Xncn- p- Ib-dp p, P m. P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v F p-hne? Pm \okv Zp-c- hpw BtKm-f-h-f bpw. {IqUv hne Xmtgm- n VOL. 5 ISSUE 4 APRIL PRICE Rs.

1 PRICE Rs. 10/- Xncn- p- P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v F p-hne? 2 Ib-dp p, Pm \okv Zp-c- hpw BtKm-f-h-f bpw 6 P m VOL. 5 ISSUE 4 {IqUv hne Xmtgm- n 11

2 P\m-[n-]Xyw AXns \mem-asø BtKm-f-th-en-tb w \S-Øp-I-bmWv. CØhW hs- B{^n- bpw ] n-tajybpw tn ap nw temi-amwv P\m-[n-]- Xy-th-en-tb- - Øn s -Sp- Xv. P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v F p-hne? Cw- o-jn Cu {]-tz-iß-sf hni-zo-i-cn- m c- p ]-Z-߃ D v. H v MENA. (an-un Cu-kv v, t\m - Øv B-{^n- ). C-Xv e- -\n \n- v temi-sø t\m- n- m-wp- -h-cp-ss ]Zw. c v WANA (sh-kv- v G-jy t\m -Øv B-{^n- ). C-Xv C- y-bn \n pw temi-sø t\m- n- m-wp- h-cp-ss ]Zw. ]-Z-ta-Xm-bmepw Imcyw H- p Xs. sam-tdm-t m ap-x A- ^v-km-\n-ÿm h-sc-bp- cm-py߃. P-\m-[n]-Xyth-en-tb- w \-S- p-i-bm-wv A-hn-S-ß-fn. ]- m-f- mcpw A m-øh-cpam-b G-Im-[n-]-Xn-Ifpw hw-i-hmgv-n- mcm-b cm-pm- - m-cp-w hm-gp- cm- Py߃. ]g - -hs mc-s B-flm-lpXn Sq-Wo-jy-bn-em-Wv Xp-S w. A-hnsS sdm- n- v hn-e Iq-Sn-b-Xn {]-Xntj-[n- v H-cp ]g - -hs mc- X- eÿm-\ \-K-cn-bn-se sx-cp-ho-yn-bn B-fll-Xy sn-bvxp. A-tX Xp-S - p- {]-t m`w. Sq-Wo-jy-bn-se G-Im- [n]-xn ssks-\ B-_-Zo s_ B-en-bp-sS Itk-c sx-dn- n p. Im - \q- m- p ap -]mwv Cu ]-g-b {^- v tim-f-\n-bn-se ap G-Im-[n-]Xn. _q - gn_-sb ]p-d-øm- n ssk-s\ A- _-Zo `c-ww ]n-sn- Xv. kao-] am-kß-fn tkm-x-ºs- w ` y-[m-\y߃- v B-tKm-f hn-]-wn-bn hn-e I-Sn- m s]m- n- p ]m- -t mƒ Sq- Wo-jy G-Im-[n-]-Xn- v P-\ß-sf k- t m-jn- n- p \n-dp-øm-\m-bn. A-Sp- Ø Dugw Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-em-bn-cp- p. 30 h -jw ap -]v ë-`c-ww ]n-sn- lp-kv- \n ap-_md- v aq- mgv-n \o- P-\Iob {]-t m`-øn-s\m-sp-hn A-[n-Imcw hn p. H-Sp-hn ssk-\ A-_-Zos\-t m-se ku-zn-a-td-_y-bn-te- p t]m-ti- nbpw h p. C-Xn-s ]n- m-se Ad-_ntemIsØ an- cm-py-ß-fnepw tim-em-le-ambn. sam-tdmt m ap-x C-dm h- sc A-Xp am-s m-en-s m- p. en- -_n-bbn A-Xv B-`y- -c bp- -ambn. kz- w P-\-X-bv-s -Xnsc ssk-\y-sø Cd- n Itk-c \n-e-\n-dp-øm-\p- {ia-øn-em-wv en-_n-b-bn-se