Overview topics Basics of chromatography Gaschromatography Construction Sampling techniques Application of gaschromatography Example of a measurement page 2
Why chromatography? Samples of investigation are solely complex mixtures of different substances. e.g. various blood analyses Doping test Forensic analyses (i. a. knockout drops) Drug test Blood alcohol-analysis The complex mixture has to be separated for analyzing specified substances. page 3
Chromatography Definition: Chromatography chroma colour (Greek) graphein to write (Greek) [..]technique for separating the components, or solutes, of a mixture on the basis of the relative amounts of each solute distributed between a moving fluid stream, called the mobile phase, and a contiguous stationary phase. [https://www.britannica.com/science/chromatography] Oxidationproducts of Chlorophyll http://daten.didaktikchemie.unibayreuth.de/experimente/chembox/u_blattfarbstoffe/blatt-1.jpg page 4
Procedure of a chromatographic separation Stationary phase: solid or liquid, different properties available http://www.seilnacht.com/versuche/chroma2.gif Mobile phase: gaseous or liquid, inert gases or liquids preferred page 5
Basics of a chromatographic separation Separation bases on interaction of analyte between stationary and mobile phase The stronger the interaction between analyte and stationary phase, the stronger the retainment (retention) of the analyte sample analyte A analyte B analyte C to detector mobile phase stationary phase page 6
Chromatographic investigation methods Liquid chromatography Thin layer chromatography (TLC) Paper chromatography High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Gaschromatography page 7
Gaschromatography - Construction Mobile phase (Carrier gas): Helium (He), Nitrogen (N 2 ), Hydrogen (H 2 ) Stationary phase: Commonly used Capillary Columns between 5m and 60m page 8
Selected sampling techniques Headspace: Septum Carrier gas Column Liquid-injection: page 9
Gaschromatography Sample requirements Only for volatile analytes (temperatures approx. 320 C) No decomposition of analyte page 10
Limit of detection - Dimensions Standard GC with mass sensitive detector: 50 µg L -1 equals approx. 40 sugar cubes dissolved in an Olympic swimming pool (2,5 Million Liters) page 11
Example of chromatogram complex mixture of many flavouring substances page 12
Application of gaschromatography Forensic investigations (Doping tests, drug tests, criminalistics) Quality assurance (Medical-, plastic-, solvent production) Research and development (Structure clearance of new substances, degradation products) Environment-analytics (Drinking water, soil, air) etc. page 13
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Pictures list of references http://kids.t-online.de/b/58/45/96/90/id_58459690/tid_da/wie-kommt-blut-zu-seiner-roten-farbe-.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/pflanzen,_botanischer_garten_berlin?uselang=de#/media/file:gnetum_gnemon_botgardbln1105c.jpg http://www.chemgapedia.de/vsengine/media/vsc/de/ch/3/anc/croma/dc/prinzip/trennung1m70gr0101.jpg http://www.kupke-chemie-physik.de/images/papierchromatogrammschwarz_462.jpg http://news.thermofisher.com/sites/thermofisher.newshq.businesswire.com/files/biors_benchtop.jpg http://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-g/32598-3841049.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/gas_chromatograph.png/350px-gas_chromatograph.png http://www.chemgapedia.de/vsengine/media/vsc/de/ch/3/anc/croma/gc/direkt/split/schema.gif http://share.psu.ac.th/system/assets/media/files/000/032/330/original_hs1.jpg?1324352348 http://kinesis.co.ukwp-contentuploads201307screw_group_with_inserts_silver-300x214.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:stones#/media/file:1_posk%c3%a6r_stenhus_kammer.jpg http://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/media.facebook.562a6462-21c9-42b6-af62-caa8fa71fb91.normalized.jpg https://pixabay.com/static/uploads/photo/2015/04/05/18/41/statue-708385_960_720.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/normflasche-1.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/olympic_pool_munich_1972.jpg https://pixabay.com/static/uploads/photo/2014/02/04/17/13/sugar-cube-258116_960_720.jpg https://pixabay.com/p-1547535/?no_redirect page 15