SM*A*S*H. Standard Model * Axion * See-saw * Hidden PQ scalar inflation. Andreas Ringwald (DESY)

SM*A*S*H Standard Model * Axion * See-saw * Hidden PQ scalar inflation Andreas Ringwald (DESY) From the Vacuum to the Universe Kitzbühel, Austria 26 June 1 July 2016 [Guillermo Ballesteros, Javier Redondo, AR, Carlos Tamarit, arxiv:1607.nnnn]

The Quest for a Minimal Model of Particle Cosmology > Discovery of Higgs boson marks completion of SM particle content [wikipedia] Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 2

The Quest for a Minimal Model of Particle Cosmology > Discovery of Higgs boson marks completion of SM particle content > Observations in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology point to existence of BSM particles 1. Inflation 2. Baryon asymmetry 3. Dark matter 4. Neutrino flavour oscillations 5. Non-observation of strong CP violation [M. Shaposhnikov, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 373 (2014) 0038] > Problems 1.-4. solved in : Minimal SM extension by light righthanded singlet neutrinos [Asaka, Shaposhnikov `05] Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 4

The Quest for a Minimal Model of Particle Cosmology > Discovery of Higgs boson marks completion of SM particle content > Observations in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology point to existence of BSM particles 1. Inflation 2. Baryon asymmetry 3. Dark matter 4. Neutrino flavour oscillations 5. Non-observation of strong CP violation [M. Shaposhnikov, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 373 (2014) 0038] > Problems 1.-4. solved in : Minimal SM extension by light righthanded singlet neutrinos [Asaka, Shaposhnikov `05] Allowing for large,, nonminimally coupling of Higgs to Ricci scalar [Bezrukov, Shaposhnikov `08] Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 5

The Quest for a Minimal Model of Particle Cosmology > Success of inflation in threatened: For, perturbative unitarity breaks down during inflation or, at the very least, during reheating, rendering predictions unreliable [Barbon,Espinosa 09; Burgess et al. 09; Kehagias et al. 14] Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 6

The Quest for a Minimal Model of Particle Cosmology > Success of inflation in threatened: 18 Instability scale as a function of m t,for m h =125.09 GeV For, perturbative unitarity breaks down during inflation or, at the very least, during reheating, rendering predictions unreliable [Barbon,Espinosa 09; Burgess et al. 09; Kehagias et al. 14] Higgs inflation cannot be realised if Higgs quartic coupling runs negative at large (Planckian) field values log 10 ΛI (GeV) 16 14 12 10 8 [Degrassi et al. 12;..; Bezrukov et al. 12; Bednyakov et al. 15] 172.0 172.5 173.0 173.5 174.0 174.5 175.0 m t (GeV) [Ballesteros,Redondo, AR,Tamarit, arxiv:1607.nnnn] Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 7

The Quest for a Minimal Model of Particle Cosmology > Success of inflation in threatened: 18 Instability scale as a function of m t,for m h =125.09 GeV For, perturbative unitarity breaks down during inflation or, at the very least, during reheating, rendering predictions unreliable [Barbon,Espinosa 09; Burgess et al. 09; Kehagias et al. 14] Higgs inflation cannot be realised if Higgs quartic coupling runs negative at large (Planckian) field values log 10 ΛI (GeV) 16 14 12 10 [Degrassi et al. 12;..; Bezrukov et al. 12; Bednyakov et al. 15] > Can be avoided by introducing Hidden complex Scalar (HS) charged under new global U(1) symmetry that is spontaneously broken 8 172.0 172.5 173.0 173.5 174.0 174.5 175.0 m t (GeV) [Ballesteros,Redondo, AR,Tamarit, arxiv:1607.nnnn] Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 8

The Quest for a Minimal Model of Particle Cosmology > Role of the inflaton can now be played by modulus of HS or a mixture of latter with the modulus of the Higgs Required non-minimal coupling to fit amplitude of CMB temperature fluctuations can be of order unity, for, raising scale of unitarity violation to > Hidden scalar stabilizes scalar potential through Higgs portal coupling Gives extra positive contribution to beta function of Higgs quartic [Gonderinger et al. 10] Generates tree-level threshold effect on Higgs quartic coupling that can make potential absolutely stable if [Lebedev 12; Elias-Miro et al. 12] Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 10