ti-w ap- A-a J-±m-^n F- tkz- m-[n-]xn. b-a-\n c- p Z-i-I-am-bn hm-gp- {]- knu v A-en A- p- km-se-bv- v F-Xn-cm-b {]-t m`w A-Xn-i- -am-wv. 2013 Im-emh-[n I-gn- m ]n-s a- -cn- m-\n-s pw km-se ]-d-bp - Xp kzo-i-cn- m {]-t m`i X- bmd. _-l-dn, JØ, H-am F- n-hn- S-ß-fnepw P-\m-[n]-Xy hm-zn-iƒ sxcp-hn-emwv. _-l-dn-\n ku-zn A-td- _y C-S-s]- n- p-ap v. C-dm-\nepw Nne {]-t m`øn-\p {i-an-s - nepw Im-cy-am-bn ap-t -dn-bn. F m-hcpw D p-t\m- p -Xv ku-zn- A-td-_y-bn-te- m-wv. B-tKm-f F-Æhn-]-Wn-bn-se G- hpw hen-b i n. ]- -ta-jy-bn A-ta-cn- -bp-ssbpw ]m- m-xy cm-py-ß-fp-ssbpw G- hpw hen-b an-{xw. A-hn-sSbpw {]-t m- -`- Øn-\v B-lzm-\-ap-b p. am - v 11 sh- n-bmgv-n {]-t m-`i-tcm-sp sx-cp-hnen-d-ßm-\m-bn-cp- p C- -s\- n-eq-ss-bp- B-lzm\w. hym-gmgv-n In-g- ku-zn-bn-se H- cp -\-K-c-Øn sh-sn-h-bv-]n-\v C-S-bm- p- X-c-Øn {]-IS-\w \-S p. ]t, sh- n-bmgv-n A-\n- kw`h߃ D- m-bn. A-Xn-cm-hn-se P- m- \o-kv `q-iº kp-\m-an hm -Ø A-dn- Xv P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS {]- t m-`\o- -Øn-\p X-S-k-am-bn-cn- mw. A-X-s - n ku-zn`-c-wiq-s-øn-s I -i-\ \n-e-]m-sp-iƒ {]-t m`im-cnisf `-b-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- mw. G-Xm-bmepw X-Xv-Im-e-tØ- v ku-zn {]-t m``q-]- S-Øn-en. Sq-Wn-jy-bnepw Cu-Pn-]v-Xnepw A- ta-cn- -bnepw ]- -]-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp- G-Im-[n-]-Xn-Iƒ sx-dn p. ]I-cw kwhn-[m-\-߃ B-bn- n. sx-c-s -Sp- p-iƒ \-S- Ww. en-_n-b-bn ]m- m-xy - v A\`naX-\-m-bn-cp- p J-±m-^n. B-tKm-f `o- I-c-X-bp-sS {]`h-ti-{µ-am-bn J-±m-^nsb H-cp-Ime-Øv A-ta-cn- hn-ti-jn- n- -Xm-Wv. tem- -_o hn-am-\-zp-c- as- w ]-e-xnepw en-_n-b-bp-ss ]- v hy- -am-bn-cp p. tdm-wƒ-uv sd-bv-k -bp Fkv {]-kn-u m-bn-cp- -t mƒ en- _n-b-bn t_mw-_m-{i-a-whpw \- SØn. sx-ωm-sn-cmpyw F- m-bn-cp- p A- me-øp en-_n-b-bv- v ]m- m-xy C- -t]cv. ]t, F- p h -jw ap -]v I-Y amdn. J-±m-^n-bp-sS a-i k-bv-^v ]m- - m-xy cm-py-ß-fp-am-bn c-ay-x-bn-embn. en- _n-b-bn-se F-ÆJ-\-\-Øn-\v {_n- o-jv s]-t{sm-fn-bw, {^m -kn-se tsm-, A- ta-cn- -bn-se sim-t\m-tim ^n-en-]vkv, slkv, Hm-Iv-kn-sU Xp-Sßn-b I- º\n-Iƒ- p J-±m-^n A-\p-hm-Zw \- evin. A-tXm-sS en_n-b ]m mxy v an-{xcm-py-ambn. J-±m-^n