e-bnse hf Pqsse-bnse 13.7 ix-am-\-øn \n v 3..9 ix-am-\-ambn Xmgv p. I kyq-a taj-e-bnse hf bpw Ipd-bp-I-bm-Wv. HmK-Ãnse hf 3.7 ix-am-\-am-wv. ap h j-anxv 4.6 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. dnk hv _m v XpS -bmbn 12 XhW ]en-i-\n-c- p-iƒ h [n- n- -Xns BLmXw kº-zvl-s-\-bpss ki-e-ta-j-e-i-fnepw {]Xn-^-en p XpS-ßn-bn-cn- p- I-bm-Wv. F m-ta-j-e-bnepw hf m p-d-hns e -W-ßƒ ImWn p XpS-ßn. G{]n HmK-k v Ime-b-f-hnse hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z\ hf ap h jantx Ime-b-f-hnse 8.7 ix-am-\-øn \n v 5.6 ix-am-\-ambn Ipd- p. kmº-øni hf -bpss kqn-i-ß-fn-sem- mb FIvsskkv Xocph hcpam\w sk]v w-_-dn F p ix-am\w Ipd- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. ]Xn-\mdv amksø G hpw G hpw Ipd \ne-bn-emwv CXv. C y kº-zvl-s\ Xf-cp p ÿm]\w amkw (2011) Pn Un ]n hf m {]Xo [\-Im-cy-a-{ m-ebw s^{_p-hcn 9.0% ( kmº-øni k th) Pqsse 8.6% ( [\-a-{ m-ebw t\m v) HIvtSm-_ 8.0-8.2% ( [\-a{ n {]W_v apj Pn) HIvtSm-_ 7.5-8.0 (apjy kmº-øn-tim-]-tz-jvsmhv IuinIv _kp) {][m-\-a{ n HIvtSm-_ 8.0% ]n Fw C F kn* s^{_p-hcn 9.0% Pqsse 8.2% sk]v w-_ 8.0% B _n sf Pqsse 8.0% sk]v w-_ 8.0% ( Xmtgbv v km[y-x-tb-sd) sf Fw F^v Pq 8.2 (2011), 7.8 (2012) sk]v w-_ 7.8 (2011), 7.5 (2012) {Inkn tabv 7.7 8.0% HIvtSm-_ 7.6% ^n n Pqsse 7.9% sk]v w-_ 7.5 8.0% ( Xmtgbv v km[yxtbsd) F v Fkv _n kn HIvtSm-_ 7.4% aquokv HIvtSm-_ 7.5 8.0% * {][m-\-a-{ n-bpss kmº-øni D]-tZ-iI Iu kn Dƒs ss F m GP kn-ifpw C y hf Ipd-bp-sa p IW- m- n-bn-cn- p-ibmwv. F v Fkv _nkn C y hf 7.4 ix-am-\-øn-tebv v Xmgp-sa v IW- m- p-tºmƒ BtKmf td nwkv GP kn 7.5-8 ix-am\w hf -bmwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. {Inkn hf 7.6 ix-am-\-ambn XmgvØn-b-t mƒ dnk hv _m v 8 ixam\w hf -bmwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. Ib- p-axn hf ho pw Ipd p BtKmf kº-zvl-s-\-bnse kw`h hnim-k-ßƒ kω ±w snep-øp- -Xn-\n-Sbnepw C y Ib- p-axn sk]v w-_-dn 36.3 ix-am\w hf t\sn, sk]v w-_- dnse Ib- p-axn hcp-am\w 2480 timsn tumf-dm-wv. bq Fkv, bqtdm-tkm {]iv\- ßƒ n-s-bn-emwv C y Cu hf t\sn-bn- p-f-f-xv. \S- p-h jw Ib- p-axn hcpam\w 29000-30000 timsn tumf-dn FØp-sa v CtXmsS {]Xo hf n- p- v. Ign kmº-øni h j-øn Ib- p-axn hcp-am\w 24500 timsn tumf-dm-bn-cp- p. HmK-Ãnse hf 44.2 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. Cd- p-axn17.2 ix-am\w hf -tbmss 3460 timsn tumf-dn-se-øn. hym]-c- Ωn 980 timsn tumf-dm-wv. G{]n sk]v w-_ Ime-b-f-hn Ib- p-axn hcpam\w 52.1 ix-am\w h [-\-tbmss 16000 timsn tumf-dm-bn- p- v. ap h j-tø- mƒ ani hf t\sn-bn- p-s - nepw Htcm amkhpw hf Ipd p hcn-i-bm- Wv. BtKmf kº-zvl-s-\-bpss {]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wn-Xv. Cd- p-axn Cu Ime-b-f-hn 32.4 ix-am\w h [-\-tbmss 23350 timsn tumfdm-bn. hym]m-c- Ωn 7350 timsn tumf-dm-wv. \S - p-h jw hym]m-c- Ωn 15000 timsn tumf-dm-ip-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. CXp hfsc Db Xpw Bi- -bp- W Øp- -Xp-am-sW- -Xn kwi-b-an-. F Pn-\o-b-dnwKv (103 ix-am-\w), s]t{sm-fnbw DXv]- -ßƒ ( 53 ix-am-\w), spw B Uv Pz dn (23 ix-am-\w), sdun-tabvuv Km a vkv (32 ix-am-\w), assd DXv]- -ßƒ ( 48 ix-am-\w), acp v (33 ix-am-\w) XpS-ßn-bh ani hf -bmwv t\sn-b-xv. B{^n-, em n Ata-cn, Gjy taj-e-i-fn-te-bv p-ff Ib- p-axn h [n- -Xneq-sS-bmWv C ybv v hf \ne-\n Øm km[n- n- p-f-f-xv.

8 ]WsØ _lp-am-\n- pi Ata-cn- -bnse {]i-kvx-amb kuøv shãv Fb sse knse ^vssf v A U v bm{x- m-tcmsv ]d- -Xmbn ti n- p- v. "\nßƒ v ]pi-h-en- Wsa p txm- p- p-sh- n Zb-hmbn ]pd-øn-dßn Nnd-In Ibdn \n pi F n v Rßƒ DSs\ Xs ]pd-øn-d- m t]m-ip tkm hnxv Zv hn Uv F kn\n-a-bnse lotdm-bm-hpi.' ]pih-en- m-\p AS-ßmØ Xn p-ap- A\p-`-h-s -Sp Bƒ t]mepw Cu {]kvxmhw tiƒ p-tºmƒ Nncn pt]mipw. tim ]-td v Poh-\- mcn F{X -t] v B \ a-t_m-[-aps v Rm Btem-Nn- n- p v. {]txy- In v ]W-an-S-]mSp Imcy-ß-fn. s{]muiv j, am - nw-kv, F v.-b. apxemb hip- p-i-fnse Poh-\- m p \ at_m[w t]mepw Ahn-S-ß-fnse A u vkv skivj\nse Poh-\- m p- m-bn-cn- n-. N{µ-\n-te v tdm - -b-bv p- -Xn-s\- mƒ Kuc-h-ØnemWv A u vkv Poh-\- m s]cp-amdp-i. C{X-b-[nIw "I\-s ' apjhp-ambn Ign-bp as mcp Iq B.-B Uv Un. hn`m-k-øn-ep -h-cm-wv. Bt]- n-im-kn- m w I p ]nsn- p-tºmƒ km m F Ão t]mepw C{X Kuchw Im n-bncn- n-. izmkw hnsmsx Ccn- p- -Xv. ]Ww F m kaq-l-ønepw kwkvim-c-øns {]XoIw IqSn-bm-Wv. {Ib-hn-{I-b-Øns ioe-amwv \ΩpsS ssibn-ep ]Ww. \mep N{Iw ssibn n n-bm AX-t mƒøs sne-hm- n-øo -Øn-s - n Hcp kam- [m-\-hp-an- m-ø-hcp- v. ssibn ]Wan-t, PohnXw kpjw F -XmWv AhcpsS kn m- w. At m-gt Btcm-sS- nepw ISw hmßm ] q F v Ah tnmzn- pw. Cu at\m-`m-hap -h v A[nIw at\m-k-ω ±w ImWm-dn-. Cws]m- -kn v NnIn n- m hcp hsc- p-dn v {]ikvx at\m-tcm-khn-z-kv[-\mb tum. F. {]`m-i-c ]dbp-am-bn-cp- p, tumivs v AºXp cq] I kƒt -j ^o simsp- m Ahcn `qcn-`mkw t] pw ]nip- mbncn p-sa- v. ]W-tØm-Sp-ff Cu ]nip- v Ah-cpsS Cws]m- kn-bpss {]Xn- ^-e\-amsw- v. A ]Xp ss]k hgn-bn InS p In p-i-bm-sw- n \nß-sf p snøpw? FSpØp t]m nen-sp-tam, AtXm FSpØv sxm -SpØp \n p Bfns\ G ]n- ptam? an - gpw kmlncy-\njvt-am-bn-cn pw s]cp-am- w, At? AXmb-Xv, a mcpw ImWp- n-s - n FSpØp Cws]m- -kn v NnIn n- m hcp hsc- pdn v {]ikvx at\m-tcm-k-hn-z-kv[-\mb tum. F. {]`m-i-c ]d-bp-am-bn-cp- p, tumivs v AºXp cq] I kƒt -j ^o simsp- m Ahcn `qcn-`mkw t] pw ]nip- m-bncn p-sa- v. ]WtØm-Sp-ff Cu ]nip- v Ah-cpsS Cws]m- knbpss {]Xn-^-e\-amsW- v. ]Whpambn _ -s Imcy-ßfn F m-hcpw hfsc Kuc-h-{]-Ir-Xn-bm- Wv. as p snøp-tºmgpw Ifn Xami ]d-bp Bƒ t\ms -Æp-tºmƒ hm Xpd- n-. apjsø t]in-iƒ hen p apdp- Ipw. sx n-bm Ft m henb ]m]w snbvx-xp t]mse-bm-ipw. ]W-tØmSp am{xw \ap-s m-wn-ß-s\? ]WsØ p-dn v Kuc-h-amtb kwkm-cn- mhq F mwv \ΩpsS [mc-w. ImcWw ]Ww Aaq-ey-amb Hcp hkvxphmwv an -h pw. a p ]e hkvxp- sf-t m-se ck-i-c-ambn AsX-Sp- m \ap- m-hn-. Hcp cq] A\m-h-iy-ambn B pw simsp- m \ap- n-jvs-a-. c pw ssibpw Imep-an- mø Hcp ]mhøn\v A ]Xp ss]k `n simsp- m F{X asn-bm-wv. AtX-k-abw ISbn Ibdn s]mtdm- bpw Nn ss{^bpw hmßn- -gn v \qtdm \q - ºtXm simsp- m bmsxmcp asn-bp-an- Xm\pw. ]e-t mgpw ]W-sØ- p-dn p thhemxn {]I-Sn- n- p- -h-cn ]ecpw tlm en I-b-dn-bm ksπ-b sim p h p Xcp _n- n FgpXn-b XpI icnbmtwm F v t\m m Xbm-d-. Aßs\ Iq n- n-gn p t\m p- Xv Ft m Ipd- n-em-sw- mwv Ah-cpsS hnnm-cw. AØcw kµ `-ß-fn ]WsØ DZm-ko-\-ambn ssiimcyw snøp BfmWv t\ms -Æp-tºmƒ t]m n-en-spw. A ]Xp s]k-sb- n A ]Xp ss]k. AXp-sIm-s m pw t\sm-\-. ]t ]WsØ _lp-am-\n- -W-at m F v kzbw \ymbo-i-c-w-hpw. AX-hnsS InS- -s, a m-sc- nepw hs - SpØp sim p s]mbv-s m- s F F{X-t] v Nn n- m-\mipw? \Ω-fXv FSp- p- n-s p hnnm-cn- p-i. AºXv ss]k v AºXp cq]-bpss hne-bp B s - n-ep-amwv AXp In p- -sx- ntem? CXnse icnbpw sx pw N snøp- I-b Rm. kaq-l-øns kmwkvimcn-i-x-bpss H -\-h[n {]Xo-I-ßƒ ]W- Øn A ln-x-a-sw p ]d-bp-i-bmbn-cp- p. 1960- em-wv. F\n- v F p hbv. Rßƒ hms-ibv p Xma-kn- pibmwv. sxm -SpØp Xs -bmwv hosns DS-a-ÿcpw. \m nse [\m-vy-. Hgn-hp-Znh-k-ß-fn ]I ka-bøv Ahn-SpsØ Ip n-i-fp-ss IqsS Rm Ifn- m t]mipw. A\n-b Ip- v, sim p- Ip- v, hnp-b Ip v F n-ßs\ Ip v tn ØmWv Ahn-SpsØ Ip n-isf Rßƒ kwt_m-[\ snøp-i. H-cp- Zn-hkw, hnp-b Ip- p-samøv Ifn nbnsbn Np n-øn-cn-bp-tºmƒ F\n-s mcp amkni In n. Un -IvS amkni. Un IvSohv- -ss{iw IY-Iƒ p- am{x-ambn A p- m-bn-cp- amkn-i-bmwv Un -IvS. A\p- P Xncp-hm- p-f-øn-s bpw ]c-am-c-bpssbpw tisb-sωt bpw a pw Un -IvSohv IY-Iƒ A -Sn p hcp amkn-i. IuXp- I-tØmsS B ]gb amkn-i-sb-spøv Rm ho n sim p t]mbn. kabw In n-b-t mƒ AXv Xpd p hmbn m XpS-ßn. Aßs\ t]pp-iƒ adn p hcptºm-gp v, t]pp-iƒ n-s-bn Hcn-SØv Hcp H -cq-] -t\m v Ccn- p- p. icn pw {Xn -Sn p t]mbn Rm. F p-n-ø-w-sa- -dn-bmø A -em- v. B t\m v ssibnsesp-øp. Iptdt\cw a\- n ]e Xc-Øn-ep hnnm-c-ß-fm-bn-cp- p. Cu t\m v CXn-\p- n h Xv B ho p- Im Adn- n- mtwm? AtXm AdnbmsX ] n-t m-b-xmtwm? F p-h-b- p-im-c-\mb Fs ssibn Hcp cq] I m AΩbpw A \pw F p ]d-bpw. AhtcmSp ]d-bmsx Cu cq] sim v h Xpw hmßn- msa p h m AXp ]nsn- -s - Spw. A v \me-wbv v (C-cp-]-Ø p ss]k v) \qdp aøn In p Ime-am- Wv. sship-t cw hsc B cq] \n dns t]m n Øs C p-sim p \S- p. HSp-hn AΩsb G ]n- p. Cu cq] Fhn-sS-\n p In n F v AΩ tnmzn- p. A p-dsø ho n InS Un -IvSdn \n p In n F p Rm ]d p. Rms\-hn-sS-\n pw tamjvsn- -X-s v AΩbv v Dd- p- m-bn-cp- p. AXp-sIm v hgt m Xt m In n-bn-. B cq] AΩ F p snbvsx v F\n- -dn-bn-. hnpb Ip- ns AΩ-bpsS ssibn Øs sim p simspøp ImWWw. F m-bmepw AºXp h jßƒ p tijhpw B H cq]m t\m v (Hcp Imcy-hp-an-s - n-epw) CS-bv nss Fs th -bm-sp- p- v. Rms\- n-\mwv A cq] AΩsb G ]n- Xv? F\n- -dn-bmw, Aß-s\-b- msx s]cp-am-dm F\n- m-hn-. as mcm-fm-bn-cp-s - n Nne-t mƒ B cq] hnp-b Ip- n-s\tbm Ahs AΩsbtbm t\cn v G ]n-t -s\. As - n B amkn-i-bn Øs XncnsI h v amkni ]g-b- ÿm-\øp sim p sn ph-bv p-am-bn-cp- n-cn- pw. thtd Nnecm-bncp-s - n B ]W-sa-SpØv A tam ]elm-ctam hmßn- -gn-t -s\. Fs kzxzsø cq]s -Sp-Øn-s m p hcp kmwkv-im-cn-ixbmwv Fs s m v Aßs\ snøn- -Xv. al-ø-c-ambn ]WsØ kvt\ln- p-ibpw _lp-am-\n- p-ibpw snøp [mcmfw t]cp v \ap p Np pw. Ah Atßm p {]I-Sn- n- p _lp-am-\-øn- \-\p-k-cn v ]Ww ho pw Ah-cpsS ap n Ipan p IqSpw. Ah v ]W- Øn\v Hcp _p n-ap- p-ap- m-in-. AXmWv ]W-Øns {]Ir-Xw. ]WsØ _lp-am-\n- m ]-Tn- p-i. ]Whpambn _ -s Imcy-ß-fn F m-hcpw hfsc Kuc-h-{]-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. as p snøp-tºmgpw Ifn Xami ]d-bp Bƒ t\ms -Æp-tºmƒ hm Xpd- n-. apjsø t]in-iƒ hen p apdp-ipw. sx n-bm Ft m henb ]m]w snbvx-xp t]msebm-ipw. ]W-tØmSp am{xw \ap-s m-wn-ß-s\?

