From Quantum to Matter 2005 Ronald Griessen Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam AMOLF, May 24, 2004 vrije Universiteit amsterdam
Why such a course?
From Quantum to Matter: The main themes Wave functions Molecules Atoms Solids Liquids
2 Books and 2 Lecturers, but ONE idea Cees Gooijer Ronald Griessen
5 Studentassistenten Joost de Klerk jsdklerk@few.vu.nl Sven de Man Maarten Noom Ronald Griessen Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Lineke van der Sneppen Ben de Vries AMOLF, May 24, 2004 sdeman@nat.vu.nl mc.noom@few.vu.nl sneppen@few.vu.nl bdevries@nat.vu.nl
7 Mentoren Joost van Barneveld barnev@nat.vu.nl Tomek van de Watering tomekvandewatering@yahoo.co.uk Enak van Essen ejvessen@few.vu.nl Anton Koers Ronald ahkoers@few.vu.nl Griessen Vrije MaxUniversiteit, Ongering Amsterdam msongeri@few.vu.nl Loes Scheffers lscheff@few.vu.nl AMOLF, Harriet May Mulders 24, 2004 hwmulder@few.vu.nl (n&s) (n&s) (sch) (sch) (sch) (mnw) (mnw)
Indeling studenten 2005
From Quantum to Matter:The Physics 1 Ronald Griessen Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam AMOLF, May 24, 2004 Quantum physics in every day life Light behaving like particles Particles behaving like waves The Schrödinger equation Particle in a box The hydrogen atom Many electron atoms The Periodic System
From Quantum to Matter:The Physics 2 AMOLF, May 24, 2004 Intermolecular forces Crystal structures Metals Semiconductors Insulators Amorphous solids Liquids
From Quantum to Matter: The course 3 x 2 lectures per week 2/3 of final mark Study at home 19-12-05 09.30-12.30 Q105/Q112 1 tutorial per week 1/3 of final mark
Quantum Physics in everyday Life Ronald Griessen Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam AMOLF, May 24, 2004 vrije Universiteit amsterdam
Hot Steel and Pyrometer
The energy of photons is quantized E hf ω = de df f = 8πf = 3 c 2 e hf hf k B T 1
3 x Quantum Physics Electron tunneling Heisenberg s uncertainty principle Spin of the electron
p x Heisenberg s uncertainty principle
2 2m 2 x Ψ 2 + V ( x) = Ψ i t Electron tunneling
Electron tunneling
Most elements are metals The Periodic Table of the Elements Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 H 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra ** 21 Sc 39 Y * 57 La METALS 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir NON-METALS 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 In 81 Tl 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn *Lanthanoids * **Actinoids ** 89 Ac 58 Ce 90 Th 59 Pr 91 Pa 60 Nd 92 U 61 Pm 93 Np 62 Sm 94 Pu 63 Eu 95 Am 64 Gd 96 Cm 65 Tb 97 Bk 66 Dy 98 Cf 67 Ho 99 Es 68 Er 100 Fm 69 Tm 101 Md 70 Yb 102 No 71 Yb
Semiconductors
Memory Chip
Memory Chip+tunneling 4 atoms
Ψ Memory Chip+tunneling 4 atoms Bloch s theorem k ( ) ikna Ψ ( ) ; x+ na = e x n N k Energy bands
µ S z = e S m z 1 ± 2 Spin of the electron
Maxon mini-motor Permanent magnet Permanent magnet
Spins in a ferromagnetic materials
Spin and the Pauli exclusion principle Electrons do not like each other
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
Why 1s 2 2s 2 p 4?
Spins can save your life!
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnet
Brain MRI
Detail brain MRI
How do you produce strong magnets?
Sometimes electrons form pairs
Meissner effect Superconducting currents J=10 14 A/m 2
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Superconductivity is quite common The Periodic Table of the Elements 1 H 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra ** 21 Sc 39 Y * 71 Lu 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 In 81 Tl 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn *Lanthanoids * 57 La 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb **Actinoids ** 89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnet
Levitating super-trains
Electron transport in cells
Photons and electrons in biological systems
Photosynthesis oveview
Photsynthesis antenna
Photosynthesis oveview
Electron transport
Eye vision
Retinal
Up side down thanks to London interaction
Scanning tunneling microscope The principle The STM Surface of Si
Surface of Si with 7x7 reconstruction The principle
Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging of DNA 10-6 m 10-6 m
Measuring the wave function of an electron Fe on Cu (111)
Solid state lasers
Gallium-Nitride laser diode Below threshold Above threshold
That s all for today vrije Universiteit amsterdam