sx-ωm-sn A msx-bp-ambn. Sq-Wo-jy-bn ]-g-b ]m mxy]- - ]m-xn-sb am- n A-[n-Im-c-Øn h- s_ A-en BZyw tkm-jy-en-kv- v ]- -Øm-bn-cp- p. 1989\p ti-j-am-wv ]- Sn m-tdm- p Nm- Xv. 1953 ^-dq-jv cm-pm-hn-s\ ]p-d - n `c-ww ]n-sn- ] m-fta-[m-hn K-am A- pƒ \m-k-dn-s c- ma-sø ]n - Km-an-bm-Wv ap-_m-d v. \m-k A-ta-cn- -bv pw C-{k-tb-en\pw F-Xn-cm-bncp p. \m-k a-cn- -ti-jw ë`-c-wm-[n- Im-cnbm-b A -h km-z-øv \-bw am- n. km-z-øv 1977 C-{k-tb-en sn- v N - \-S-Øn. 1979 C-{k-tb-epam-bn Iym-ºv tu-hn-un h- v N-cn-{X{]- [m-\am-b Icm D- m- n. ]- n-ta-jybn-se Fkv hn-cp- Ad-_nIq- m-bv-abp-ss A- y-am-bn-cp- p A-Xv. 1981 H-cp Km -Uv Hm^v Hm-W ]cn-tim-[-\- bv- n-ss ssk-\ni-s sh-sn-tb- m-wv kmz-øv a-cn- Xv. thym-a-tk-\m-[n-]-\mbn-cp- lp-kv-\n ap-_m-d-iv Xp-S - v A- [n-im-c-ta p. kmz-øn- -t\- mƒ BZ-c- ]q - w A-ta-cn- ] -Øp \n p. A-Xn-\p {]-Xn-^-e-am-bn {]-Xn-h -jw i- cm-i-cn 150 tim-sn tum-f-dm-wv Cu-Pn-]vjy ssk-\y-øn-\v A-ta-cn- \-ev-in t]m- Xv. F m-bn-søpw A[n-Imcw \ne- \n Øm `c-w-iq-s-߃ InW- p-{i-an- p p. G hpw \n Wm-bI ÿm\-øp- Xv kuzn Atd-_y-bmWv. P\sØ im cm n \n Øm ]c-am-h[n B\p-Iq-ey߃ hnx-cww snøm cmpmhv Xbm-dmbn-cn- p p. H mw-l- -Øn 3700 timsn tumf-dns B\p-Iq-ey-߃ cmpmhv {]Jym- ]n p. c mw-l- -ambn am v aq mw-hm-c- Øn 9300 timsn tumf-dns IqSn B\p- Iq-ey-ß-fmWv \evip- Xv. A_vZp _n A_vZpƒ Akokv A kuzv Xs F ]-Øn-sb- m-asø hb-kn `c-wm-[n-imcw kwc- n- p- \n Øm s]sm- m-sp-s]-sp p. Inco-Sm-h-Iminbpw F ]-Øn-bm-dp-Im-c-\p-amb kp Øm _n A_vZpƒ Akokv A kuzv cmp-ip-am-c H -ap v. ]t, ChcpsS Btcm-Ky-sØ- n cmpy-øn-\-iøpw ]pdøpw Bi- -I-fp v. c mw Inco-Sm-h- Im-in-bmb \b^v cmp-ip-am-c-\n-emwv F mh-cp-ssbpw IÆv. k]vx-kp-ssz-cn-i-fn s \b^v cmp-ip-am-c Iptd- qsn P\m-[n-]Xy acym-z-iƒ D -bm-fm-sw pw s]mxpsh Icp-X-s -Sp p. kuzn Atd_y H n-tesd hnj-b-߃ t\cn-sp p. ] n-ta-jy-bnepw Ad-_n-tem- IØpw B[n-]-Xy-Øn-\mbn Xß-tfmSv a n- Sp Cdms\ HXp- n-\n ØWw. AXn\v Ata-cn- -bpss klmbw A\n-hmcyw. AtX-k-abw, Ata-cn- sb apgp-h hniz-kn- m ] n-s v kao-]-ime A\p- `-h-߃ kuzn cmp-ip-spw-_sø ]Tn- n- p p. SpWo-jy-bn ssk\ A_-Zns\bpw CuPn-]vXn lqkv\n ap_m-d- ns\bpw \n Wm-bI L -Øn Ata-cn ssihn- p-sh- mwv kuzn cmpm-hns Bt ]w. Ata-cn- sb Zim-_vZ-ß-fmbn ]n m-ßn-bn-cp- -h-cmwv B `c-wm-[n-im-cn- Iƒ. \n Wm-bI L w h -t mƒ Ahsc kwc- n- p- -Xn\v ]Icw Iem-]-Im-cn-Isf Ata-cn t{]m m-ln- n p. Cu kao-]\w XpS m kuzn-bnepw Ab cm-py-ß-fnepw `c-w-am- -Øn\v Atacn- t\xrxzw ]n pw simsp- p-sa- mwv kuzn-bpss `oxn. AXp-sIm- p- Xs Ata-cn- -bp-ts-xn \n v hyxy-kvxamb \ne-]msv Ign- -bm-gvn-i-fn kuzn ssis m p. _lvd-\nse {]t m-`-im-cn- Isf t\cn- -Xn AXv hy -amwv. Xoscs -dnb cmpy-amb _lvdn-\n `qcn-] w jnbm hwi-p mwv. F m, `cww kp n hwi-øn s cmpm-hn\pw. DtZym- K-ÿ-X-e-Ønepw kp n-iƒ mwv B[n- ]Xyw. kºøpw Ah p-xs. jnbm- Iƒ hym]m-c-ønepw Imbn-Im-[z\w Bhiy-ap sxmgn-ep-i-fnepw G s -ts- n-hcp p. Ct m-gsø P\m-[n-]Xy {]t m- `-ß-fpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn v _lvdn-\n jnbm- Iƒ sxcp-hn-en-dßn. CXv Cdm-\nse jnbm `c-wm-[n-im-cn-i-fpss t{]c-w-bn-em-sw v _lvdn\pw kuznbpw IW- m n. Kƒ^v tim Hm -td-j Iu kn-ens\ (Pnknkn) Iq p-]n-sn v kuzn _lvdn-\n CS-s] p. Pnkn-kn-bpsS 500 `S- mcpw kuznbpss 1000 `S- mcpw _lvdn-\n Cdßn {]t m-`-im-cn-isf Aa snbvxp. P-19

3 P m Xncn- p-h-cp p `qiºw, kp\man, BWhZpc w. P m\v am{xw Xmßm ] p Zpc ]c-ºc. AXns am\p-jni BLmXw F{Xsb v C\nbpw Xn -am-bn- n. ]Xn-\m-bnc-߃ acn p, ]Xn-\m-bn-c-ßsf ImWm- Xmbn. \K-c-߃ XI p, ^mivs-dn-iƒ \in p, sshzypxn \ne p. KXm-KXw Xmdp-am-dmbn. CXns kmº-øni {]Xym-Lm-Xhpw Xn -s -Sp-Øn-bn- n. H p-am{xw Dd v: P m Xncn- p-i-bdpw. P m\v XI -Iƒ ]pø-cn-b. c mw -temialm-bp- -Øn ]m-ts XI p-t]mb cmpy-amwv P m. ]Xn- \ v h j-øn-\ptijw temi-ønse c m-asø henb kmº-øn-i-i- nbmbn P m amdn. 40 h j-tømfw B ]Zhn \ne-\n Øn. Ign- -h j-amwv Consulting Editor Dr. P.K. Abraham Editor T.C. Mathew tcmathew@gmail.com Managing Editor Jayesh.V.Sudhakar jayeshhin@yahoo.co.in Media Consultancy Current Business Inc. ssn\ P ms\ aq mw-ÿm-\-tøbv v ]n - n-bxv. B ]mc-ºcyw am{x-a P m\v ]dbm-\p- Xv. Xe-ÿm-\-amb tsm ntbm 1923 `qi-º-øn XI -Sn- -XmWv. ]t, Gsg- p- h j-øn-\p- n Hcp alm-bp- -Øn-tebv v cmpysø \bn- m am{xw Icp-Øp km{am-py-x-eÿm-\-ambn tsm ntbm ho pw Db ph p. 1853 epw 1782 epw 1703 epw tsm ntbm `qi-º-øn XI p-t]m-b- XmWv. As ms Xncn- p-h p. Ct mgpw cmpyw Xncn- p-h-cn-i-bmwv. `qi-ºhpw