9 _m v tkh-\-ß-fpss Ie-h-d-bmbn F Sn Fw `qcn-] w t]tcbpw kw_- n- n-s-tømfw F Sn Fw F Xv ]Ww ]n h-en- p- - Xn-\p-ff Hcp kwhn-[m\w am{x-am-wv. _m v Iu -dn FØn Iyq \nev msx s]s p ]W-sa-SpØp t]mip-hm-\p-ff Hcp kwhn-[m-\w. AXn \n v A u- nse XpIbpw Bh-iy-sa- n an\n tã vsa pw FSp- mw A{X-X-s. XpS- -Øn AXp am{x-ambn-cp p _m p-ifpw a pw F Sn FΩp-sIm p Dt±-in- n-cp- -Xv. F m Imew amdn-b-txmss F Sn Fw sim p-h-cp- tkh-\-ß-fpss FÆw Zn\w {]Xnh [n- p-i-bm-wv. {_m vsekv _m v F I sk]v v icn pw {]mh Øn-I-amhp-I-bm-Wv. \nc-h[n aqey-h [nx tkh-\-ß-fmwv C v F Sn Fw hgn e`n- p- -Xv. F sf kn {]oanbw AS-bv mw, Id v Nm Pv AS-bv mw, samss_ t^m donm Pv \S-Ømw, s{iun v Im Uv t]sa v \S-Ømw, ^ v {Sm kv^ snømw, \nip-xn-b-sbv mw... XpSßn snøm-hp kwk-xn-i-fpss ] ni \ofp-i-bm-wv. F m C m-cy-sø- p-dn v Adn-bp-Ibpw AXp-]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snøp h Ipd-hm-Wv. t^m donm Pv F Sn Fw D]-tbm-Kn v samss_ t^m donm Pv snøp- Xv Fß-s\-sb p t\m mw. F Sn FΩn IS v F Sn Fw Im tum su_n v Im tum CSp-I. ]n sss v snøp-i. XpS v t]sa v Hm]vj- sxc-s -Sp- p-i. At mƒ kv{io\n donm Pv Hm]vj sxfnbpw. 91s\Øp-S v t^m \-º sss v snøp-i. F{X cq]- bv mtwm donm Pv snøp- Xv AXv sss v snbvxv k_van v {]kv snøp-i. XpS v GXv A u v ( tkhnw-kv, As - n Id v) sxc-s -Sp- p-i. XpS v Im Uv donm Pv snbvxpthm C tbm F hnhcw kv{io\n sxfn-bpw. donm Pv snbvxv hnhcw Fkv Fw Fkv hgn e`n- p-ibpw snøpw. s{iun v Im Uv t]sa v s{iu v Im Uns _n p-iƒ F Sn Fw hgn su_n v Im Uv D]-tbm-Kn v ASbv p-hm km[n- pw. s{iun v Im Upw su_n v Im Upw Hcp _m ns BsW- nte Cu kuicyw e`n- p-i-bp-f-fp. CXv Xma-kn-bmssX Xs amdn GXp s{iun v Im Un\pw AS-bv m-hp ÿnxn hcp Imcw hnzq-c-ø-. AS-b- p XpI sss v snbvxp Ign- m At mƒ Xs s{iun v Im Uv A u- n-tebv v ]Ww ASn v hnh-c-øn- \p-ff ckoxv e`n- pw. CXv ^okv C msx snøp-hm km[n- pw. Iu -dp-iƒ hgn CX-S- m Nne _m p-iƒ sndnb ^okv CuSm- p- p- v. bq n-en n _n p-iƒ _n p-iƒ AS-bv p-hm Iyq \nev p Imcyw Btem-Nn- mt\ hø. Ct mƒ ]e bq n-en n Iº-\n-Ifpw _n p- Iƒ F Sn Fw hgn AS-bv p-hm-\p-ff kwhn- [m\w Hcp- n-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. sshzypxn _n, t^m _n, C jp-d kv {]oanbw XpS-ßn-b-h-sbms F Sn Fw hgn ASbv mw. Nne _m p-iƒ CXn-\mbn _n Fkv F F, Fw S F F, Kymkv GP kn- Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpambn Icm-dp-Iƒ D m- nbn- p- v. CØ-c-Øn _n AS-bv p- -Xn\v 0.5-1 ix-am\w UnkvIu pw D]-tbm- m- ƒ v e`n- pw. Ct mƒ Nne sxc-s - SpØ \K-c-ß-fn-emWv Cu tkh\w e`n- p- -sx nepw Xma-kn-bmsS C y-bn-sem- msi Cu kuicyw e`n- pw. kmt -Xn-Ihn-Zy-bpsS hf A{X-bv m-wv. \nip-xn-bshv F Sn F hgn \nip-xn-b-s-bv p- -Xn\v _m p-i-fpss sh_vssk- n su_n v Im Uv cpn-ã snø-ww. AtX-t]mse ]m, SmIvkv UnU-Ivj A u v \º ( Sm ) F nhbpw \evi-ww. Hcn- cpn- Ã snbvxp Ign- m F Sn Fw hgn ]Ww AS-bv mw. AS-bv p XpI A u- n \n v Ipd-bv p-ibpw AXns ckoxv {]txyi \º klnxw ( Fkv sf F 0 e`n- p-ibpw snøpw. Cu kn \º _m n\vsd sh_vssk- n \evinb sn m Uu temuv snbvsx-sp- mw. \nipxn dnt ka n- p-tºmƒ Cu kn AXn \evi-ww. At] m t^mapw Syqj ^okpw Ct mƒ Nne {]apj hnzym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ F Sn Fw hgn At] m t^mw ^o,-syq-j ^okv XpS-ßnb AS-bv p-hm kui-cy-sam-cp- n-bn- p- v. Ct mƒ sxc-s -Sp- -s _m p-i-fn-emwv Cu kui-cy-ap-f-f-xv. BZy-ambn CXn-\mbn cpn- Ã snø-ww. cpn-kvt{s-j Hcn- \S- s]cn-kvtim v Øn-bm axn. ]Ww AS p Ign- m AXns ckoxv kq n p hbv p-hm ad-t -. sdbn th Sn v sdbn th, Fb sse Iº\n XpSßn-b-h-bp-ambn Icm h n-cn- p _m p- I-fpsS F Sn FΩp-I-fn Sn v Nm Pv AS-bv p-hm-\p-ff kuicyw e`y-am-wv. FSnFΩn ]W-a-S v Sn pw hmßn Xncn- p-t]m-imw. ^ v {Sm kv^ Hcp _m nse Hcm-fpsS ]e A u- p-iƒ XΩn F Sn Fw hgn]ww {Sm kv^ snøm Nne _m p-ifv kuicyw e`y-am- n-bn- p- v. ]tømfw si.-b.-_n-pn-tam A u- p-iƒ XΩn Cßs\ _ n- n- p-hm-\p-ff kuicyw e`y-am- n-bn- p- v. sf kn sfkn sf _m v {]Xn-Zn\w 1 e w cq] hsc {Sm kv^ snøm A\p-h-Zn- pw. Hmtcm _m n\pw Ah-cp-tS- Xmb ]cn-[n-i-fp- v. F^v Un Bcw-`n mw _m v imj-bn t]mimxw sn v Fgp-XmsX ^nivkvuv Unt m-kn v F Sn Fw hgn Bcw-`n- p-hm-\p-ff kuicyw sf kn sf kn sf _m v e`y-am- n-bn- p- v. Atß-b w 990 Znh-k-tØ-bv p-ff F^v UnbmWv A\-h-Zn- p-i.. F Sn Fw Im Uv C v ]n sss v snbvxxn\p-tijw Hm F^v Un F _ -Wn {]kv snøp-i. XpS v F^v Un GXp Ime-b-f-hn-tebv m-sw- -Xn {]kv snøp-i. 390, 590, 990 F o aq p Imem-h-[n- p-ff F^v Un \nt -]- Hm]vj-\p-I-fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. CXn Bh-iy-ap-f-fXv sxc-s -SpØm axn. DS Xs I t^-a-j ckoxpw In pw. Unt m-kn v \SØn Ggp Znh-k-Øn-\Iw F^v UnbpsS cknxv e`n- pw. 20000 cq] apx 49999 cq] hsc-bmwv F Sn Fw hgn \nt -]n- p-hm km[n- p-i. kw`m-h-\bpw \evimw Poh-Im-cpWy {]h Ø-\-ßƒ p kw`m-h\ snøm\pw F Sn Fw hgn kuicy-ap- v. Fkv _n sf t]mep-ff Nne _m p-i-fmwv CXn\ kui-cy-sam-cp- n-bn- p-f-f-xv. Hdo-k, _olm -ap-jy-a-{ n-am-cpss dneo^v ^ n-tebv v F Sn Fw D]-tbm- Kn v XpI kw`m-h\ snømw. XpI kw`mh\ snbvx-xns ckoxpw In pw. AXv \nipxn dnt \evip-tºmƒ D]-tbm-Kn- mw. tem A u v At\z-j-Ww, Xncn- -S-bv m-\p-ff XpI, sf Sn k n-^niv v XpS-ßn-b-h-sb mw F Sn Fw hgn \-S-Ømw. sn v _p v At]-, samss_ _m nwkv cpn-kvt{s-j, C s\ v cpnkvt{s-j XpS-ßnb sshhn-[y-am Bhiy-ßƒ F Sn Fw hgn \n h-ln- p-hm km[n- pw. Cu tkh-\-ß _m p-iƒ txmdpw hyxym-k-am-bn-cn- pw. F nepw Hmtcm Znh-khpw _m p-iƒ ]pxnb tkh- \-ßƒ F Sn FΩntebv v tn Øp-sIm- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Xma-kn-bmsX tlm _p nw-kv, {Smh, F ss-bv sa-\vdv, tkmjy s\ vh nwkv XpS-ßnb tkh-\-ßƒ Xmakn-bmsS km[y-am-bn-øo-cpw. Npcp Øn F Sn Fw Xs D]-tbm- m-hns _m v imj-bmbn amdp-i-bm- Wv.

10 You've got to find what you love' (This is a speech that Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple, a year after he was first diagnosed with cancer, gave at Stanford University in 2005 for the graduation commencement. In it, Steve recounts three personal stories in which he advocates following your heart and doing what you love. This speech has so much more significance today, because Steve Jobs has died at such a relatively young age (56). It is one of his most quoted speeches and this is destined to be regarded as a classic.it has been described as 'life-changing' and 'careertransforming'. Here we reproduce that text again.) parents promised that I would someday go to college. And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5 deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example: Reed College at that time offered science can't capture, and I found it fascinating. None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had mul- I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories. The first story is about connecting the dots. I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting. It wasn't all romantic. I didn't Steve Jobs 1955-2011 perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that tiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, it's likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.

11 Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life. My second story is about love and loss. I was lucky I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation the Macintosh a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating. I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over. I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle. During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together. I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle. My third story is about death. When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something. Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart. About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes. I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now. This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept: No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true. Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary. When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions. Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. Thank you all very much.

12 {]Xo- -tbmss ]pxp-h j-øn-te v sk]v w-_-dn \n v HIvtSm-_-dn dnth-gvkmbn hn]wn \oßn-sb- nepw \nt -]-I-cpsS Bi- -Iƒ v Ah-km-\-am-bn- n-. h\y-amb hyxn-bm-\-ßƒ n-s-bn HIvtSm-_-dn sk skivkv kqnn-i-bn 777.22 t]mbn n-t bpw \n^v n-bn 230.60 t]mbn n-t bpw t\ -ap- m- n. sk]v w-_-dn bym-{iaw 950 t]mbn pw 300 t]mbn pw CSnhv ImWn- n-cp- p. AXm-bXv sk]v w- _-dnse \jvsw ]q W-ambpw hos -Sp- p-hm Ignbm-sX-bmWv ]pxnb kwhxv 2068- -tebv v hn]wn IS- p- -Xv. BtKmf kmº-øn-i- p-g- -ßfpw {]iv\-ßfpw AtX-t]mse XpS-cp- -Xn-s\m w A`y- c kº-zvl- S-\-bpsS hf Ipd-bp- Xpw hn]-wn-bn ISpØ kω ±-amwv snep-øp- -Xv. Bi- -Iƒ _m n BtKmf kmº-øn-i- p-g- -ßƒ v, {]txy-in v bq-tcm-tkm-wnse {]iv\-ßƒ v, ]cn-lmcw ImWmsX hen p \oßp-i-bm-wv. CXv BtKmf hn]-wn-bn krjvsn- p A\n- n-xxzw C y hn]-wn-tbbpw ]nt m v hen- p-i-bm-wv. hn]-wnsb am{x-a kº- ZvL-S-\-bnse hf -bpss thkhpw Ipd-bv p- p. Unt^mƒ ns h n-tebv v \oßp {Kokns\ AXn \n v c n- p-hm Dd p Xocp-am\w FSp- phm bqtdm-tkm-wnse t\xm- ƒ v Ign-bp- n-s - - XmWv {]iv\w. AXn-\p-th n ]Ww aps- p-hm kº- -cm-py-ßƒ Xbm-dm-s - -XmWv hkvxp-x. hmbv sim p ]d-bp-ibpw {]h Øn- m-xn-cn- p-ibpw snøp ssien-bmwv bqtdm-]y t\xm- ƒ ImWn- p- -Xv. In p-i-bn- mø ISw simsp- p-hm Hcp cmpyhpw Xb-dm-hp- n F -Xp-Xs Imc-Ww. F nepw Nne Xocq-am-\-ß-fn-tebv v bqtdm cmpy-ßƒ \oßp- -sh hm Ø-I-fmWv HIvtSm-_ c mw ]Ip- Xn-bn hn]-wn v Icp-tØ-In-b-Xv. hf bv p thkw Ipd- p-sh- nepw bp Fkv AXns G hpw tamiamb Ahÿ XcWw snbvxp-sh hnen-b-cp-øepw hn]-wn v Du P-am-bn. {]iv\-am-ip \mwy-s -cp w \mwy-s -cp- -amwv {]iv\w. Ign c p h jambn \mwy-s -cp w Db-cp-I-bm-Wv. F m \S-]-Sn-Itfbpw Ah-K-Wn- p-sim v Hcp h j-ambn 9 ix-am-\- Øn\p api-fn \mwy-s -cp w Xº-Sn- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. CXv hf-cp kº-zvl-s-\sb kw_- n- n-s-tømfw kl-\o-b-a-. CXv 5 6 ix-am-\-øn-tebv v Xmgvt ] q. 2012 am t mss \mwy-s -cp w 7 ix-am-\-øntebv v Xmgp-sa v C -twm-aniv A^-tbgvkv sk{i- dn B tkm]m-e hne-bn-cp-øp- p. Ct m-gsø \mwy-s -cp w hfsc Db Xm-sW pw AXv kln- p-hm km[n- p-i-bn-s pw At±lw ]d-bp- p. sk]v w-_-dn \mwy-s -cp w 9.72 ix-am-\-ambn. HmK-Ãnse 9.78 ix-am-\-tø- mƒ t\cnb Ipd-hp am{xta D m-bn- p-f-fp. F- m ` y-]-w-s -cp w G - hp-sam-sp-hn HIvtSm-_ -F- n\v Ah-km-\n hmc-øn ` y-hn-e-s -cp w 10.6 ix-am-\-am-wv. ap hm-c-øn-enxv 9.41 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. kº-zvl-s-\-bnse LS-\m-]-c-amb {]iv\-ß-fmwv Ct m-gsø \mwy-s -cp h [-\bv v Imc-W-sa v Hcp hn`mkw C -twm-an-ãp-ifpw A\-en-Ãp-Ifw Icp- Xp- p. kv]ssf {]iv\-ß-fmwv \mwy-s -cp- -Øns apjy-im-c-ww. bym Y hcp-am-\-øn-ep- m-ip h [\ Unam v h [n- n- p-i-bm-sw pw Ah A`n-{]m-bs -Sp- p. dnk hv _m pw ]en-i-\n-c pw kmº-øn-i-h-f -tb- mƒ \m-wy-s -cp w Aa snøp- -Xn-\m-Wv ap Xq- -sa v Bh Øn p ]d-bp dnk hv _m v 2010 am n-\p-tijw ]Xnaq mw Xh-W dnt]m, dnthgvkv \nc- p-iƒ h [n- n- n-cn p-i-bmwv. CtXmsS dnt]m \nc- v 8.50 ix-am- \hpw dnthgvk dnt]m \nc v 7.50 ix-am-\hpw Bbn Db n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Ct mƒ Xs Xf -bn-tebv v \oßnb kº-zvl-s-\sb dnk hv _m ns \S-]Sn ho pw Xf Øp-sa v hyh-km-b-ta-j-ebpw Hcp Hmlcn hn]wn tpmbn ^nen v hn`mkw A\en-Ãp-Ifpw A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. F m hf Ipd- -txmss ]en-i-\n-c v h [-\bv v GXm v Ah-km-\n- n- p-i-bm-sw kqn\ \evin-b-txmss Hmlcn hn]wn t]mko- ohmbn {]Xn-I-cn- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. dnk hv _m ns ]eni Db Ø {]Jym-]-\-sØ-Øp-S v sk skivkv kqnni 315 t]mbn pw \n^v n 93 t]mb p-amwv Db -Xv. \mwy-s -cp w Db m ]en-i-\n-c pw Dbcpw. AXv temi-sø-hn-tsbpw Aß-s\-bmWv F - Xmbncp p dnk hv _m- ns CXp-h-sc-bp-ff \ne- ]m-sv. hf m {]Xo aßp p C y-bpss kmº-øni hf t\csø {]Xo- n- n-cp- -Xp-t]mse hf-cp-hm CSn-bn-s v [\-a{ n {]W_v apj Pn Xs A-`n-{]m-b-s - n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. _P- n e y-an- n-cn- p 4.6 ix-am\w [\-IΩn t\sphm sh p--hn-fn-iƒ Gsd-bp-s pw At±lw Iq nt p- p. hni-knx cmpy-ßfnse ti{µ _m p-if p s S Ab ]W-\bw Fa PnwKv cmpy-ß-fn ]W-s cp w D m- p-i-bmsw pw At±lw ]d-bp p. [\-IΩn e yw t\spi {]bm-k-amsw v {][m-\-a- { n-bpss kmº-øni D]-tZ-iI Iu kn snb am cwk-cm- P\pw t\csø A`n-{]m-b-s - n-cp- p. \S- p-h jw kmº-øni hf {]Xo- n- p- - Xn-t\- mƒ tami-am-bn-cn- p-sa v [\-a{ n {]W_v apj Pn A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. Db p \nev p \mwys -cp- hpw D-b-cp ]en-i-\n-c pw C y-bpss hf F p ix-am-\-øn\p Xmtgbv v FØn- p-sa v At±lw Bi- -s -Sp- p. _P v ka-bøv 9 ix-am\w hf -bmwv apj Pn {]Xo- n- n-cp- -Xv. Unkw-_ apx \mwy-s -cp w Ipd p XpS-ßp-sa- mwv At±l-Øns {]Xo-. temi-_m- ns G hpw HSp-hn ]pd-øp-hn C y C -twm-aniv A]vtU- n C y h-f ASpØ c p h j- m-eøv 7 8 ix-am-\-am-bn-cn- psa v A`n-{]m-b-s p. Db \mwy-s -cp- hpw I i-amb ]W-\-b-hp-amWv CXn\v Imc-W-ambn temi-_m v Nq n- m- p- -Xv. 2011-12 h j-øn C y kmº-øni hf 7.9 ix-am-\-am-bn-cn- p-sa v sk t^m tamwn- -dnwkv C y C -twmanbpss ( kn Fw sf C) G -hpsam-sp-hn-esø hne-bn-cp-ø-en ]d-bp- p. t\csø F p ix-am\w hf -bmwv sk IW- m- n-bn-cp- -Xv. hyh-km-b-ta-j-e-bn-tebpw Im jn-i-ta-j-e-bntebpw hf Ipd- -XmWv kmº-øni hf sb _m[n- p- -sx v sk ]d-bp- p. XpS -bmb ]en-i-\nc v h [-\, kmº-øni ]cn-jvim-c-ß-fpss Ipdhv XpS-ßn-b-hbv p ]pdta Zp _-e-amb BtKm-f-k-º-ZvL-S-\-bpw \S- p-h j-øn C y hf sb 7.5 ix-am-\-øn-tebv v XmgvØpsa v td nwkv GP kn-bmb {Inkn hnen-bn-cp-øp- p. tabv amk-øn \S-Ønb hne-bn-cp-ø-en 7.7-8 ix-am\w hf -bmwv IW- m- n-bn-cp- -Xv. 2010-11- 8.5 ix-am\w hf C y t\sn-bn- p- v. ^n v td nwkv GP kn C y-bpss kmº-øni hf \nc v {]Xo ]pxp n \n -bn- p. \S- ph jw C y-bpss hf 7.5 ix-am-\-am-bn-cn- p-sa- mwv G hpw HSp-hn-esØ dnt m n ]d-bp- -Xv. \mwy--s -cp- hpw ]en-i-\n-c- nse h [-\-bp-amwv Imc-W-ß-fmbn Ah Nq n- m- p- -Xv. C y hf 7.7 ix-am-\-am-bn-cn- p-sa- mwv ^n v t\csø IW- m- n-bn-cp- -Xv. BtKmf kmº-øni hf 3.1 ixam-\-øn \n v 2.6 ix-am-\-øn-tebv pw Ah ]pxp- n-bn- p- v. C y kmº-øni hf \S- p-h jw F p ix-am-\-øn\p Xmsgtb hf t\sp-i-bp-f-fp-sh v kn n {Kq v A`n-{]-b-s -Sp- p. sss v ]W-\-b-amWv hf Ip-d-bp-hm Imc-W-sa pw kn n {Kq v ]d-bp- p. kn n {Kq v 7.6 ix-am\w hf -bmwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m-z\w Ipd-bp p Iq\n-t Ipcp-sh- -Xp-t]mse hymh-km-bn-tim- Xv]m-Z\hpw am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkpw Xf -bn-em-wv. HmKk- n 4.1 ix-am-\-ambn Ipd- p. ap h j-antx Imeb-f-hn-enXv 7.35 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. hymh-km-kn-tim-xv]m- Z\ kqnn-i-bn 76 ix-am\w shbn-t Pv Dff am\p-^m- IvN-dnwKv taje HmK-Ãn 4.5 ix-am\w hf t\snbn- p- v. Pqsse-bn-enXv 2.5 ix-am-\-am-bncp- p. C- y-bpss am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv hf 30 amksø G hpw XmgvN-bn-emsW v F v Fkv _n kn ] t knwkv amt\-tpgvkv C suivkv ]d-bp- p.- sk-]v w-_- dn kqnni 50.4 t]mbn n-em-wv. 2009 am nse 52,6 t]mbn n-\p-ti-j-ap-ff G hpw Ipdhv t]mbn m-wn-xv. t]mbn v 50- \v api-fn hf -sb-bmwv kqnn- n- p- -Xv. AXn\p Xmtgbv v \yq\ hf -tb-bpw. F m Ib- p-axn Aev]w Bizmkw \evip- p. Ib- p-axn hf m-\n-c v Ipd-bp-I-bm-sW- nepw ani hf -bn X-s -bm-wv. Ib- p-axn sk]v w-_-dn 36.3 ix-am\w hf t\sn. hmbv]m hf Db p-xs ]en-i-\n-c v Db-cp-I-bm-sW- nepw hmbv]-bnse hf Db p-xs \nev p-i-bm-wv. sk]v w-_ 30\v hmbv]-bnse hf hm jn-im-sn-ÿm-\-øn 21.4 ixam-\amwv. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hnse hf 20.2 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. 19 ix-am\w hf -bmwv dnk hv _m v e y-an- n-cp- -Xv. \S- p-h j-øns BZy Izm -dn Im jni tajebv v 112731 timsn cq] hmbv] \evin-b-xmbn Im jn- I-a-{ m-ebw Xbm-dm- nb dnt m v ]d-bp- p. \S- ph jw 475000 timsn-cq] Im jni taj-e-bn hmbv]- bmbn \evip-hm-\mwv e y-an- n-cn- p- -Xv. ani a kq e`n- -XmWv hmbv] sa -s -Sp-hm Imc-Ww. Ign h jw 3.75 e w timsn cq] hmbv] e yan ÿm\øv 446779 timsn cq]bp hmbv] \evin-bp-c- p. h [n hmbv]-iƒ Im jn-i-ta-je \S- p-h jhpw ani hf t\sp-sa kqn-\-bmwv \evip- -Xv. c mw Izm ^e-ßƒ Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp- -fpss hne h [-\, sneth-dnb hmbv]-iƒ, h\y-amb hyxn-bm-\-ß-fn-eqss \oßp cq], Db p \nev p \mwy-s -cp- w XpS-ßn-b-h-sb mw C y Iº-\n-I-fpsS am Pn-\n i -amb kω ±Øn-em-gvØn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-sw v c mw Izm ^e-ß-fpss BZy-KUp kqnn- n- p- p. ^ew ]pd-øp-hn 459 Iº-\n-I-fpsS hn p-h-chv 3.8 ix-am\w h [\ ImWn- -t mƒ A m-zm-b-ønse h [-\ 2.47 ix-am-\-am-wv. 2010 Pq Izm -dn ImWn 4.4 ix-am\w A -Zm-b-h-f bv pti-j-ap-ff G -hpw tami-amb {]h Ø-\-^-e-amWv C-Ø-h-W-tØ-Xv. Iº- \n-i-fpss ]eni _m[y-x-bn 10.41 ix-am\w Db ImWn- -t mƒ \nipxn _m[yx 5.2 ix-am\w CSnhv ImWn- p. AXm-bXv tim ]-td v \nipxn hcp-am\øn Kh-s v {]Xo \nd-th- pi {]bm-k-i-c-am-bn-cn- pw. CXv [\-IΩn Db Øpw. Npcp- -Øn `mhnsb pdn v A\n- n-xxzw \ne-\n-ev p-i-bm-wv.

13 hcp-am\hf aµ-k-xn-bn AtX-k-abw [\-IΩn e yw ( 4.6 ix-am-\w) t\spi {]bm-k-am-bn-cn- p-sa v {][m--\-a-{ n-bpss kmº-øni D]-tZ-iI Iu kn snb am kn cwk-cm-p A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. \S- p-h jw 52800 timsn cq] A[n-I-ambn IS-sa-Sp- p-hm Kh-s v Xocp-am-\n- n- p- v. CtXmsS c mw ]Ip-Xn-bn IS-sa-Sp v 2.2 e w timsn cq]-bmbn Db-cpw. kmº-øni hf aµ-k-xn-bn-em-bxv hcp-am-\-h-f sb _m[n- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. CtXm-sSm- -amwv k_vknun XpI h [n- p- -Xv. \S- p-h j-øns BZy Izm -dn {]Xy- -\n-ipxn hcp-am\w 23 ix-am\w h [-\-tbmss 257-042 timsn cq]bn-se-øn. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hn-enXv 208971 timsn cq]-bm-bn-cp- p. F m do^- n-\p-tijw s\ v hcp-am\w 7.18 ix-am\w h [-\-tbmss 194812 timsn cq]-bm-wv. s\ v hcp-am\w hf Ipd-hm-sW- nepw \S- p-h jw e y-an- n-cn- p 5.33 e w timsn cq] hcp-am\w t\sm-\m-ip-sa- mwv BZm-b-\n-IpXn hip- ns {]Xo-.Cu Ime-b-f-hn FIvssk-kv, IÃwkv hcpam\w 20.8 ix-am\w h [-\-tbmss 1.69 e w timsn cq]-bn-se-øn. C y {]I-S\w sa -s -SpØpw 2013- -HmsS C y kmº-øni hf ssn\bv p apºn FØp-sa v BtKmf I kƒ nwkv ÿm]-\-amb GWÃv B Uv bwkv dnt m v ]d-bp- p. 2014- C y Pn Un ]n hf 9 ix-am-\hpw ssn\okv hf 8.6 ix-am-\-hp-ambn-cn- p-sa pw dnt m v IW- m- p p. C ybpss A`y- -c-un-am v Cu hf bv p Du P-am-Ip- -Xv. F m- CXp km[y-am-ipi \mwy-s -cp- sø Aa snøp-hm km[n- m am{xw. Sm m Ãoen\v C y hf -bn hfsc {]Xo- -bm-wp-f-f-xv. kmº-øn-i-hf -bpss thkw Ipd- p-sh- nepw C y hf bmym y-am-sw v Sm Ão No^v ^n\m jy Hm^o-k IuinIv Nm Pn hiz-kn- p- p. \b-]-c-amb Nne {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn- m C y Ct m-gsø kml-n-cy-ønepw {ZpX hf t\spsa v At±lw Icp-Xp- p. BtKmf kº-zvl-s\ Xma-kn-bmsX ts Fdu v BIp-sa v BtKmf I -kƒ v ÿm]-\-amb t{^mãv B Uv kpf-fn-h snb am tuhnuv {^nkvãmuv A`n{]m-b-s -Sp- p. ani ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ap-ff cmpy-ßƒ CXn t\ -ap- m- p-sa pw At±lw ]d-bp- p. C y Iº-\n-Iƒ v hntz-iøv _nkn- \kv hym]n- n- p-hm-\p-ff G hpw \ Ah-k-c-an-Xm-sW pw At±lw Iq n-t p- p. bqtdm-]y su v {]iv\-øns cq X Iqd- n-cn- p-i-bm-sw pw At±lw ]d-bp- p. ASpØ 3 6 amk- m-eøv ani \nt -]m-h-k-c-amwv C y hn]-wn-bn-ep-f-fsx v C\mw skiyq-cn- o-kns h `v _ kmen ]d-bp- p. ]Xp-s -bm-sw- nepw KpWta- -bp-ff hf -bmwv hn]-wn-bn kw`-hn- p-sim- n-cn- p- -sx v At±lw ]d-bp- p. bqtd- n-tebpw bp Fkn-tebpw cmjv{so-bm- -co w ÿncx t\sn-bm temiw IqSp-X sa -s -Spw. CXv hn]-wn-bnepw {]Xn-^-en- p-sa v At±lw ]d-bp- p. Ipd kmº-øn-i-h-f F bmym y-tømss temiw XZm-fly-s p Ign- p. BtKmf hn]wn ÿncx t\sn-bm C y Hml-cn-hn-]Wn a v BtKmf hn]- Wn-I-tf- mƒ ani {]I-S\w ImgvN hbv p-sa v _vfm vkv t m {Kq ns ko\nb amt\-pnwkv Ub-d-IvS ]p\nx Ipam kn l A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. hn]wn t_m w Hu v snbvxp Ign- p. F m ]pƒ _m v dmen-iƒ \ne-\n-ev p-i-bp-an- mø ÿnx-bm-sw v Ah ]d-bp- p. BtKmf hn]wn ÿncxbm Pn- m C y hn]-wn-bn \n 15-20 ix-am\w dnt {]Xo- n- m-sa pw Ah ]d-bp- p. Cu Izm -dn bqtdm pw bp Fkpw ÿnc-x-bpss e -W-ßƒ ImWn- m Fa PnwKv hn]-wn-iƒ ani hf t\sp-sa- mwv Sn tdm ss{]kns am v FtUz-Uvkns A`n-{]m-bw. ASpØ 3 4 amk-øn-\p-f-fn AXn\p km[y-x-bp-s - mwv At±-l-Øns hn-ebn-cp-ø. tamiw Imew Ign p? C y hn]-wn-bpss _ v am v kqnn-i-bmb sk skivkv Xma-kn-bmsS 15800-17200 td n I tkm-fn-tu-j t\sp-sa v BtKmf \nt -]-I-ÿm-]-\- amb sp ]n tam K hne-bn-cp-øp- p. ASpØ c p Izm -dp-i-fn sk skivkv 14800-18900 td n \oßn-tb- p-sa pw sp ]n tam hne-bn-cp-øp- p. Cu [-\- Imcyw h jm-h-km-\-tømss 15 ix-am\w dnt C y hn]-wn-bn \n v km[yam-sw pw sp ]n tam K ]pd-øp-hn dt m n ]d-bp p. [\-Im-cy-tk-h-\w, sl ØvsI-b, ssen-timw, C U-kv{Sn-b tãmivkv F n-h-bn-emwv sa w {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. h jm-h-km-\-tømss BtKmf Hmlcn hn]wn 20 ix-am\tømfw h [\ t\sp-sa v kn n {Kq v A\-en-Ãp-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-øp- p. hn]wn C-t mƒ GXm v 25 ix-am-\-tømfw Npcp-ßn- -gn- p. BtKmf Pn Un ]n hf 2.9 ix-am-\-am-bncn- p-sa- mwv A\-en-Ãp-I-fpsS hn-e-bn-cp-ø. Ch Ipd-hm-sW- n t]mepw 2009 se c p ix-am-\-tø- mƒ sa -amwv. 2012 hn]-wn-iƒ v {]bm-k-i-c-amb h j-am-bn-cn- p-sa v _m v Hm^v Atacn sadn en v bqtdm-]y CIzn n kv{sm Pn sluv t_ A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. Fa PnwKv hn]-wn-i-fn Bi- -bp-w Øp- Xv h [n- p \mwy-s -cp- amwv.\n^v n kqnni 4900 5300 td n-tebv v hogp-ibpw AhnsS I tkm-fn-tuj {ian- p-i-bp-am-sw- mwv B\µv cmyn ^n\m jy k ho-kkv CIzn n skbn kv sluv szhmwkv taø-bpss hn-e-bn-cp-ø. ASpØ _P v hsc \n^v n kqnni 4600-5300 td n \oßp-hm-\mwv km[y- X-sb v sf F B Uv F^v Fkns hn`hv I]q hne-bn-cp-øp- p. BtKm-f- X-e-Øn s_b am v cq]-s - n-cn- p kml-n-cy-øn GXp ka-bøpw hn]wn Xmtgbv p t]mim-sa v At±lw Iq n-t p- p. F m Itam-Un n hne-iƒ Xmgp- Xv Xo -bmbpw sh ntcj-bm-wv. tim, Aep-an-\nbw XpS-ßn-bh-bpsS hne 20-25 ix-am\w CSnhv ImWn- p. {IqtUm-bn-ens hne-bn 10-15 ixam\w hsc CSn-hp- m-bn- p- v. CXv C y hn]-wn v A\p-Iq-e-am-Wv. Kh-s v `mk-øp-\n p IqSp-X \b-]-c-amb am -ßƒ kº-zvl-s-\-bn sim p-h-tc- n-bncn- p- p. hn]-wn-bpss at\m-`m-hsø Db Øp-hm AtX hgn-bp-f-fp-sh v I]q A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. 