The Quest for a Minimal Model of Particle Cosmology > Role of the inflaton can now be played by modulus of HS or a mixture of latter with the modulus of the Higgs Required non-minimal coupling to fit amplitude of CMB temperature fluctuations can be of order unity, for, raising scale of unitarity violation to > Hidden scalar stabilizes scalar potential through Higgs portal coupling Gives extra positive contribution to beta function of Higgs quartic [Gonderinger et al. 10] Generates tree-level threshold effect on Higgs quartic coupling that can make potential absolutely stable if [Lebedev 12; Elias-Miro et al. 12] > Angular scalar excitation: NG boson J Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 11

The Quest for a Minimal Model of Particle Cosmology > Add vector-like quark with chiral charge assignment under hidden U(1), rendering latter to a Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry as in KSVZ axion model > VEV : gives also mass to Q Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 13

The Quest for a Minimal Model of Particle Cosmology > Add vector-like quark with chiral charge assignment under hidden U(1), rendering latter to a Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry as in KSVZ axion model > VEV : gives also mass to Q > J is the axion: NG boson A/J has coupling Strong CP problem solved! A/J decay constant: Mass Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 14

The Quest for a Minimal Model of Particle Cosmology > Add vector-like quark with chiral charge assignment under hidden U(1), rendering latter to a Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry as in KSVZ axion model > VEV : gives also mass to Q > J is the axion: NG boson A/J has coupling Strong CP problem solved! A/J decay constant: Mass > Axion cold DM plus sterile neutrino warm DM Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 15

The Quest for a Minimal Model of Particle Cosmology > Unify PQ U(1) symmetry with lepton symmetry: give also the SM leptons and the right-handed neutrinos PQ charges [Dias et al. `14] SM*A*S*H > VEV : Determines Majorana masses Explains smallness of active neutrino masses by see-saw relation SM * Axion * See-saw * Hidden PQ scalar inflation [Ballesteros,Redondo, AR,Tamarit, arxiv:1607.????] x x x Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 18

The Quest for a Minimal Model of Particle Cosmology > Unify PQ U(1) symmetry with lepton symmetry: give also the SM leptons and the right-handed neutrinos PQ charges [Dias et al. `14] SM*A*S*H > VEV : Determines Majorana masses Explains smallness of active neutrino masses by see-saw relation SM * Axion * See-saw * Hidden PQ scalar inflation [Ballesteros,Redondo, AR,Tamarit, arxiv:1607.????] > Thermal leptogenesis (out of equilibrium decay of RHN) x x x Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 19

The Quest for a Minimal Model of Particle Cosmology > Unify PQ U(1) symmetry with lepton symmetry: give also the SM leptons and the right-handed neutrinos PQ charges [Dias et al. `14] SM*A*S*H > VEV : Determines Majorana masses Explains smallness of active neutrino masses by see-saw relation SM * Axion * See-saw * Hidden PQ scalar inflation [Ballesteros,Redondo, AR,Tamarit, arxiv:1607.????] > Thermal leptogenesis (out of equilibrium decay of RHN) > Axion cold DM x x x Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 20

Inflation: Higgs Inflation, Hidden Scalar Inflation,... > Non-minimal couplings stretch scalar potential in Einstein frame; makes it convex and asymptotically flat at large field values > Potential has valleys =attractors for Higgs Inflation (HI), Hidden Scalar In-flation (HSI) or mixed Higgs Hidden Scalar Inflation (HHSI), depending on relative signs of Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 22

Inflation: Confronting with Observations > CMB observables Planck TT+lowP Planck T T +lowp+bkp +lensing+ext can be fit for any Quartic in ation =1 Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 23

Inflation: Confronting with Observations > HI requires huge non-minimal coupling of the Higgs: λ /ξ 2 ξ Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 24

Inflation: Confronting with Observations > HI requires huge non-minimal coupling of the Higgs: > Perturbative unitarity lost in HI H I,V 1/4 [GeV] ξ Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 25

Inflation: Confronting with Observations > HI requires huge non-minimal coupling of the Higgs: > Perturbative unitarity lost in HI λ /ξ 2 > Can be of order one for HSI or HHSI; e.g. requires ξ > No unitarity problem in HSI/HHSI! Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 26

Stability > Effective scalar potential in SMASH can be positive up to the Planck scale > Stability in HS direction enforces a maximum on Yukawas of RH neutrinos Y 11 (m ρ ) λ σ (30 M P ) Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 27