kp\m-anbpw BWhhnInc-Whpw hnx Zpc- -Øn \n v c mgvn-bv Iw Pm -\okv kaqlw Db søgp-t p. ^p p-jn-a-bnse BW-h-\n-eb-Ønse apjy-x-i-cm ]Øp-Zn-h-k-Øn- \Iw ]cn-l-cn- m P m\v km[n p. Hcp hntzi klm-bhpw AXn-\p- th- n-h- n. dnbm-ivs-dp-i-fnse C \w XWp- n- m-\p kwhn-[m\w XI-cm-dn-em-b- XmWv sn twm-_n-en\v tij-ap G wh-enb BW-h-Zp-c- -Øns `ojwn Db Øn-bXv. P m\v X\ntb CXv ssiimcyw snøm BIp-tam-sb v temiw kw-ibn- p. ]t, Znh-k߃ Iw Pm -\okv kmt -XnIhnZ-Kv[ BW-h-`o-j-Wn-bn \n v cmpy-søbpw temi-søbpw hnap- -am n. C\n tijn- p- Xv `qiº kp\man Zpc- -ß-fpsS BLm-X-Øn \n v cmpysø hos -Sp- -emwv. Hcp `oa-amb ]p\ \n amw {]{In-b-bpsS XpS- -am-hpaxv. AXmWv F m-h-scbpw {]Xym-i-bntebv v \bn- p- Xv. XI -bn \n v Xncn- p-i-b-dm P m hen-b-txm-xn apx ap-s pw. AXv Akm-[m-c-amb Hcp kmº-ønidw hv cmpy-øn\v \evipw. cmpy-øn\v am{x-a, temi-øn-\m-sibpw kmº-øni DtØ-P-I-amIpw AXv. H p-am-{xta `b-s -Sm-\p p. AXv `bw am{x-amwv. Ct mƒ Pm -\okv Zpc- -Øns Imcy-Ønepw AXmWv kxyw. P m\v Xncn- p-i-b-dm BIptam F kwibw Znh-k-ß-tfmfw hn]-wn-isf hndsim- n p. Pm -\okv Hml-cn-hn-]-WnbpsS kqnn-i-bmb \n n A p-zn-h-kwsim v 17.5 ix-am-\-amwv XmWXv. 10434 \n v 8605 tebv v. 1995 tims_-bn D mb `oi-c-amb `qi- ºsØ XpS v Pm -\okv kqnni shdpw 7.6 ix-am-\ta XmWn-cp- p q. A v kp\m-anbpw BWh Zpc- hpw D m-bn. C v Ah-sb mw kw`-hn- n pw 17.5 ixam\w XI tb h p q. F nepw XpS p aq p-zn-h-kw-sim v \jvs- Øn KWy-amb `mkw \ni-ø-s p. AtX, P m Bfl-hn-izmkw hos -SpØp. `oi-c-amb {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c- - Øn \n pw Ic-I-b-dpI am{x-a Hcp henb ]p\ \n amww km[n- p-ibpw snøp-sa v P m hniz-kn- p p. AXpsIm- p-xs BtKm-f-hn-]-Wn-Ifpw DW hv ImWn p. P ms kmº-øn-i-\jvsw hfsc hep-xmwv. tkmƒuvam kmivkv IW- m- p- Xv 19,300 timsn tumf \jvssa- mwv. AXm-bXv Pm -\okv PnUn]nbpsS 3.3 ix-am\w. temi-_m v BIs PnUn]nbpsS 2.5 ix-am\w apx 4 ix-am\w hsc \jvsw hcm-sa v hnebn-cp-øp p. AXm-bXv 12,200 timsn tumf apx 23,500 timsn tumf hsc. Pm -\okv Kh sa v 31,000 timsn tumf hsc \jvs-sa- v hne-bn-cp-øp p. Cu \jvsw P m t]mse Hcp cmpy- Øn\v km[m-c-w-k-xn-bn henb {]iv\- a. hf-sc-h-enb hntz-i-\m-wy-ti-j-chpw Db B`y- ckºm-zy-hp-ap cmpyamwv P m. F