2011- se Zp:kz]v\-ß-fn \n v BtKmf hn]wn ASpØ h jw ap -a-ipsa v tdmbn- BtKmfXe-Øn \S-Ønb k th-bn ]d-bp p. bqtdm-tkm-wnse Ipg- -ßfpw bp Fkns kmº-øni Xf bpw BtKmf hn]-wnsb A -cm - Øn h w Np n h j-amwv 2011. temi-ønse {]apj Hmlcn kqnn-i-i-sf mw 20 ix-am-\-øn-e-[niw CSnhv ImWn- p. BtKmf hn-]-wn-bn \n v 3.7 e w tumfdmwv A{]-Xy- -am-b-xv. bp Fkv, Hmkvt{S-en-b, {^m kv, P a-\n, P m XpS-ßnb hn]-wn-i-fn \n v ASpØ h jw B ka-bøv Cc- -bjvj dnt t\smsa v tdm-bn- k th ]d-bp- p. hf -tb- mƒ Bfl-hn-izm-k-an- m-bva-bmwv Ct mgsø BtKmf hne-bn-sn-hn\v Imc-W-sa v C Sn FIvkv Im n- -ens P a- skbn kwh-xv- 2068 `mkyamiptam? ]pxnb kwhxv h j-øn-tebv v (Kp-P-dmØn h jw 2068 ) IS- p-i-bmwv. Zo]m-hen {]Im-i-Øns D -h-am-wv. sfiz-cy-øns D -h-am-wv. kº-øns tzh-x-bmb e van-tz-hnsb Bcm-[n- p D -h-am-wv. F nepw Ign Zo]m-hen apx Cu Zo]m-hen hscbpff Imew ad- p-h- \mwv \nt -]-I CjvS-s -Sp-I. Ipd- Xv Hmlcn hn]-wn-bnse \nt -]-I- -sc- nepw. Ign Zo]m-hen apx Cu Zo]m-hen hsc \nt -]-I v Htcm awn- qdnepw \jvs-am-bxv 1094 timsn cq] hox-am-wv. AXm-bXv tãm v FIvkvtN- n enãv snbvxn- p-ff Hml-cn-I-fpsS aqey-øn GXm v 17 e w timsn cq]-bmwv A{]-Xy- -am-b-xv. ]e Hml-cn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS 52 BgvN-bnse G hpw Ipd hne-bn-em-wv. NneXv ]e h j-ß-fnse G hpw Ipd XmgvN-bn-em-Wv. Npcp- -Øn hn]-wn-bnse G hpw tami-amb {]I-S-\-ß-fn-sem- mwv C gn c p Zo]m-h-en-Iƒ n-s-bn ImgvN h -Xv. CXn\v Imc-W-ß-fp- v. Db p \nev p \mwy-s -cp w Db-cp ]en-i-\n-c v. XpS p-ff Iº-\n-I-fpsS tamiamb {]I-S-\w. kmº-zvls-\-bpss hf -bpss thkw Ipd-bp- Xv k thm-]cn BtKmf kº-zvl-s-\bpw hn]-wn-ifpw henb Ipg- -Øn-eqsS \oßp- Xv XpS-ßnb-h-sb mw hn]-wn-bpss CSn-hn\v Imc-W-ß-fmbn. bqtdm-tkm-wnse su v Ipg- ßfpw bp Fkv IS-Øn apßnb-xpamwv Cu Ime-b-f-hn hn]-wnsb \new-s]m- Øn c v kwk-xn-iƒ. Ct m-gsø ÿnxn GXm\pw \mfp-iƒ IpSn XpS-cp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -sx- nepw ]pxnb h jw C -gn h jw t]mse A{X tami-am-bn-cn- p-sa v {]Xo- n- p- n-. 2010 \hw-_ A n-\m-bn-cp p Ign Zo]m-h-en. A v C y Hmlcn hn]wn Cu h jsø G hpw Db-c-Øn-emWv Ivtfmkv snbvx-xv. C y _ v am v kqnn-i-i-fmb sk skivkv A v 21004.96 t]mbn nepw \n^v n 6312.45 t]mbn n-ep-amwv Ivtfmkv snbvx-xv. (N-cn-{X-Ønse G hpw Db sk skivkv kqnni 2008 P\p-hcn 10- se 21206.77 t]mbn pw \^v n kqnni P\p-hcn F nse 6357.10 t]mbn p-am-wv). Ign Zo]m-h-en-bn \n p HIvtSm-_ 26- se Zo]m-h-en-Zn-\-Øn FØptºmƒ sk sk-ivkn\v 3750.1 t]mbn pw (G-Xm v 17.85 ix-am-\w) \n^v n v 1120.85 t]mbn pw ( GI-tZiw 17.76 ix-am-\-w) \jvsambn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. G hpw tami-am-bxv IS p t]mbn F p-xs hniz-kn- mw. ]pxnb h jw Xncn- p-h-c-hns e -W-ßƒ ImWn p XpS-ßn-bn-cn- p- p. thkw Ipd-hm-sW- n-epw. 2011 HIvtSm-_ 26- \v Bcw-`n ]pxnb h j-øns (2068) BZy Izm -dn Imcy-ßƒ v ÿncx hcp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. c mw Izm -dn \ XpS w {]Xo- n- m-sa v A\-en-Ãp-Ifpw hn-z-kv[cpw A`n- {]m-b-s -Sp- p. Zo]m-hen {]I-S\w h jw aqd v Zn\w 1 h jsø t\ w 14-11 00 04-11- 02 1.17% 1.27% -5.0% -69.0% 25-10- 03-0.94% 17.0% 12-11- 04 0.16% 42.0% 01-11- 05 0.66% 63.0% 21-10- 06 0.22% 38.0.0% 09-11- 07 0.79% 47.0% 28-10- 08 5.86% 90.0% 17-10- 09 05-11- 10 0.02% 0.50% 16.0% 17.9.0% hyxymkw Xe-h am kv lyq_ ]d-bp- p. BtKmf hn]-wn-iƒ sãun-bm-bm C y hn]wn ani {]I-S\w ImgvN hbv p-sa v sf Un _n sf Im n- ens Kth-jW hn`mkw Xe-h tkm\w DtZin ]d-bp- p. BtKm-f-X-e-Ønse Ipg- -ßƒ XpS-cp-I-bm-sW- n C y 2008- se ÿnxn-bn FØn-t -cp-sa pw DtZin ap -dn-bn v \evip- p. bqtdm-tkm-wnse Ipg- -ßfpsS {]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ BtKmf aqe-[-\-hn-]-wnbn Gev]n X-ßƒ C\nbpw hcm-\n-cn- p- -tx-bp-f-fp-sh v kn F Fkv FbpsS ssa v atbm ]dbp p. CXv \nt -]-I Ah-cpsS Hml-cn-bnepw \nt ]w Ipd-bv p-hm CS-bm- p-sa v At±lw ap -dn-bn v \evip- p. C y hn]-wn-bpss CSnhv C\n ]cn-[n-bp-s pw hn]wn am t mss ]pxnb Db-c-Øn-se-Øp-sa pw th Sp sh Øv kn H H Aw_-cojv _enk A`n-{]m-b-s - Sp- p. Ct m-gsø kml-n-cy-øn 4750-4800 t]mbn n i -amb ]n p-w-bp- v. CXn-\ w hn]wn AXn\p Xmtgbv p t]m-in-s - -. t]mbmepw thkw Xncn p hcp-sa- m-wv. AtX-t]mse hn]-wn v 5100-5200 td n i -amb sdkn- Ã kp-apsw v At±lw ]d-bp- p. hntz-i-\n-t -]-I-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ HIvtSm-_ BZyw h hn-ev]-\- m-cm-bn-cp hntz-i-\n-t -I-ÿm-]-\-ßfpsS s\ v hnev]\ HIvtSm-_ 21 hsc 974.20 timsn-cq-]-bpss Hml-cn-I-fm-Wv. sk]v w-_- dn 1147 timsnbpw HmK-Ãn 10214 timsn cq]bpw C y hn]-wn-bn \n v Ah ]n h-en- n-cp- p. 2011- se s\ v hnev]\ hnev]\ 2980 timsn- cq]-bpss Hml-cn-Ifm-Wv. 2008- se Ime-tØ-t]m-se-bp-ff I\Øhnev]\sbm pw Ah \S-Øp- n-. A v Ah 53051.7 timsn cq]-bmwv C y hn]-wn-bn \n v ]n h-en- - Xv.2009-85367 timsn cq]- C hn]-wn-bn \nt -]n Ah 2010-140497 timsn cq]-bmwv sim p-h- -Xv. 2001 apx CXp-hsc Ah 412793 timsn cq] C y Hml-cn-I-fn s\ v \nt ]w \S-Øn-bn- p- v. Npcp- -Øn hn]-wn-bn Ah Ct mƒ ImgvN- m-cm-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. C y hn]-wn-bnepw kº-zvl-s-\-bn-ep-ap-ff Ah-cpsS Zo L-Ime hnizm-k-øns {]Xn- ^-e-\w-iq-sn-bmwv Cu \nkw-k-x. tã C sh-ãuv Npcp- -Øn ]pxnb kwhxv h j-øn ani Hmln-cn-I-fn \nt ]w XpS-cp-IbmWv \nt -]-I p apºnepff hgn. ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Icp-Øp-f-f, _fq- Nn]v Hml-cn-Iƒ Ct m-gsø CSn-hn hfsc BI j-i-amb aqey-øn FØn-bncn- p-i-bm-wv. tã C sh-ã-uv. Zo]m-h-en-bp-tSbpw ]pxp-h j-øn-t bpw Biw-k-Iƒ.

14 4 C {^m-kv{s-ivn Hml-cn-Iƒ h [n Itam-Un n hne, ]en-i-\n-c- nse h [\ XpS-ßnb Imc-W-ß-fm Ign GXm\pw amk-ß-fmbn C {^mkv{s-ivn Hml-cn-Iƒ i -amb CSnhv t\cn-sp-i-bm-bn-cp- p. ]en-i-\n-c- nse h [-\bv v C\nbpw ia-\-am-bn- n-s - nepw GXm v ]o v \nc- n-se-øn-sb- mwv s]mxp-th-bp-ff hne-bn-cp-ø. ]en-i-\n-c v Ipd p XpS-ßp-Ibpw ] - Xn-Iƒ \S- m- p- Xv Du Pn-X-am-Ip-Ibpw snøp- -txmss C -{^m-kv{s-ivn Iº- \n-i-fpss Hml-cn-Iƒ sa -s p XpSßpw. i -amb CSn-hn-s\-Øp-S v AhbpsS Hmlcn hne-iƒ Ct mƒ BI j- I-amb \ne-bn FØn-t n-cn- p-ibm-wvȧsp A p h j- m-eøv C y ASn-ÿm-\-ku-Ic-cy-ta-J-e-bn 1 e w timsn tumf-dns \nt ]w Bh-iy-ap- v. cmpysø \-Kc P\-kwJy ASpØ Zi-I-Øn 50 timsnbmbn Dbcp-sa- mwv IW- m- p- -Xv. C y-bn ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ta-J-e-bpsS Zi-I-sa- mwv \K-c-hn-I-k-\-a{ n Ia \myv hnti-jn- n- p- -Xv. scbn th, t]m v, F p th F m taj-e-bnepw IΩbmWv C y-bn A\p-`-h-s -Sp- -Xv. Cu Zi-I-Øn 10 e -Øn\p api-fn P\- kw-jy-bp-ff 68 \K-c-ßƒ D m-bn-cn- pw. 15 \K-c-ß-fn 40 e -Øn-e-[n-I-am-bncn pw P\-kw-Jy. CXn\p ]pdta Hcp timsn P\-kw-Jy p api-fn-ep-ff \mep \K-c-ß-sf- nepw C y-bn-ep- m-bn-cn- pw. F p ix-am\w kmº-øni hf \ne-\n Ø-W-sa- n ASn-ÿm- \-ku-i-cy-ta-j-e-bn h \nt ]w thsww. 2012-17 ] -h- -c- m-eøv Ipd- Xv 1 e w timsn tumf ( F B Uv Sn Ct m-gsø \nc- n 49 e w timsn cq]) F nepw ASpØ A p-h j- meøv \nt -]-ambn FØ-Ww. CXn- \mbn Kh-s v {]txyi \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp-Øp-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. CXv Xo -bmbpw C {^-kv{s-ivn Iº-\n-Iƒ v IcpØv ]I-cpw. ASpØ 1 2 h j- mew e yam n Cu taj-e-i-fnse \nt ]w ani dnt t\sn-ø-cm\p-ff km[yx Gsd-bm-Wv. Cu taj-e-bn \n p hmßm Ign-bp GXm\pw Hml-cn-Iƒ \evip- I-bmWv Nph-sS. Ct m-gsø hne: 1326 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db hne 2212 cq] Xmgv hne: 1303 cq] apj hne: 2 cq] em`-hoxw: 725 ix-am\w C ]n Fkv: 65.01 cq], ]n C: 20.55(2011 HIvtSm-_ 21) hn]wn aqeyw: 80999.3 timsn cq] ssivt\m-f-pn, F Pn-\o-b-dnw-Kv, I kv{s-ivj, am\p- ^m-ivn-dnwkv Iº-\n-bmWv em k B Uv Sqt{_m. kh- Im-cy-ta-J-e-bnse G -hp-a-[niw hne-a-xn- -s -Sp Iº-\n- I-fn-sem- m-wn-xv. Ggp ]Xn- m- n-e-[n-i-ambn Cu taj-e-ifn {]h Øn- p Iº-\n v temtim-øc KpW-\n-e-hm-camWv {]h Ø- p taj-e-i-fn \evip- -Xv. BtKm-f-X-e- Øn Iº-\n v km n-[y-ap- v. Kƒ^v taj-e-bnepw ssn\- bnepw Iº-\n v Ct mƒ kui-cy-ß-fp- v. ani am - nw-kv hnx-cw {iwj-ebpw Iº-\n-bpsS Icp-Øm-Wv. cmpym- c Xe-Øn KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap-ff F Pn-\o-bdnwKv I kv{s- skmeq-j kv Iº\n \evin hcp- p. Kymkv, Hmbn, s]t{sm-fnbw dnss^-\nw-kv, sian-, s]t{smsi-an-, s^ n-sse-k, sshzypxn, slhn F Pn-\o-bdnw-Kv XpS-ßnb taj-e-bn I-º-\n v {]txyi {]mh-wy-ap- v. C ybv v ]pdta Kƒ^v taj-e-bn \nc-h[n ] -Xn- Iƒ Iº\n ]q Øo-I-cn- n- p- v. Iº\n 2010-11- Iº\n 43904.9 timsn cq] hcp-am- \hpw 3957.89 timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw t\sn-bn- p- v. ap h jantx Ime-b-e-hn-enXv bym-{iaw 37034.8 timsn-cq]bpw 4375.57 timsn cq]bpw hox-am-bn-cp- p. 121.77 timsn cq] Hmlcn aqe-[-\-øn C ]n Fkv 65.01 cq]-bm-wv. \S- p-h j-øns BZy Bdp amk- meøv Iº\n bpss hcp-am\w 20727.85 timsn cq]bpw A m-zmbw 1544.54 timsn cq]- ap{µ t]m v bp-am-wv. A [-hm jni C ]n Fkv 25.27 cq]-bm-wv. Iº-\n-bpsS {]h Ø-\-em-`am Pn 11.10 ix-am-\-ambn Xmgv p. am n-e-h-km-\n h j-øn-enxv 17.51 ix-am-\- am-bn-cp- p. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn kº-zvl-s-\-i-fn-ep- m-bn- p-ff Xf Iº-\n-bpsS {]h Ø- \-^-e-ønepw {]Xn-^-en- p-i-bm-wv. ISØp a -chpw Db p \nev p \mwys -cp- hpw ]en-i-\n-c pw am Pn-\n ISpØ kω ±w sne-øp-i-bm-wv. CtX- Øp-S v Iº\n \S- p-h jw 15 ix-am\w hf Hm U ^vtfmbn {]Xo- n- ncp- p-sh- nepw AXv 5 ix-am-\-ambn sh n- p-dn- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. ]pxnb ] -Xn-I-fpep-ff Xocp-am\w Iº-\n-Iƒ \o n hbv p-i-bmw Ign 6 8 amk-ambn F Pn-\ob-dnwKv taje Xf -bn-em-wv. Cu kml-n-cy-ønepw Iº\n 25 ix-am\w hf hcp-am-\-øn {]Xo- n- p- p. Iº-\n-bpsS 82 ix-am\w hcp-am-\hpw ]gb Hm Udp-I-fn \n- mwv e`n- p- -Xv. Cu kml-n-cy-øn kao] ImeØv e y-an- n-cn- p hf t\sp-sa v Icp-Xp- p. sk]v w-_-dn-e-h-km-\n Izm -dn ]pxnb Hm U 21 ix-am\w Ipd v 16096 timsn cq]-bm-bn. I-º-\n-bpsS ssihiw Ct mƒ 142185 timsn cq-]-bpss Hm U-dp v ASpØ 2.5 h j-tøbv- p-ff Hm U-dp v CXv. Ct m-gsø Hm U hf -bn t\cnb CSn-hp- m-bm t]mepw AXv Iº-\n-bpsS hcp-am-\-tøbpw em`-tøbpw a[y-im-e-øn {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n- p-i-bn-. ASpØ [\-Imcy h j-ønepw ( 2012-13) 25 ix-am\w hf t\sp-hm Iº-\n v Ign-bpw. \mwy-s -cp- w, ]en-i-\n-c v XpS-ßn-b-h-sb mw AXns G hpw Db-c-Øn FØnb kml-n-cy-øn C\n a[y-im-e-øn sa -s -Sp-hm km[y-x-tb-sd-bm-wv. IqSmsX Iºn-bpsS k_vkn-u-b-dn-i-fpss aqeyw A tem v snøm- \p-ff \bw Iº\n FSp-Øn- p- v. ASpØv Hcp h jsø hcp-am-\-øn Iº-\n-bpsS Hml-cn-Iƒ 15-20 ]n Cbn-emWv hym]mcw snø-s -Sp- -Xv. Hm U-dnse CSn-hv. am Pn CSnhv XpS-ßn-b-h-sb mw Hmlcn hne-bn {]Xn-^-en p Ign- n- p- v. em Pv Im]v C {^m hn`m-k-øn G hpw ani Hml-cn-I-fn-sem- m-wn-xv. ssuth-gvkn-^n-t -j\pw Cu taje-bnse i -amb \nebpw Iº-\n-bpsS Ipd hmtez-j\pw Hml-cnsb BI j- I-am- p- p. Xncp-Ø-en {]th-in- mw. Ct m-gsø hne: 154 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db hne: 175 cq] Xmgv hne: 112 cq] apj hne: 2 cq] em`-hoxw: 20 ix-am\w C ]n Fkv: 4.92 cq], ]n C: 30.50 (2011 HIvtSm-_ 21) hn]wn aqeyw: 31022 timsn cq] ap{µ t]m v B Uv kvs]j C -twm-aniv tkm enan- Pv cmpysø ani v Xpd-ap-J-ß-fn-sem- m-wv. AUm\n {Kq n s Iº\n cmpysø G hpw henb kzimcy Xpd--ap-J-am-Wv. Iº-\nbpsS 90 ix-am\w hcp-am-\-hpw-e-`n- p- Xv Iev -cn, {IqUv Hmbn, Is -bv\ {Sm^nIv hgn-bm-wv. Is -bv\ k]vssfbpss Ipdhv Iº-\n v ani v Ah-k-c-amWv D m- n-s m-sp-øn- - p-f-f-xv. 2009-10 h j-øn Iº\n 1885.07 timsn cp] hcp-am-\hpw 986.16 timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw t\sn. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hn-enXv bym-{iaw 1392.52 timsn cq-]bpw 700.98 timsn cq]bpw hox-am-bncp- p. 400.68 timsn cq] Hmlcn aqe-[-\- Øn 4.92 cq]-bmwv C ]n Fkv. Ct mgsø hne-bn ]n C 30.50 BWv. \S- p-h j-øns BZy Izm -dn Iº\n 529.62 timsn cq] hcp-am-\hpw 254.37 timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw 1.27 cq] C ]n Fkpw t\sn-bn- p- v. c mw Izm -dn 239 timsn cq] A m-zmbw t\sp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. ASpØ kmº-ø-i-h j-øn hcp-am-\-øn ani hf t\sp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p vxv. C ]n Fkv 8.11 cq]-bm-i-sa- mwv IW- m- p- -Xv. AXmbXv Ct m-gsø hne-bn ]n C 18.5 BWv. C y-bv -IØpw ]pdøpw t]m v D]-tbmKw h [n- p-i-bm-wv. CXv Iº-\n v A\p-Iq-e-am-Ip-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. CXv hcp-am-\-øn i - amb hf hcpw-im-e-øn D m- pw. CtXm-sSm w Cu Hml-cn-bn-ep- mb CSnhpw CXns\ BI j-i-amb Xe- Øn FØn- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. hne ASpØ 1 2 h j-øn-\p-f-fn 180 cq]- bn-tebv v FØp-sahm km-[y-x-tb-sdbm-wv.