Stability > Effective scalar potential in SMASH can be positive up to the Planck scale > Stability in HS direction enforces a maximum on Yukawas of RH neutrinos > Stability in Higgs direction enforces maximum on Higgs portal coupling λ H σ (m ρ ) λ σ (m ρ ) Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 28

Stability > Effective scalar potential in SMASH can be positive up to the Planck scale > Stability in HS direction enforces a maximum on Yukawas of RH neutrinos > Stability in Higgs direction enforces maximum on Higgs portal coupling and a maximum on δ (m ρ ) f A [GeV] Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 29

Reheating > Mechanism of reheating in SMASH well defined: proceeds via the Higgs portal > Fundamental questions: Is PQ symmetry restored after inflation? Is reheating temperature large enough for successful thermal leptogenesis? > Reheating proceeds in two steps: Preheating: Fluctuations of hidden scalar grow fast due to parametric resonance while HS-inflaton oscillates in its quartic potential. PQ symmetry effectively restored for Perturbative reheating: HS fluctuations thermalize quickly and dump their energy into SM particles once their decay rate goes above the Hubble rate. In stabilised parameter region, > PQ thermally restored phase continues for a few e-folds and then PQ symmetry is spontaneously broken > Leptogenesis proceeds by out of equilibrium decays of RHNs Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 30

Axion Dark Matter > In postinflationary PQ SB scenario: one-to-one relation between axion mass and relic abundance > Mechanisms of production: Vacuum realignment [Wantz,Shellard 09] Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 31

Axion Dark Matter > In postinflationary PQ SB scenario: one-to-one relation between axion mass and relic abundance > Mechanisms of production: Vacuum realignment Decay of topological defects (domain walls and strings) [Hiramatsu et al. 12] Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 32

Axion Dark Matter > In postinflationary PQ SB scenario: one-to-one relation between axion mass and relic abundance > Mechanisms of production: Vacuum realignment Decay of topological defects (domain walls and strings) [Petrecky et al. `16] > Key quantity entering prediction: Temperature dependence of axion mass, χ[fm -4 ] 10 2 10 0 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 100 150 200 250 10-8 10-10 10-12 [Borsanyi et al. `16] 100 200 500 1000 2000 T[MeV] Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 33

Axion Dark Matter > In postinflationary PQ SB scenario: one-to-one relation between axion mass and relic abundance > Mechanisms of production: Vacuum realignment Decay of topological defects (domain walls and strings) Θ 0 10 0 10-1 10-2 10-3 10 19 10 18 10 17 10 16 10 15 10 14 10 13 10 12 10 11 10 10 pre-inflation initial angle f A [GeV] post-inflation misalignment range 10 9 > Key quantity entering prediction: Temperature dependence of axion mass, > For a 100%/50%/1% contribution from misalignment; remainder from topological defects: 10-4 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 m A [µev] [Borsanyi et al. `16] Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 34

Axion Dark Matter Experiments Checking SMASH > Presently operating (ADMX) and planned next generation experiments based on RF cavities (G2, G3) not able to cover whole mass range [Sikivie `83] P out g 2 B 0 2 DM V Q/m a > More promising: Experiments exploiting dielectric mirrors or antenna dishes [Horns et al. `13] C Aγ 10 3 10 2 10 1 KSVZ DFSZ 10-6 ADMX'06 ν A (GHz) 1 10 10 2 RBF UF ADMX G2 G3 10-1 10-5 10-4 m A (ev) MIRROR [Borsanyi et al. `16] IAXO DISH 50-1500 µev CAST 10-3 Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 35

Summary > Remarkably simple extension of the SM provides solution of five fundamental problems of particle physics and cosmology 1. Inflation 2. Baryon asymmetry 3. Dark matter 4. Neutrino flavour oscillations 5. Non-observation of strong CP violation SM*A*S*H [Ballesteros,Redondo, AR,Tamarit, arxiv:1607.nnnn] x x x Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 36

Conclusions > SMASHy history of the universe: Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 37

Summary > Crucial predition: Dark matter comprised of axions with mass in range > Can be tested experimentally in next decade by new direct detection experiments, such as the MADMAX haloscope [Caldwell et al. 15] Andreas Ringwald SM*A*S*H*, From the Vacuum to the Universe, Kitzbühel, Austria, 26 June 1 July 2016 Page 38