sf B _n C {^m-kv{s-ivn 15 Ct m-gsø hne: 160cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db hne: 271 cq] Xmgv hne: 132 cq] apj hne: 10cq] em`-hoxw: 15iX-am\w C ]n Fkv: 2.71 cq], ]n C: 58.87(2011 HIvtSm-_ 21) hn]wn aqeyw: 5328tImSn cq] sf B _n C {^m-kv{s-ivn- Hmlc-bn Hcp hcvj- m-eøv 41 ix-am-\- tømfw Xncp-Ø kw`-hn- n- p- v. sk skivkpw a pw 20 ix-am\w Xncp- Ø kw`-hn kml-n-cy-øn-em-wn-xv. Iº-\n-bpsS apjy taj-e-bmb tdmuv \n amw taj-e-bn i -amb a cw Db Xpw kº-zvl-s-\-bnse Xf bpw Iº-\n-bpsS {]I-S-\sØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n- p-sa hen-bn-cp-ø-emwv Ct mgsø CS-hn\v Imc-W-am-b-Xv. tdmuv taje-bnse Ct -W dnt Ipd- p-sh- nepw 15-17 ix-am-\-ø-tebv ÿncx t\sn-bn- p- v. taj-e-bn ISpØ a{ -c-ap-s - nepw Iº-\nbpsS ÿnxn sa -am-wv. Iº-\n-bpsS 40 ix-am\w IS-ßfpw t\csø t\csø FSpØ ÿnc \nc- n-ep-f-f-xm-wv. am{x-hp-a Ct mƒ \S- p ] -Xn-Iƒ m-h-iy-amb XpI A`y- -c-ambn kam-l-cn- p-i-bmwv snøp- - Xv. CXp aqew ]en-i-bn-\-øn ]pdtøbv pff ]-W-sam-gp v Ipd-hm-Wv. 977- {]h Ø\w XpS-ßnb sf B _n C {^m-kv{s-ivn-dns BZy-Ime t]cv sf Un F tdmuv _n tugvkv F m-bn-cp- p. ]n o-smwv ]pxnb t]cv kzoi-cn- -Xv. BZy c p ]Xn- m- p-imew sim v \nc-h[n tdmuv ] -Xn-Ifv ]q Øn-bm- nb Iº\n 1995- Xms\ `nh Un tdmuv _n H Sn ASnÿm-\-Øn \S- m- n. C v cmpysø G hpw henb _n H Sn tdmuv Hm -td- BWv sf B _n. Ct mƒ Iº- \n-bpss ssihiw CØ-c-Øn-ep-fe 19 sslth AtYm-dn n Hm^v C ybn \n v Aƒ{S sakv ] -Xn-bn ] -Xn-I-fp- v. apwss_- -]qs\ FIvkv{]kv th, _dp- v kqd- v, kqd v Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bp-ff ] Xn e`n- p Zl-km F o sslth-iƒ CXn-epƒs - BZysØ Iº\n IqSn-bmWv sf B Sp- p. Iº-\n-bpsS tsmƒ hcp-am-\-øn _n. Al-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv htum-zc taj-ebn \n an- p Cu Cu Bdp hcn 80 ix-am-\hpw Cu aq p ] -Xn-I-fn \n- m-wv. Iº-\n-bpsS hcp-am-\-øn ]Ip- tdmuns cq]iev]-\-bpƒs -ss-bp-ff Xn-tbmfw \n amwv {]h Ø-\-ßfn \n pw tijn- Xv _n H Sn ] -Xn-I- Xp- v. 102 Intem-ao- -dmwv CXns Zqcw, tpmen-iƒ Iº-\n v ]q Øn-bm-t - cmwin C {^-mkv{s-ivn fn \n- p-am-wv. 2010-11- Iº\n 267.59 timsn cq] hcp-am\hpw 90.16 timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw t\sn-bn- p- v. 332.3 timsn cq] Hmlcn aqe-[-\-øn C ]n Fkv 2.71 cq]-bm- Wv. \S- p-h j-ønse BZy-Izm -dn 178.64 timsn cq] hcp-am-\hpw 17.82 timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw 0.57 cq] C ]n Fkpw t\sn-bn- p- v. ASp-Ø-bnsS Iº-\n Z n-tw- y kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw ] Xn t\snbn- p- v. ASp-Ø-bnsS Iº-\n v KpPdm-Øn 3600 timsn cq]-bpss tdmuv ] -Xn v Hm U e`n- n- p- v. aq ph jw-sim v ]q Øn-bm-t - -Xm-WnXv. CtXmsS Iº-\n-bpsS Hm U _p v 12000 timsn cq] Ihn- p. \mj-w Ct mƒ ssih-i-ap-ff Hm U-dp-I-fn \s mcp ] pw ASpØ 18-24 amk-ßfn ]q Øn-bm-t - -Xm-Wv. Iº\n sshhn[yh-xv -c-w- Øns `mk-am-bn- mwv dnb FtÃ v hni-k-\-øn-tebv pw IS- n- p- v.iº\nbpss BZy dnb FtÃ v ] Xn ]q\ Pn -bn kwtbm-pnx Su jn v \S- m n hcn-i-bm-wv. CXn- \p-ff ÿew Iº\n hmßn- -gn- n- p- v. Xma-kw,hmWnPyw F n-h-bv p-ff si n-s-k-ap- -b-ßfpw a v ASn#v-ÿm-\- ku-i-cy-ßfpw e`y-am- p-hm-\mwv Dt±in- p- -Xv. Ct mƒ 1150 G ÿeamwv Su jn n-\mbn e`y-am- n-bn- pf-f-xv. CXn-\p-ff Bh-iy-amb ssek kp-ifpw A\p-a-Xn-Ifpw Iº- \n v e`n- n- p- v. ti{µ-k m tdmuv hni-k-\- Øn\v \evip Du Iº-\n v ani _nkn-\kv sim p-h-cp-sa- mwv {]ox- n- p- -Xv. 2009-13 Ime-b-f-hn C y tdmuv skivs-dns 6.5 ix-am\w Iº-\n-bpsS ssih-i-ap- m-ip-sa p IW- m- p- p. (GI-tZiw 2600 timsn tumf ). ASpØ 2 3 amk-ßƒ p- n 6000 timsn cq]-bpss tdmuv ss U-dn Iº\n ]s -Sp- p- p- v. Ct m-gsø Hmlcn hne ^p n ss{]kvuv BWv. Ct m-gsø Hm U _p v D]-tbm-Kn- mepw Hml-cnbn F p ix-am\w hf bv p k[y- X-bp v. XpwIq Nn{X-Zp Kv, timem- q tdmup-iƒ \S- p-h jw c mw ]Ip-Xnbn IΩo-j snøp- Xv hcp-am-\-øn h [-\-bp- - pw. IqSmsX tdmuv ] Xn t\sp-hm hfsc A{K-ko-hmb kao-]\w Iº\n Ipd- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. HIvtSm-_ 28- \v c mw Izm ^e-sa-øpw. Xncp-Ø-en Cu Hml-cnbn {]th-in- mw. 1 2 hcvj- m-eøv 25 ix-am\w dnt {]Xo- n- mw. Ct m-gsø hne: 230 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db hne: 391 cq] Xmgv hne: 200 cq] apj hne: 10 cq] em`-hoxw: 45 ix-am\w C ]n Fkv: 27.51 cq], ]n C: 8.39 (2011 HIvtSm-_ 21) hn]wn aqeyw: 1332 timsn cq] I kv{s-ivj, C {^m-kvsvin suh-e-]vsa v F n taj-e-bn {]h Øn- p kwtbm-pnx Iº-\n-bmWv cmwin C {^m-kv{s-ivn enan- -Uv. 1994- {]h Ø\w XpS-ßnb Iº\n hm, thãv hm, {Sm kvt]m t -j, Cdn-tKj, C -kv{sn-b I kv{s-ivj, C U-kv{Sn-b ]m p-iƒ, ]h {Sm kvan-j, sdkn-u jy t{]m n XpS-ßnb taj-e-i-fn \n amwv {]h Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn- p- v. sslzcm-_mzv Bÿm-\-am-bp-ff Iº\n v A v tkmw Hm^o-kp-Ifpw aq v do- Pn-b-W Hm^o-kp-I-fp-ap- v, CXn\p ]pdta jm P-bnepw bp Fbnepw Hmtcm Hm^o-kp-ap- v. C y-bn Fhn-tSbpw tkh\w e`y-am- p-hm Iº-\n v Ignbp- p- v. C {^m-kvsvivn I k-{s-ivj tpmen-iƒ p ]pdta thãv amt\-pvsa v, F hn-tbm sa I k-iv nw-kv, XpS- ßnb taj-e-i-fnepw tkh\w \evip- p. I kv{s- tpmen-iƒ Iº\n t\cn p \S-Øp-tºmƒ suh-e-]vsa v tpmen-iƒ 16 k_vkn-un-bdn Iºn-Iƒ, 3 Atkmkn-tb v Iº-\n-Iƒ F nh hgn-bmwv \S- Øp- Xv. Iº-\n v I kv{s-ivj taje-bv m-h-iy-amb F m D]-I-cWßfpw sajn-\-dn-ifpw kz -am-bp- v. 2011 am v Ah-km-\-Øn Iº-\n-bnse tpm-en- mcpss FÆw 2429 BWv. anuvim]v hn`m-k-øn-ep-ff Cu Iº\n 2011 am n-e-h-km-\n kmº- ØnI h j-øn 2730.52 timsn-cq] hcpam-\hpw (2002.3 timsn cq]) 157.36 timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw (104.23 timsn cq]) t\snbn- p- v. 57.2 timsn cq] Hmlcn aqe-[-\- Øn C ]n Fkv 27.51 cq]-bm-wv. Iº- \n-bpss {]h Ø-\-em-`-am Pn ap h jsø 9.72 ix-am-\-øn \n v 10.47 ix-am-\-ambn Db p. \S- p-h j- Øns BZy-Izm -dn Iº\n 602.8 timsn cq] hcp-am-\hpw 32.36 timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw 5.66 cq] C ]n Fkpw t\snbn- p- v. anuvim]v hn`m-k-ønse ani C {^-kv{s-ivn Iº-\n-bmbn IW- m- p cmwinbv v hfsc sshhn-[y-h-xvicn v Hm U _p m-wp-f-f-xv. hm amt\- Pvsa -dn Iº\n {]txyiw {i -\-evip- p- v. Iº-\n-bpsS ssihiw 10998 timsn cq]-bpss Hm U-dm- Wp-f-f-Xv.Iº\n \S- p-h jw hcp-am-\- Ønepw A m-zm-b- Ønepw 20-25 ixam\w hf t\spsa- mwv IW- m- p- -Xv. C y-bn Hm Ucv Ipd-bp kml-n-cy-øn B{^n- -bn _nkn-\kv h [n- n- p-hm Iº\n Dt±in- p- p. Km_- Wn 40 timsn tumf-dns tpmen Iº\n {]Xo n- p p. Iº\n 100 timsn tumf-dns ss U-dn ]s -Sp- p- p- v. ] Xn \S- m- p- -Xn \evip {i {]h Ø-\aqe-[\w Ipd p \n Øm\pw sa -s _me kv jo v ImWn- p-hm\pw Iº-\n v Ignbpw. 2012-13 [\-Imcy h j-ønse hcpam\ {]Xo- -bn Iº-\n-bpsS ]n C 3.5 BWv. CtX anuvim] Hml-cn-I-fn-enXv 5.16 BWv. Npcp- -Øn 1 2 c p h j- meøv Ct m-gsø hne-bn \n v Cc- n-bm- Ip-hm-\p-ff km[yx Gsd-bm-Wv.

16 ^ v A-ssUz-kv- s^-_n - Un Fkv ]n _vfm v tdm v tsm]v 100 CIzn n F F hn 91.98 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db F F hn 109.75 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Xmgv F F hn 88.29 cq] A BkvXn 3015.49 timsn cq] (30 09-2011) A p h j-ambn hfsc ÿnc-x-bm {]I-S\w ImgvN h p t]mcp Un Fkv ]n _vfm v tdm v tsm]v 100 CIzn n ] -Xn v 2009- se Hmlcn apt - -Øn ]e anuvim]v ^ p-i-fp-tsbpa{x sa -s {]I-S\w ImgvN hbv p-hm km[n- n-. F nepw GsXmcp \nt -]-It bpw tim \nt -]-ti-j-c-øn Dƒs -Sp-tØ v ] -Xn-I-fn-sem- mwnxv. 2009 am n-em-cw-`n _pƒ apt w Xncn- -dn-bm ^ v amt\-p sshin-b-xmwv ^ ns {]I-S-\sØ ap \n-c-bn-se-øn- p-hm Ign-bmsX t]mb-xv. F m ^ p-i-tf-bpw-t]mse 2011 se ^ ns {]I-S-\hpw tami-am-wv. F m Im -Kdn icm-i-cn-tb- mfpw _ pam n-t\- mfpw \n^v n kqnn-i-tb- mfpw Ipd CSnth ^ ns F F hnbn D m-bn- p-f-fp. Hcp h j- m-eøv 16.35 ixam\w (Im -Kdn icm-icn 19.10 ix-am-\w, \n^v n 20.1 ix-am-\w, _ vam v kqnni 21.68-i-X-am\w, Fkv sf ]n dnt 14.12 ix-am\w) s\k- ohv dnt BWv \evin-bn- p-ff-xv. aq p h j- m-eøv 14.80 ix-am-\hpw (Im -Kdn icm-icn 11.30 ix-am-\w, \n^v n 11.55 ix-am-\w, _ vam v kqnni 11.89 i-x-am\w, Fkv sf ]n dnt 10.96 ix-am\w) A p h j- m-eøv 12.13 ix-am-\hpw (Im -Kdn icmicn 6.26iX-am-\w, \n^v n 5.58 ix-am-\w, _ vam v kqnni 6.07i-X-am\w, Fkv sf ]n dnt 9.39 ix-am\w) dnt \evin-bn- p- v. 2003 s^{_p-h-cn-bn ] Xn XpS-ßn-bXp apx 29.15 ix-am-\amwv dnt. hn]wn aqey-øn ap \n-c-bn \nev p 100 Hml-cn-I-fn \n- mwv \nt - ]-Øn-\p-ff Hml-cn-Iƒ ^ v sxc-s -Sp- p- -Xv. Ct mƒ 34 Hml-cn-I-fmWv \nt - ]-ti-j-c-øn-ep-f-f-xv. Ch-bn ]expw h j-ß-fmbn ^ v ssihiw kq n p t]mcp- -Xm-Wv. Ak- ns 95.79 ix-am-\hpw Hml-cn-bn-emWv \nt -]n- n- p-f-f-xv. su n 0.88 ix-am-\w \nt -]n- n- p- v. 3.78 ix-am\w Imjv BWv. Db Izmfn- n-bpwenizn-un- n-bp-ap-f-f- Hml-cn-ti-J-c-amWv ^ n-t -Xv. hn]- Wn-bn h hyxn-bm-\-ßƒ p hnt[-b-am-ip Hml-cn-Isf Hgn-hm- p-itbm Chbn \nt ]w Ipd v \ndp-øp-itbm BWv ]Xn-hv. dnkvip-ff taj-e-i-fn km[y-x-bp-s - n Hcp ssi ]b- p- -Xn\v ^ v amt\-p v asn-bn-. Hcp Hml-cnbnse \nt ]w 10 ix-am-\-øn IqSm-Xn-cn- p-hm {]txyiw {i -h-bv p- p. hnhn-[-ta-j-e-i-fnse ap \n-c-bn-ep-ff em Pv Im]v Hml-cn-I-fmWv ^ v \nt - ]-Øn-\mbn sxc-s -Sp-Øn- p-f-f-xv.ct mƒ 38 Hml-cn-I-fmWv \nt -]-ti-j-c-øn-epf-f-xv. Hmlcn \nt -]-Øns 96.23 ix-am-\hpw em Pv Im]v Hml-cn-I-fnem-Wv. anuvim]v Hml-cn-I-fn 3.78 ix-am\w \nt -]n- n- p- v. F v Un F^v kn _m v (7.88 ix-am-\w), F v Un F^v kn (6.90 ix-am-\w), lnµp-ÿm eoh (6.14 ix-am- \w), H F Pn kn (4.90 ix-am-\w), F B Uv Sn (4.63 ix-am-\w), _n ]n kn F (4.30 ix-am-\w), Sn kn Fkv (4.21 ix-am-\w) XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv \nt -]- Ønse ap \nc Hml-cn-Iƒ. F\ Pn-ta-J-e-bv p \evip ap nb ]cn-k-w-\ amk-ß-fmbn XpS-cp-I-bm- Wv. Cu taj-e-bn 19.12 ix-am-\-am-wv \nt -]n- n- p-f-f-xv. [\-Im-cy-tk-h\w (18.69 ix-am-\w), F^v Fw kn Pn ( 12.1 ix-am-\w), sl ØvsI-b (9.75 ix-am-\w), Hmt m (7.18iX-am-\w), ssuth-gvkn-ss^uv (6.13 ix-am-\w), ssivt\m-fpn (5.88 ix-am- \w)xps-ßn-b-h-bmwv apjy-\n- -]-ta-j-e-iƒ. aqey-tø- mƒ Xmgv hne-bn \nev p Hml-cn-Iƒ hmßp-i-bpw e yan dnt -Wn-se-Øp-tºmƒ ]pdøp t]mip-ibpw snøp kao-]-\-amwv ^ v amt\- P kzoi-cn- n- p-f-f-xv. ]pdøp t]mb Hml-cn-bn ASpØ amkw ho pw Ah-kcw I m AXn Xncn p Ib-dp- -Xn\pw ^ n\v asn-bn-. Npcp- -Øn hfsc kpo-h-ambn Hml-cn-ti-Jcw ]p\ {I-ao-I-cWw \S-Øp ^ v amt\-pvsa mwv CXnt -Xv. Cu klm-n-cy-ønepw tim t]m vt^m-fn-tbm- henb Cf- -an- msx \ne- \n Øn-bn- p- m-ipw. Imjv skkvsk-sa n-t\- mƒ sudn-th- ohv Xmgv p \nev p-ibm-sw- n B Ah-kcw D]-tbm-Kn- p-hm\pw ^ v amt\-p asn- m-dn-. Ct mƒ \nt -]-ti-j-c-ønse 90 ix-am\w Hml-cn-Ifpw _n Fkv C 100 ] n-i-bn s - XmWv Cu ^ ns e yw Xs hn]wn aqey-øn ap \n-c-bn-ep-ff 100 Iº-\n- I-fpsS Hml-cn-I-fn \nt ]w \SØn Zo L-Im-e-Øn aqe-[\ hf t\sn-s m- Sp- p-i-sb- -Xm-Wv. 2006 G{]n apx A]q h jmbmwv ^ v amt\-p. kao-]- Im-esØ Db -bnepw XI -bnepw XpS p-ff Xncn- p-h-c-hnepw jm ^ ns H -ap- m-bn-cp- p. Cu A\p-`hw Xo -bmbpw `mhn-bn ^ n\v ani t\ -ap- m- p-hm klm-bn- p-sa v Dd- m-wv. ^ ns F F hn Ct mƒ 91.96 cq]-bm-wv. 52 BgvN-bnse Db F F hn 109.75 cq]bpw Ipd F F hn 88.25 cq]-bp-am-wv. Ct m-gsø CSnhn ^ n {]th-in- p-hm Ignbpw. Ipd dnkvin ÿnc-x-bm dnt {]Xo- n- p- -h v tbmpn ^ m-wn-xv. _n f k sse^v Unhn-U Uv bo Uv F F hn 81.01 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db F F hn 96.88 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Xmgv F F hn 77.60 cq] A BkvXn 994.09tImSn cq] (30 09-2011) Db Unhn-U Uv \evip Iº-\n-I-sf \nt -]-ti-j-c-øn Dƒs -SpØn aqe-[\w kwcw- n- p- -Xn-s\m w Zo L-Im-e-Øn aqe-[-\-h-f bpw e y-an- Sp ] -Xn-bmWv _n f k sse^v ayqnz ^ ns -_n f k sse^v Unhn-U Uv bo Uv ] -Xn. 2003 s^{_p-h-cn-bn Bcw-`n Cu ] -Xn-bpsS {]I-S\w A{X tami-a-. {]h Ø\w XpS-ßn-bXp apx-ep-ff hm jni dnt 27.23 ix-am-\-am-wv. Hcp-h j- m-eøv 15.2 ix-am-\w s\k- ohv dnt BWv \evin-b-sx- nepw (Im -Kdn icm-icn 20.76 ix-am-\w, \n^v n 20.1 ix-am-\w, _ vam v kqnni 20.1 i-x-am\w, Fkv sf ]n dnt 8.77 ix-am\w) a v _ vam v kqnn-i-i-tf- mƒ hfsc Ipdth CSnth ImWn- n- p-f-fp. aq p h j- m-eøv 26.24 ix-am-\hpw (Im -Kdn icm-icn 18.02 ix-am-\w, \n^v n 10.67iX-am-\w, _ vam v kqnni 11.5 i-x-am\w, Fkv sf ]n dnt 20.52 ixam\w) A p h j- m-eøv 13.97iX-am-\hpw (Im -Kdn icm-icn 7.30 ix-am-\w, \n^v n 6.49 ix-am-\w, _ vam v kqnni 5.58 i-x-am\w, Fkv sf ]n dnt 16.78 ix-am\w) hm jni dnt t\sn-bn- p- v. Ch-sb mw Im -Kdn {]I-S-\-tØ- mfpw \n^v n kqnn-i-bpss {]I-S-\-tØ- mfpw _ vam v kqnn-i-bmb kn F FIvkv 500 t\ mfpw ani- -Xm-Wv. t\csø kqnn- n- -Xp-t]mse Db Unhn-U Uv bo Up-ff Iº-\n-I-fnemWv ^ v \nt ]w \S-Øp- -Xv. \nt -]-Øn-\mbn sxc-s -Sp-Øn- p-ff Hmlcn-I-fn ]Ip-Xntbmfw anuvim]v hn`m-k-øn \n- m-wv. sk skivkv Hml-cn-IfpsS Cc n-bmwv ^ v \n n- n-cn- p Iº-\n-I-fpsS Unhn-U Uv bo Uv. ^ ns 35 ix-am\w hsc {]txyi knt z-j-\n \nt -]n- pw. AXm-bXv eb-\w, ss m v, Hm Hm^ XpS-ßn-bh \SØp Iº-\n-I-fpsS Hml-cn-I-fn \nt - ]n- pw. dnkiv Xosc-Ip-d-hm-sW- n am{x-amwv ^ v CØcw \nt ]w \S-Øp- - Xv. CXns \nt ]ti-j-c-øn Ct mƒ 73 Hml-cn-I-fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. Hcp Hml-cnbnse \nt ]w 5 ix-am-\-øn Xmsgbpw Hcp taj-e-bnse \nt ]w 20 ix-am- \-Øn\p Xmsgbpw \n Øn-bn-cn- p- p. sf Sn kn (3.92 ix-am-\w), H F Pn kn (3.61 ix-am-\w), _PmPm Hmt m (2.56 ix-am-\w), C t^m-knkv (2.39 ix-am-\w) XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv \nt ]Ønse ap \nc Hml-cn-Iƒ. [\-Im-cy-tk-h\ taj-e-bnemwv G hpw IqSp-X \nt ]w. 16.47 ix-am-\w. F\ Pn (15.10 ix-am-\w), F^v Fw kn Pn (10.70 ix-am-\w), k ho-kkv (8.15 ix-am-\w), sian- kv (7.58 ix-am- \w) XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv a v {][m\ \nt -]-ta-j-e-iƒ. Cu ] -Xn-bpsS F F hn Ct mƒ 81.01 cq]-bm-wv. Aº-Øn-c v BgvNbnse Db F F hn 96.88 cq]bpw Ipd F F hn 77.6 cq]-bp-am-wv. Ipd dnkvipw icm-i-cn-tb- mƒ ani dnt Wpw {]Zm\w snbp v Cu ] -Xnbn a-bp-ff \nt -]-I v Xncp-Ø-en Ct mƒ \nt ]w \S-Øm-hp- -Xm- Wv. Fs - n Fkv sf ]n \nt ]w \S-Ømw. Fkv sf ]n ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-fpff \nt ]w IqSp-X t\ -ap- m- n-ø-cp- -XmWv ImWp- -Xv.

17 ap- o- p-i-fn-bpw- Hm-l-cn-hn-]-Wn-bpw- ""sh-d-p-sx- em-`w- F- -Xp-am-{X-a- - F-s - e- yw.- "A-]v-tU- -Uv-'- B-Im - th- n- q-sn-bm-wv - Rm - H- -m-l-cn- hn-]-wn-bn - \n-t -]n- p- -Xv.- ]-e-t m-gpw- h - \- - ßƒ- F-s - Nn-e- A-_- - [-m-c-w-i-fn - Iq-Sn- F-\n- p- m-bn- p- v.- ]-t - C-Øcw- [m-c-w-iƒ- F-s - A-_- -a-m-sw- v- a- \- n-em- p-hm - ]n - m-e-øv- F-s - k- lm-bn- -Xv- Cu- ta-j-e-bn-se- \n-t --]w- X-s -bm-wv.- B-htd-Pv- 20 i-x-am-\-øn-\vap-i-fn - e-m-`w- F-\n- v- Cu- ta-j-e-bn - \n- p- m-bn- p-s - v - ]-d-bp- -Xv - H-cp- timtf-pv - A-[ym-]-I.- X-\n- v m-s -Sp- phm- \pw,- hn-zym - n-i-fp-ss- kw-i-b- Zq-co-I-c- W-Øn-\pw- hn-]-wn-bn-se- X-s - A-\p-`-hk-º-Øv- sn-dp-x- m-ø- co-xn-bn - X-s k-lm-bn- p- p-sh- -v- Cu- A-[ym-]-I - km- y-s -Sp-Øp- p.- C-\n- a-s m-cmƒ- ]-d-bp- -Xv- {i- n- q-:- Hm-l-cn- hn-]-wn- F- pw- F-s - a- -\m- p-i-bm-wv- ]-Xn-hv.- h-f-sc- an-i- -sx- v- I- cp-xn- Rm-s\m-cp- Hm-l-cn- hm-ßp-i-bm-sw- n-cn- -s.- Rm - hm-ßn-b-xn-\p-ti-jw- H- t -sd- \mƒ- Cu- Hm-l-cn- v- H-c-\- -hp-ap- m-hn-.- F- m - Rm - Cu- Hm-l-cn- hn- m - ]n-t - mƒ- ap-x - Hm-l-cn- hn-e- h - n- p- Xp-S-ßp-I-bm-bn.- Cu- A-\p-`-hw- F- \n- v- H-t m- c-t m- X-h-W-b-,- H-t -sd- Ø-h-W- hn-]-wn-bn - \n- p- m-bn- p- v.- ]-d-bp- -Xv- h -j-ß-fm-bn- Hm-l-cn- hn-]-wnbn - \n-t -]I-\m-bn- Xp-S-cp-s m-cmƒ.- A- ß-s\-sb- n- - C-{X-_p- n-ap- n- Hm-l-cn-hn- ]-Wn-bn - \n-t -]-I-\m-bn- Xp-S-c-p- -sx- n-\v- F- - tnm-zy-øn-\v- h- - a-dp-]-sn-bm- Wv- {i-t -bw.- C-Xn - \n- pw- e-`n- p- - {Xn - Rm - i-cn- pw- B-kz-Zn- p- p.- t]mkv- v- Hm-^o-kn-tem-,- _m- n-tem- ]-Ww- \nt -]n- v- an- m-xn-cp- m - F- v- {Xn- m- Wv- e-`n- p-i?- tnm-zy-øn-\v- e-`n- -Xv- Cu- a-dp-tnm-zyw.- Hm-l-cn-hn-]-Wn-bn-se- H -\-h-[n- \n-t - ]-I - Cu- {Xn - I- -dn- v- B-kz-Zn- p- -h-cm-sw- -Xm-Wv- k-xyw.- H-cp- P-bn vho - ssd-un-t\m-uv- Hm-l-cn- hn-]-wn-bnse- \n-t -]sø- D-]-an- p-i- p.- P-bn vho-en - C-cn- m-\p- - H-cp- Iu-Xp-Iw- sim- m-wv- ]-e-cpw- A-Xn - I-b-dp- -Xv.- C-cp- p-d- n- -Xn-\p-ti-jw- sa-s - Xn-cn- p- Xp- S-ßp- - P-bn v- ho- - I-b- -Øn-s - ]m-xbn-se-øp-tºmƒ- Cu- ssd-uv- B-kzm-Zy-Ic-am-bn- A-\p-`-h-s -Spw.- Hm-l-cn- hn-]-wn- I-b- -Øn-s - ]m-x-bn-se-øp-tºmƒ- \n-t - ]-I - A-\p-`-hn- p- - H-cp- kp-j-ap- -t m,- A-Xp-t]m-se.- P-bn v- ho-en-se- Nm-{In-I- N-e-\-Øn-s - A-Sp-Ø- L- w- Xm-tg- m-hpsa- v- {]-txy-iw- ]-d-tb- -Xn- -t m.- ap-ifn - \n- v- Xm-tg- v- h- p- Xp-S-ßp- - B- Zy-L- -Øn - kv-]o-uv- h-f-sc- Ip-d-hm-bn-cn- p-sa- -Xn-\m - A-{X- `-bw- D- m-hn-.- F- m - kv-]o-un-te v- Xm-tg- v- h-c-ptºmƒ- C-cn- p- -bm-fn-s - "D- p'-im-fp- p-. C-Ø-c-sam-cp- Xm-gv-N- C-Xn-\p- v- F- - {- ]-Xo- -bn - X-s - C-Xn - I-b-dp- -h-cpss-bpw- D- -p-im-fp-sa- -Xv- A-dn- n-cn- -p- I-X-s - th-ww.- F- m - N-{Iw- ho- pw- D-b - p-xp-s-ßp- -txm-ss- ho- pw- H-cp-Xcw- kp-j-i-c-a-m-b- A-h-ÿ- A-\p-`-h-s -Spw.- a-s m-c-p- X-c-Øn - ]-d- m - C-Ø-c-w- kp- J-I-c-am-b- A-h-ÿ- e-`n- p-tºmƒ,- B-Zyw- A-\p-`-h-s - - A-kz-ÿ-X- A-h - a-d- p- p- Hm-l-cn- hn-]-wn-bn-se- tam-iw- k-a-bsø- Hm -Ω- ]n- o-sv- h-cp- - \- - \m-fp- Iƒ- am-bn- p-i-f-bpw- t]m-se.- hn-]-wn-bn - P-bn- p- - H-cmƒ- X-s - _p- n-bpw- B-Imw- -bpw- Iq-Sn- Cu- ta-je-bn - \n-t -]n- p- p- v.- X-s - ho- - W-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-am-bn- N-en- p- - hn-]-wnbn - \n- v,- X-s - tpmen-bn - \n-t m,- _nkn-\-kn - \n-t m- e-`n- p- - h-cp-am-\- tø- mƒ- th-k-øn - ]-Ww- e-`n- p- - Xp-I- v- A-h - kw-xr-]v-xn-b-m-hp- p.- H-cp- ]-t - hn-]-w-n-bn - \n-t -]-I-\- m-bn-cp- p-sh- n,- hn-]-wn-bn - D- m-ip- - ]p- Xn-b- D -]- -ß-sf- p-dn-t m,- am-dp- s{s p-u-isf- p-dn-t m,- h-f-cp- - X-I-cp- hy-h-km-b-ß-sf- p-dn-t m- H- p-a-dn-bm,- A-bmƒ- an-\-s -Sn- m-bn-cp- p.- n-]v-x- h- cp-am-\w- e-`n- p- - G-sX- n-ep-sam-cp- \nt -]-am -K-Øn - X-s - ]-Ww- \n-t -]n- v - A-bmƒ- ssi-ø-pw- si- n-b-n-cp-t -s\.- ap - ]v- ]-d- - A-[-ym-]-I-s\-t m-se- A-ev-]w- "A-]v-tU- -Uv'- B-I-p-hm - Iq-Sn- Hm-l-cn- hn- ]-Wn- k-lm-bn- p- p-s - -Xm-Wv - k-xyw.- X-s - ]-Ww- Hm-l-cn- h-n-]-wn-bn - ap-s- n- F- - H- - m-c-w-øm - X-s - ta -]-d- kw-k-xn-i-sf- p-dn-s m-s - H-cp- G-I-tZ-i- [m-c-w-bp- m-ti- -Xv- \n-t -]-I-s - B- hiy-am-bn- h-cp- p.- A-Xp-sIm- v- h -Øam-\-Im-e-Øn-s\m- w- N-cn- p-hm-\pw- A- bmƒ- v- km-[y-am-hp- p.- ta - -d- - H- - m-c-w-øm - X-s,- \n-t -]-tbm-kyam-b- ]-W-Øn-s - H-cp- `m- Kw- Hm-l-cn- hn-]-wn-bn - \n-t -]n-t - - Xv- H-cmƒ- v- B-h-iy-am-bn- h-cp- p-sh- v- Im-Wmw.- kv-t m- v- am - - n-s - hy-xn-bm- \w- `-b- -c-am-wv.- B-cn-epw- A-º-c- p-f-hm- p- - X-c-Øn - \o-ßp- - sk -sk-ivkv- Xo - -bm-bpw- Xn-cn- p-h-cpw.- H-cp-]-t,- a-wn- p-dp-i-tfm,- Zn-h-k-ß-tfm,- B-gv-N-Itfm- sim- v,- a- p-nn-e-t mƒ- h -j-ßƒ- X- s - F-Sp-tØ- mw.- C\n- kv-t m- v- am - - v- \ -Ip- - h-cpam-\-øn-s - Im-cy-tam?- am - - n - \n-t - ]n- p- - G-h - pw- H-tc- A-\p-]m-X-Øn-e- - Hm-l-cn- hn-]-wn- em-`w- \ -Ip- -Xv.- Npcp- w- Nn-e- \n-t -]-I - v - h - em-`w- \ - Ipw- Hm-l-cn- hn-]-wn.- h-f-sc- {i- m-]q - w- Zo -L-I-m-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn - \n-t -]-I-cmhp -h- - v- B-Zyw- ]-d- - hn-`m-k-øn-s - b-{x-bn-s - n-epw,- t`-z-s - - h-cp-am-\w- X-s - Cu- ta-j-e-bn - \n p-e-`n- pw.- F- m - Nn-e- \n-t -]-I-sc- kw-_- n- v- \-Sp- p- - H-cp- Hm -Ω- X-s -bm-hpw- Hm-l-cn- hn-]- Wn.- Hm-l-cn- hn-]-wn-bn-se- \n-t -]-sø,- A-Xn - q-sn- e-`n- p- - em-`-sø- ap- o- p- I-fn-bn- - Iq-Sn- e-`n- p- - em-`-hp-am-bn- Xmc-X-ayw- sn-øp- -Xv- G- -hpw- H-Sp-hn - ]-d- - hn-`m-k-am-wv.- hn-]-wn- \ -In-b- I-bvt]-dn-b- A-\p-`-h-ß-fm-hmw- H-cp-]-t - A- h-sc-s m- v- A-ß-s\- Nn- n- n- p- -Xv.- ]-t - bm-ym - yw- F-{X-tb-m- Zq-c-Øm-Wv.- ap- o- p-i-fn-bn - H-cp-h-s - \- w- A-]-c-s - em-`-am-ip- p.- a-s m-cp- X-c-Øn - ]-d- m - No- p-i-fn- F- p-]-d-bp- -Xv- ko-tdm- kw- skbnw- B-sW- v- I-m-Wmw.- em-`w- In- n-b-h-cpss- em-`-hpw- \- w- D- m-b-h-cp-ss- \- -hw- X- n- -n-gn- m - ^ew- ko-tdm-bm-bn-cn- pw.- F- m - Hm-l-cn-hn-]-Wn-bn-se- \n-t -]w- A-ß-s\-b-.- Im-c-Ww- Z-o -L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm- \-Øn - am - - v - D-b-cp- p.- I-º-\n-Iƒ- em- `w- h -[n- n- p- p.- h - n- n- -s - - em-`w- D-b - - s\- v- h -Øn-\v- Im-c-W-am-Ip- p.- C-Xn-s - b-ym - - Kp-W-t`m- m- -fm-i-s - Hm-lcn-bp-S-a-I-fpw.- A-]-c-s - t]m- - n-se- ]-Ww- X-s - t]m- - n-seøp- - sh-dp-samcp- X-cw-Xm-W- ]-cn-]m-sn-bm-bn- Hm-l-cn- hn-]- Wn-sb- Im-W-cp-sX- - v - ]-d-bm-\m-wn-{x-bp-sa- gp-xn-b-xv.- t]mtãm-^okn _n]nf tkhnwkvkv _m v A- u v Xpd mw kmaqly kpc- m-]- -Xn-Iƒ P\-ß-fn FØn- p- -Xn\pw {KmaoW P\-X-bpsS {]txy-in pw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv v Xmsg-bp-ff-h-cpsS ( _n F]n F ) D -a-\-øn- \mbn C y-bnse t]mtãm-^o-kp-iƒ _n ]n F tkhnwkvkv _m v A u v kviow \S- m n hcn-ibmwv. CXns `mk-ambn Fd-Wm-Ipfw Unhn-j-\nse {_m v t]mtãm-^okv apx F ]n H hsc-bp-ff F m t]mtãm-^o-kp-i-fnepw _n ]n F tkhnwkvkv _m v A u v Xpd- p-hm kui-cy-sam-cp- n-bn- p-s v Fd-Wm-Ipfw Unhn-j ko\n-b t]mã kq{] v si si tuhnkv Adn-bn- p. _n ]n F Im Uns t^mt m tim n, c v ]mkvt]m v t^mt m F nh klnxw ASp-Øp-ff t]mtãm-^o-kn A u v Xpd- mw. Ipd \nt ]w 50 cq]-bm-wv. {_m v Hm^o-kn A u v Xpd- p-hm aq v t^mt m thww. ssz\wzn\ Bh-iy-ßƒ v D]-tbm- Kn- p-hm- km[n pw hn[w ]Ww Ft mƒ thw-sa- nepw ]n h-en- p- Ibpw \nt -]n- p-ibpw snøm kuicy-ap-ff ] -Xn-bmWv t]mtãm-^okv tkhnwkvkv _m v A u v. Zmcn-{Z-\n am P-\-Øns `mk-ambn ti{µ, kwÿm\ k m-cp-iƒ \S- n-em- p kmaq-ly-kp-c ] -Xn-Iƒ Zmcn- {Zy-tc-Jbv p Xmsg-bp-f-f-h-cn t\cn v FØn- p- -Xn\v t]mtãm-^okv {]XnPvRm_- -am-wv. F m {Kma-ß-fnse hosp-i-fnepw X]m Dcp- -Sn-Iƒ FØn- p-ibpw tziob kºmzy ] -Xn-I-ƒ ssiim-cyhpw snøp t]mtãm-^o-kp- Ifn _n F tkhowkvkv A u- p-iƒ Xpd- mø-h G hpw ASp-Øpff t]mtãm-^o-kn _ -s -Sp-hm tuhnkv A`y n- p. _n ]n F hn`m-k-øn s -h-c- m-ø-h pw tkhnwkvkv _m v A u v Xpd- mw. amk-h-cp-am-\-]- -Xn, \mj-w tkhnwkvkv k n-^n- - v,inkm hnimkv ]{X, ]_vfniv s{]mhn- U v^ v, sssw Unt m-kn- v, sd -dnwkv Unt m-kn- v, ko\n-b kn n-k kv tkhnwkvkv kviow Xpßn kºm-zy-ioew hf Øp- -Xn\p klm-b-i-c-amb \nc-h[n ] -Xn-Iƒ t]mtãm-^o-kn e`y-am- nbn- p- v. IqSp-X hnh-c-ßƒ t]mãvam- Ã-dn \n v e`n- psa pw At±lw Adnbn- p.

18 I-t_m- -mjv- \n-b-aw- (Cabotage Law) h m -]-m-sw- A- m-cm-{ - I-s -b-v-\ - ss -a-n-\ - I-Ωo-j - sn-øp- -Xn-t\m-S- \p-_- n- pw- A-Xn-\p-ti-j-hpw- ]-{X-ßfn - h- - hm -Ø-I-fn-epw- X-e-s - p-ifn-epw- \n-d- p-\n- - H-cp- hm- m-wv- I- t_m- m-jv- \n-b-aw.- cm-py-sø- k-ap-{z-hm- Wn-Py-K-Xm-K-X-sØ-bpw- A-\p-_- - kwcw-`-ß-sf-bpw- kw-c- n- p- -Xn-\pw- {Iao-I-cn- p- -Xn-\pw- ]-cn-t]m-jn- n- p- - Xn-\pw- th- n- Im-em-Im-e-ß-fm-bn- sim- p-h- n-cn- p- - \n-b-a-ß-sf-bpw- A-Xn- -{]-I-m-c-ap- - N- -ß-sf-bp-am-Wv- s]m-xpth- I-t_-m m-jv- tem- F- t]-cn-e-dn-b- s -Sp- -Xv.- C- y- v- G-Xm- v- 7600 In-tem-ao- - Z-q-c-Øn - k-ap-{z-xo-cap- v.- \-ap- v- 13 h In-S- Xp-dap-J-ß-fpw- 187 CS-Ø-cwsN-dp-In-S- Xp-d-ap-J-ß-fp-ap- v.- h -In-S- Xp-d-a-p-J-ßƒ- ti-{µ-k - m-cn-s - Io-gnep- - jn- nwkv- a-{ m-e-bw- t\-cn- v- `-cn- p-tºmƒ- a- v- Xp-d-ap-J-ßƒ- A-Xm-Xvkw-ÿm-\- k - -m-cp-i-fp-ss- Io-gn-em-Wv.- I-t_m- -m-jv- \n-b-aw- si-m- p-h- -t mƒ- Cu- Xp-d-ap-J-ß-fp-sS- ]-cn-c- - Iq-Sn- {]- [m-\-e- y-ß-fm-bn-cp- p.- A-Xn-ep- - Nne- h-i-p- p-i-fm-wv- C- v- h- m -]m-sw- cm- Pym- -c- I-s -bv-\ - Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-\v- hn- \-b-m-bn-cn- p- -Xv.- h- m -]m-sw- em-`-i-c-am-bn- {]-h -Øn- -W-sa- n - C y-bn-se- a- v- X-p-d-ap-Jß-fn - \n- p- - I-s -bv-\-d-p-iƒ- h- F v Un sf ticfw H m-axv lyqa suh-e-]vsa v C su-ivkn (F v Un sf) ticfw H mw ÿm\- sø-øn. Bkq-{X-W- -Ωo-j-\p-ambn _ -s p {]h Øn- p C Ãn- yq v Hm^v A]vssfUv am ]h dntk v \S-Ønb ]T-\-Øn-emWv ticfw a\p-jy-hn-ik\ kqnn-i-bn H mw ÿm\øv FØn-bn- p-f-f-xv. I kw-]vj sne-hv, hnzym-`ym-kw, BtcmKyw XpS-ßn-b-hsb ASn-ÿm-\-s -Sp-Øn-bmWv kqnni Xbmdm- n-bn- p-f-f-xv. kmº-øni hf bpw D-Zm-c-h-Xv -c-whpw cmpy-søm- msi Pohn-X-\n-ehmcw sa -s -Sp-Øp-hm CS-bm- n-sb v ]T\w ]d-bp- p. F v Un sf kqnni 1999-2000- se 0.387 \n v 2007-08- 0.467 Bbn Db n- p- v. ]T-\-Øn\p B[m-c-am- n-bn- p-ff hnzym-`ymkw, BtcmKyw XpSßn F m kqnn-i-i-fnepw ticfw H m-a-sx-øn-bn- p- v. G hpw tami-amb {]I-S\w OØok-K-Un-t -Xm-Wv. U ln-bpss kqnni t\cnb txmxn CSn-hp- m-bn. CS-hp- mb GI ÿehpw U ln-bmwv. FUyq-t -j hn`m-k-øn 28.5 ix-am\w h [-\-bm-wp- m-b-xv. _olmdnse 0.41 apx tic-f-ønse 0.92 hsc C m-cy-øn hf -bmwv ImWn- -Xv. ]h-s kwÿm-\-ß-fn ]m iz-h-cn- -s - -h-cpss CS-bnse kqnn-ibpw tziob icm-i-cn-bn-tebv v FØn-bn- p- v. AXm-bXv kmº-øni hf -bpss KpW-^-eßƒ F m-h-cn-tebv pw ]Xn-sb-bm-sW- nepw FØn-Øp-S-ßn-sb- m-wv. Zmcn{Zyw Ipd-bp- p-sh- -XmWv G hpw {]Xo \evip kwk-xn. Db hf bv pw Btfm-lcn hcp-am-\-ønse h [-\bv pw B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn Zmcn{Zyw Ipd-bp- -Xm-bmWv ImWp- -Xv. 1973-55 ix-am\w Zmcn{Zy tcjbv p Xmsg-bmbn-cp- p-sh- n 1983- AXv 44.3 ix-am-\-øn-tebv pw 2004-05- 27.5 ix-am-\- Øn-tebv pw Xmgv n- p- v. ] n-i-h K- m-cpƒs -ss-bp-ff ]nt m- - m-cpss CSbn Zmcn{Zyw IpØs\ CSn-bp- -XmWv I Xv. tsm]v F v Un sf kwÿm-\-ßƒ kwÿm\w F v Un sf dm v 2000 2008 2000 2008 ticfw 0.68 0.79 2 1 U ln 0.78 0.75 1 2 lnam-n {]tziv 0.58 0.65 4 3 tkmh 0.59 0.62 3 4 ] m_v 0.54 0.61 5 5 t_m w F v Un sf kwÿm-\-ßƒ Pm v 0.27 0.36 23 15 a[y-{]-tziv 0.29 0.38 20 20 _olm 0.29 0.37 19 21 Hdok 0.28 0.36 22 22 OØokvKVv 0.28 0.35 21 23 [-\-im-kv-{xw- A-dn-bp-I- 31 tum.- ]n.-si.- G-{_-lmw m -]m-sw- h-gn- I-b- p-s m- p-t]m-im hn-tz-i-i- -ep-i-sf- A-\p-h-Zn-t - -Xv- AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.- C- -v- \n-e-hn-ep- - I-t_m m-jv- \nb-a-{]-im-cw- C- y - Xp-d-ap-J-ßƒ- X- Ωn-ep- - I-b- p-a-xn-bpw- Cd- p-a-xn-bpw- C- y - I- -ep-iƒ- v- am-{x-am-bn- ]-cnan-x-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- p.- a- - v-kv- jn- nw-kv- B-Œv- 1958 {]-I-m-cw- H-cp- C- y - Xp-d-ap-J-Øp-\n- v- a-s m-cp- C- y- - X-pd-ap-J-tØ- v- I-s -bv-\-dp-iƒ- sim- pt]m-ip- -Xv- C- y- - I -ep-i-fn - am- {Xam-bn-cn- -Ww.- C-X-\p-k-cn- v- ap-w-ss_- bn - \n- v- I-s -bv-\-d-p-iƒ- h- m -]m- S-Øv- sim- p-h- v- ssn-\-bn-te- v- (G- Xp-cm-Py-tØ- pw)- I- -en - I-b- n- A- b- -W-sa- n - B-Zyw- C- y - I- -ep- ]-tbm-kn- v- k-ap-{zw- h-gn- I-s -bv-\ - h- m -]m-s-øv- F-Øn- -Ww.- A- m-cm-{ - I- - I-º-\n-bp-sS- {]-[m-\- I- -temsn-dp-i- -tem- A-Xn-\v- D-]-tbm-Kn- m - ]m-sn-.- k-ap-{z-hym-]m-c-øn C-Ø-cw- I-b- n-d- p-iƒ- Iq-en-bn-epw- k-a-b-øn-epw- Im-cy-am-b- h - -\-h-p- m- pw.- A-XpsIm- v- hn-tz-i-i-º-\n-iƒ- C-Ø-cw- N- c- p-iƒ- H-gn-hm- p-i-bpw- h- m -]m-s-øp- \n- v- hn- p-\n - p-i-bpw- sn-øpw-.- C-Xv- Cu- Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-s - {]-h -Ø-\- -a-xsb- ]n-t m- -S-n- pw.- C- y-bn-se- G-Xv- Xp-d-ap-J-Øp-\n- pw- h- m -]m-sw- h-gnt]m-ip-i-bpw- h-cp-i-bpw- sn-øp- - F- m- I-s -bv-\-dp-iƒ- pw- C-Xv- _m-[-i- am-wv.- N-p-cp- -Øn - h- m -]m-sw- sim- v- C- y-bp-ss- I-b- p-axn-bn-eqw- C-d- p-a- Xn-bpw- D- m-ti- - t\- -ßƒ- \- -am- Ip-I-bm-Wv.- am-{x-a-,- sim-fw-t_m-bv- v- ]-I-cw- Cu- k-ap-{z-ta-j-ebn-se- {]-[m-\- I-s -bv-\ - Ib- n-d- v- Xp-d-ap-J-am-bn- h- m -]m-sw- am- p-i- F- - e- y-hpw- A- na-dn- -s -Sp- p.- Cu- A-]-I-Sw- G- -hp-a- [n-iw- _m-[n- p- -Xv- ti-c-f-sø-bm-wv.- ti-c-f-øn-se- a-s - m- kw-cw-`-ß-fn-epwap-s- n-bn-cn- p- -Xn-e-[n-Iw- Xp-I- GXm- v- 3200 tim-sn-cq-],- Cu- H- -]- -Xn- vap-s- p-ap-x-ep- v.- C-Ø-c-sam-cp- ]- -Xn- A- n-a-dn- -s -Sp- -Xn-s - Kp-W-ßƒ- B -s - v- \mw- Xn-cn- -dn-tb- n-b-n-cn- p- p.- ti-c-f-hpw- \-Ωp-sS- `-c-wm-[n-im-cn-ifpw- jn- nw-kn-s - Np-a-X-e-bp - a-{ nsi.- _m_p-h-pw- DW - n-cn- p- p-sh- -Xv- kzm-k-xm -l-am-wv.- I-t_m- m-jv- \n-b-a-øn - t`-z-k-xn-h-cp-øp-i- F- -Xm- Wv- C- m-cy-øn - A-Sn-b- -c-am-bpw- sntø- -Xv.- I-Sp-Ø- a- -cw- t\cn-sp- - cm- Pym- -c- hym-]m-c-øn - I-S-Øp-Iq-en-bpsS- {]m-[-m-\yw- a-\- n-em- n- C-X-n-\v- {]- Xn-_- -ambn- \n - p- - Im-e-l-c-Ws - - \n-b-a-ßƒ- am-t - - Im-ew- A-Xn- {I-an- n-cn- -p- p.- C- m-cyw- jn- nw-kv- a- { m-e-bw- Xn-cn- -dn-tb- n-bn-cn- p- p.- F- m - In- p- - G-X-p- h-sn-bp-ap-]-tbm- Kn- v- ti-c-f-sø- ASn- p-i- F- - tem- _n-bp-ss- ssi-i-fn - I-t_m -m-jv- \nb-a-hpw- a-s m-cp- Ip-dp-h-Sn-bm-Im-Xn-cn- m - {i- n-t - -Xp- v.- Im hnev]\ Ipd p; ss_ v Db p A`y- c Im hn]-wn-bnsse hf -bnse CSnhv sk]v w-_-dnepw XpS-c-IbmWv. sk]v w-_-dnse hf 1.8 ix-am-\-am-wv. sk]v w-_-dn 165925 bqwn- p- IfmWv hn -sx v skmssk n Hm^v C y Hmt m-sam-ss_ am\p-^m-ivn-dtdgvkv ( kbmw) ]pd-øn-d- nb dnt m n ]d-bp- p. ap h j-antx Ime-b-fhn-enXv 168959 bqwn- m-bn-cp- p. AtXka-bw, tamt m ssk nƒ hnev]\ 19.92 ix-am\w hf -tbmss ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hnse778351 bqwn- n \n v 933465 bqwn- mbn Db p. samøw Ccp-N-{I-hm-l-\-ß-fpsS hnev]\ 24.27 ix-am\w h [n v 992383 bqwn- n \n v 1233283 bqwn- n-tebv v Db p. hmwnpy hml-\-ß-fpss hnev]\ 18.04 ix-am\w hf -tbmss 59836 bqwn- n \n v 70634 bqwn- n-se-ønbxmbn knbmw dnt m v ]d-bp- p. samøw hml- \-ß-fpsS hnev] sk]v w-_-dn 19.39 ix-am\w hf t\sn-bn- p- v. sk]v w-_- dn 1571342 bqwn- p-iƒ hn p. ap h j-antx 1316118 bqwn- m-bn-cp- p. hf -bn Ipd-hp- m-bn- p-s - nepw \S- p-h jhpw Hmt m hyh-kmbw hf t\sp-sa- mwv A\-en-Ãp-I-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ø. Ign c p h j-ßfn Hmt m hn-ev]\ ani hf -bmwv t\sn-b-xv. hml-\-ß-fpss hne h [n- Xpw ]en-i-\n-c v Db -Xp-sams hnev]- \sb _m[n p XpS-ßn-bn- p- v. cmpysø Hmt m hnev]-\-bpss 60 ix-am-\hpw hmbv]bnemwv hnev p- -Xv. amcpxn, lyq mbv Uoe am-ipss C sh dn 15-20 Znh-k-sa- Xv 30-45 Znh-k-ambn Db n-cn- p-i-bm-sw v GU hokv Im n- k th ]d-bp- p. Ct m-gø kml-n-cy-øn \S- p-h jw 10-12 ix-am\w hf -bmwv hml- \-hn-ev]-\-bn {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. t\csø \S- p-h jw 15-20 ix-am\w hf bmwv {]Xo- n- n-cp- -Xv. 2010-11- 30 ix-am\w hf t\sn-bn-cp- p. Cu D h kok-wn Hmt m hnev]-\-bn henb DW shm pw hml\ hnev]-\- -º-\n-Ifpw \n am-xm- fpw {]Xo- n- p- n-. ]eni Db Xpw C \ hne Db-cp- Xpw D]-tbm- m- -fpss sk n-sa ns\ _m[n- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Ign h jw HIvtSm-_-dnse D -h-ko-k-wn 1460655 bqwn- mwv hn -Xv. CtX Xte-h j-tø- mƒ 46 ix-am\w IqSp-X-em-bn-cp- p. kº-zvl-s-\-bpss hf -bpss kqn-i-ambn Icp-Xp hml\ hnev]\ hf \S- p-h jw 2 4 ix-am-\-øn-tebv v Xmgvt - p-sa v knbmw dnt m v ]d-bp- p. t\csø 10-12 ix-am\w hf -bmwv knbmw IW- m- n-bn-cp- -Xv. Ign 50 Znh-k-Øn-\p-f-f-C GXm v Uk ]pxnb hml-\-ß-fmwv hn]-wn-bn FØn-bnXv. A m-bn-cp- p-sh- n hnev] IpØs\ Ipd-bp-am-bn-cp- p-sh v Hmt m C Ukv{Sn Icp-Xp- p. ]pxnb Imdp-I-fpsS hchv D]-tbm- - sf Aev]-sa- nepw Db Øp-hm Imc-W-am-bn- p- v. ]pxnb Uok Imdp- Ifpw ]pxnb tem p-ifpw hn]-wnsb D±o-]n- n- p-sa- mwv Iº-\n-Iƒ Icp-Xp- -Xv. \ a kq e`n- Xv hml\ hn]-wn v s]mxpth KpW-I-c-am-Ipw. HIvtSm-_ hnev]\ Cu hyh-km-b-øns Cu h jsø km[y-x-sb- p-dn v hy -amb Nn{Xw \evipw.

]W-\bw \bw-am- -Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-bn v HIvtSm-_ t]mfnkn dnk hv _m v Hcn- IqSn ]en-i-\nc v Db Øn. XpS -bmbn ]Xn-aq- - CtXmsS Ah-km-\n- p-sa kqn\bmwv dnk hv _m v hnh-cn- p- p. cq]-bpss sø Aa Øm t]mhp-i. hf m- p- AXm-bXv ]en-i-\n-c- nse h [\ `ojwn Db Øp LS-I-am-sW pw f m- p-d-hm-bn-cn pw C\n \mwy-s -cpasø h [-\-bm-wn-xv. Hcp ]t Cu CsX mw \evip- -Xv. aqey-tim-jww aqew Itam-Un n hne-ifn-ep- mbn CSn-hns KpWw In m-sxb XpS v hne- -b- -hpw. \mwy-s -cpdhv Unam v Ipd-bv p-sa v Dd- m-wv. kok-wnse Ah-km-\-tØ-Xm-bn-cn- p-hm- CtXm-sSm w {][m-\-s as mcp \mwv km[y-x. ImcWw kºzvl-s-\- \bam hpw dnk hv _m v {]Jym-]n- p. t]mbn. sø Aa Øp-hm {lkz-im-etøbv v Ipd kmº-øni hf bpss hf -sb pdn v Bi- -s -Sp-hm tkhnwkv Unt m-kn v ]eni \nc v \nb- ]W-s -cp w C m-xm- p H dnk hv _m v \n _- n-x-am-bn-cn- p- p. { -W-Øn \n v Hgn-hm- n. C\n _m p- t]mbn n {i ti{µo-i-cn dnk hv A`n-Im-ay-am-sW- nepw AXp \ne-\n- pt]m-cp- Xv A]-I-S-am-Wv. dnk hv \S- p-h jw Pn Un ]n hf 7.6 ixam-\-øn-tebv v Xmgp-sa- mwv A [- DSt\ \ne-hn hcp-ibpw snbvxn- p- v. Un ]n hf sb Ipd-bv p-hm Ign- _m ns 20 amksø ]W-\bw Xpd p Iƒ v CjvS-ap-ff \nc v \evimw. CXv _m n\v AXn\p km[n- n-s - nepw Pn hm jni kmº-øn-i-\bw ]pd-øn-d- ns m v dnk hv _m v K-h W Zp{hn { -W-Øn\v ]pd-øm-bn. ASpØ Znh-k- Db Øn-bn pw ]Øp-am-k-ambn ]W-s - Db p \nev p kml-n-cy-øn CtXmsS F m-øcw ]en-i-ifpw \nb- p. XpS -bmbn ]en-i-\n-c- p-iƒ ImWn- p- Xv AXm-Wv. \mwy-s -cp w kp -dmhp hy -am- n-b-xv. Ig ß-fn _m p-iƒ tkhnwkvkv _m v cp w 9 ix-am-\-øn\p api-fn i - dnk hv _m v AXns \bw am -Øn- Izm -dp-i-fn-tebpw a[y-izm -dp-i-fntebpw kmº-øn-im-h-tem-i-\-ß-fn 8 ImWmw. Ct mƒ 4 ix-am\w \nc- v. dnse ]W-s -cp w 9.72 ix-am-\-am-wv. ]W-s -cp w Ipd-bp-sa pw ]en-i-\n-c- p-iƒ h [n- n- p- Xp ambn \ne-\n-ev p-i-bmwv. sk]v w-_- \p-ff Imc-W-ßƒ hy -am- n-bn- n-. ix-am\w hf Dd p \nev p-i-bm-bncp p At±-lw. sa p am{x-a a -chpw h [n- pw. tebv v Xncn-s -Øp-Ibpw snbvxp. HIvtSm- CtX \ne 2012-13- -tebv v XpS-cp-sa- p- \nt -]-I v sa -s \nc v e`n- p- ` y-hn-e-s -cp- -am-is Cc- -b- -Øn- am t mss AXv 7 ix-am-\-am-ip-sa pw Ct m-gsø ]eni h [-\-tbmss _m p-i-fpss Unt m-kn v snehv h [n- _ F n\v Ah-km-\n hmc-øn 10.60 ap-ff ]#v-c-xo- bpw ]en-i-h [\ \bdnk hv _m v hmwnpy _m p-iƒ v p-hm\pw CS-bp v ix-am-\-amwv ` y-hn-e-s -cp- w. Øn\v A [-hn-cm-a-an-sp-hm Imc-W-am-bn- \evip hbm-]-i-fn-ep-ff ]enibpw dnk hv _m ns am K-\n-cvt±-i-a- AtX-k-abw Pn Un ]n hf p- v. CXv \nt ]w h [n- n- p-hm (dot]m \nc- v) _m p-i-fn \n v kzoicn- p \nt -]-ßƒ p-ff ]en-i-bpw ]-ßƒ v Htcm \nc v \evi-ww. Xmgp-Ibpw snbvxp. Bdp Izm -dp-i-fn- n-xxzw Ah-km-\n kml-n-cy-øn \p-k-cn v 1 e w cq] hsc-bp-ff \nt - BZy-Izm -dn 7.7 ix-am-\-øn-tebv v CS-bm- p-sa pw {]Xo- n- p- p. A\n- ( dnthgvkv dot]m) Im ix-am\w hoxw AXn\p api-fn hyxykvx \nc v embn ÿnc-ambn hf Ipd-bp-I-bm-bncp- p. CXn-\n-S-bn 13 XhW dnk hv {]Xo- n- p- p. \nt -]-I C\n kpo-h-am-ip-sa p Iq n-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. CtXmsS dot]m \evimw. _m p-i-fnse \nt -]-Øn 20- \nc v 8.50 ix-am-\hpw dnthgvkv dot]m 25 ix-am-\-tømfw tkhnwkvkv Unt mkn v BWv. \mwy-s -cp w Db p ]en-i-\n-c- ns ] m-ø-e-øn Ibpw Pn Un ]n hf Ipd-bp-Ibpw _m v ]en-i-\n-c v Db Øn. Db ]W-s -cp w Ipd-bmsX \nev p- \nc v 7.50 ix-am-\-hp-am-bn. 2010 am n CXv bym-{iaw 3.25 ix-am-\hpw \nev p- -XmWv tkhnwkvkv ]en-i-\n-c- C y Pn Un ]n hf 7 ix-am-\- snbvx kml-n-cy-øn \mwy-s -cp- - 2.25 ix-am-\hpw hox-am-bn-cp- p. Imjv nse \nb-{ Ww \o p-hm t{]c-wbm-b-xvbn-t -s - mwv C -twm-an-ãp-iƒ A`n- ÿm\w \evin-s m- p-ff k p-en-x- Øn\p Xmtgbv p \oßn-bm AXn-i- Øn\pw kmº-øn-i-h-f bv pw dnk hv tdtjym ( kn B B ) am -an- msx Bdp ix-am-\-øn XpS-cp-I-bm- ]ne-i-\n-c v h [-\bv v {]m-b-s -Sp- -Xv. hymkm-bn-tim-xv]--z-\-hf, am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv hf, tkh-\- ssis m- pi F kqn-\-bmwv amb ]W-\-b-am-bn-cn pw kp -dmhp C\n Wv. Xev mew hns \evin-sb- nepw _m p- Unkw-_-tdmsS \mwy-s -cp w I-fpsS ^ p-iƒ v sneth-dp hn[- ta-j-e-bnse hf XpS-ßnb kº-zvl- ]pxnb \b-øn-eqss hy -am- p- -Xv. Ipd p XpS-ßp-Ibpw am t mss AXv Øn tkhnwkvkv Unt m-kn v \nc v S-\-bnepw hnhn[ taj-e-i-fn Xf \mwy-s -cp- -Øn \n v hf -bntebv v {i -ti-{µo-i-cn- p \b-øn\v 7 ix-am-\-øn-tebv v Xmgp-sa pap-ff kzx-{ -am- n-bn- p v. CXv sndnb ]eni-\n-c v h [-\-bpss sndnb ^e-ap-f- G hpw Xmgv hf m \nc- n-emwv. ASn-Ø-d-bn-Sp-I-bmWv HIvtSm-_ \b-øn- Zriy-am-Wv. Ch-bn ]expw 20 amksø hne-bn-cp-ø-en dnk hv _m v Dd p \nev p- p. hf bpw C\n apx ]W- hm- p-sa v Dd- m-wv. \mwy-s -cp- -hp-am-bp-ff t]mcm- - eq-ss. \bw cq]o-i-cn- p- -Xn {][m-\-amsw pw dnk hv _m v hy -am- p- p. C y-bpss kmº-øn-ihf bv p \jvs-s - n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. kmº-øn-i-hh-tem-i\w Unkw-_ 16- \v BWv. BtKm-f-km-º-Øn-Im- -do w Øn dnk hv _m ns hnizmkyx ASpØ a[y-izm kmº-øn-im- kz W-Øn Fßs\ \nt -]n mw? 19 {KŸ-I Ømhv: B tdmj {]km-[\w: amxr-`qan _pivkv hne: 65 cq] kz W-{`aw C y- m-cpss c - Øn Aen p tn n-cn- p- -Xm- Wv. GXm-tLm-j-ka-bØpw C y- m kz Ww hmßpw. Ct m-gsø hne-bn C y- m kz Ww hmßphm-\mbn Hcp h jw sne-h-gn- p- Xv 1.2 e w timsn cq]-bm-sw- mwv thƒuv tkmƒuv Iu knens IW- p-iƒ ]d-bp- -Xv. AXm-bXv Cu ]W-ap-]-tbm-Kn v C y-bnse G hpw henb Iº-\n-bmb dneb kns ]IpXn Hml-cn-Iƒ hmßmw ( Ct mƒ dne-b kns hn]wn aqeyw 274427 timsn cq]-bm-wv). As - n Fkv _n sf _m p- ( hn]wn aqeyw 127428 timsn cq]) Xs ]q W-ambpw hmßmw. Npcp- -Øn kz W-Øn\p th n C y- m sne-h-gn- p- Xv `oa-amb XpI-bm-Wv. BtKmf kmº-øn-i- p-g- -ß-fpsS ImeØv Cu kz W-{`aw Gsd {]tbm- P-\-s - n-cn- p- p. temi-saßpw a v BkvXn-I-fpsS hne Ipd-bp-tºmƒ kz Ww kº- -am- p-i-bmwv C y- m-sc. Hcp h j- m-esø G hpw ani \nt ] BkvXn-Iƒ GsX- -Xn B pw X -ap- m-hn-. kz Whpw sh nbpw X- s. 2010 P\p-hcn H n\v sh n-bn \nt -]n Hcp e w cq] C v 2.25 e w cq]-bmbn Db ncn- p- p. kz W-ØnemWv \nt -]-sa- n AXv 1.44 e w cq]bpw ÿnc-\nt -]-ambn _m nemsw- n 1.12 e w cq]bpambn hf n-cn- pw. B`-c-W-Øn-\- p-dtøbv v C y- m kz WsØ Hcp \nt -]- ambn I p XpS-ßn-bn-cn- p- p. 2007- Bcw-`n tkmƒuv C Sn F^p-I-fpsS hf kqnn- n- p- Xv CXm-Wv. kºøv kz-cq-]n- p-hm-\p-ff kpc- nx \nt -]-am-bn mwv kz WsØ ]ecpw ImWp- -Xv. F m B`-c-W-co- Xn-bn BIp-tºm-tgbv pw AXns aqey-øn Ipdhp hcp- p- v. AXn-\m Hcp ]cn-[- - pdøv B`-cWw hmßmsx kz W _nkvi- v, kz W-\m-Wbw, kz W_m XpS-ßnb coxn-bntebv v kz W-\n-t ]w amdn-bn-cn- p- p. kz W-Øn \nt ]w Xmev]cyw h [n- -txmss sshhn-[y-am kz W-\n-t ] D]-I-c-W-ßfpw cq -s - n-cn- p- p. kz W-Ønse \nt -]-km-[y-x-ifpw sshhn- [y-am kz W-\n-t ] D]-I-c-W-ßfpw ]cn- N-b-s -Sp-Øp-I-bmWv amxr-`q-an-bn kmº-øni ]{X-{]-h Ø-I-\mb B tdmj cnn kz W- Øn Fßs\ \nt -]n mw? F ]pkvx-i- Øn-eq-sS. B`-c-W-ßƒ apx G hpw tkmƒuv C Sn F^v, C tkmƒuv, kz W ayqnz ^ v, kz W-Ønse Ah[n hym]mcw hsc-bp-ff hnhn[ kz W-\n-t -]-co-xn-iƒ ]pkvi-øn {]Xn-]m-Zn- p- p. CtXm-sSm w kz W-Ønse \jvs-km-[y-x-sb- p-dn v ap -dn-bn v \evip-hm\pw \nipxn _m[y-x-i-sf- p-dn pw Npcp- -ambpw \evin-bn- p- v. hnhn[ Id kn-ifnep-ff kz Whne 1971 apx \evin-bn- p-f-fxv Xo -bmbpw kz W hne h [-\-sb- p-dn v a\-kn-em- p-hm hmb-\- m-cs\ klm-bn- pw. hnhn[ cmpy-ßfnse kz W DXv]m-Z-\hpw HutZym-KnI kz Wti-J-chpw ]pkvx-i-øn \evin-bn- p- v. Ncp- -Øn kz W \nt -]-Øn\v Hcpßp -h pw kz W-\n-t -]-ap-f-f-h pw Ah-sb- p-dn v IqSp-X a\-kn-em- p-hm klm-bn- p- -XmWv Cu ]pkvx-iw.

20 VOICE OF WEALTH November 2011 Registered No. KL/EKM/672/2011-2013 Licence No. KL/CR/EKM/WPP-30/2008-10 Reg. No. NOVEMBER KERBIL/ 2006/18747. 2011 RN. 91304 Owned, Printed and Published by George Alexander Muthoot, G343, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi-36 and Printed at Cherrys Printers, for Viani Printers, Kochi. Editor: T.C.Mathew. Editor In Charge: Joy Philip (Responsible for story selection)