m Pm -\okv Kh sa v Aß-s\-b. cmpy-øns PnUn]nbpsS Cc- n-bn-tesd IS-amWv Kh sa n\v. ImcWw thsdm-. H -c-z-i-i-ambn P m hf -bn- mø Zpc-h-ÿ-bn-emWv. 1990 Ifnse dnb Ftà v IpXn v HSphn Hcp henb XI -bn-emwv sn ps]- Xv. AXn \n v C\nbpw Ic-I-b-dm P m\v km[n- n- n. cmpyw ]W-tim-j- W-Øns ]nsn-bn-emwv. 1994 s\ At]- n v 15 ix-am\w Ipd-hmWv hne-\n-ehmcw. CtX Imebfhn- Ata-cn- -bn 40 ix-am-\hpw {_n -\n 47 ix-am-\hpw Z n-w-sim-dn-b-bn 63 ix-am-\hpw I v hne-iq-sn-b-t m-gmwv Cu Ahÿ. ]Wtim-jWw Pm -\okv kmº-øn-i-hf sb kmc-ambn _m[n p. Kh sa n\v \nip-xn-h-cp-am\w Ipd p. X qew henb IS-sa-Sp- ntebv v cmpyw \oßn. Cu kmº-øn-ih jw Kh sa n\v 92 e w timsn P m Bfl-hn-izmkw hos -SpØp. `oi-c-amb {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c- -Øn \n pw Ic-I-b-dpI am{x-a Hcp henb ]p\ \n amww km[n- p-ibpw snøp-sa v P m hniz-kn- p p.

4 sb snehv hcp-tºmƒ AXn 44 e w timsn sb IS-sa-Sp-ØmWv \ndth- p- Xv. A-Sp-Ø h -jw am - v 31 B-Ip-tºmƒ P-m -\o-kv K-h -sa ns I-Sw 12,20,000 tim-sn tum-f-dm-ipw. A-Xv P- m-s H-cp h j-sø sam-øw km-ºøn-i DXv-]m-Z-\-Øn-s (Pn-Un- ]n-bp-ss) C-c- n-bn-te-sd-bm-wv. Cu kml-n-cy-øn Hcp `oa-amb ]p\ \n amw {]{In-bbv v Pm -\okv Kh sa v ho pw henb txmxn ISsa-Sp-t - n-hcpw. 1995 tims_ Zpc- -sø-xp-s v 11,000 timsn tumf-dns ]p\ \n am-w-amwv th n-h- Xv. A v k m-cns ISw Xptemw sndp-xm-bncp p. Pm -\okv Kh sa v Cd- p IS- -{X-߃ v temi-saßpw henb Unam Upw. A\m-bmkw ]Ww D m- m A v km[n p. C v Pm -\okv IS- -{X-߃ v A{Xbpw Unam Un. {Kokn-s bpw t]m p-k-en-s bpw Ab e Un-s -bpsams XI -bv p-tijw k m IS- -{X-ß-tfmSv s]mxp-th-xs hn]-wn-bn asp- p v. {Kokn\v t]mepw PnUn]nbpsS 110 ix-am\w hsctb IS-ap- m-bn-cp- p q. AXv A[n-I-am-sW v ]d- mwv {Ko v IS- -{X-ßsf Itºmfw \ncm-i-cn- m XpS-ßn-bXv. B \nebv v PnUn]nbpsS Cc- n-bn-tesd IS-ap P ms t_m p-iƒ v F mipw {]Xn- I-c-W-sa v ImØn-cp v ImtW- n-hcpw. ChnsS Pm -\okv ti{µ-_m- mb _m v Hm^v P ms \ne-]mspw {]k- - amwv. Pm -\okv hf apc-sn- p-t]m-b- Xn\v Imc-Whpw B \ne-]m-smwv. kmº- Øn-I-h-f Ipd-bp-Ibpw ]W-tim-jWw kw`-hn- p-ibpw snbvx-t mƒ hn]-wnbn-tebv v ]Ww Cd- m _m v Hm^v P m Xbm-dm-bn. 2008 kmº-øn-i-amµyw XpS-ßn-bt mƒ Ata-cn- -bpss s^u-d dnk hv adn- mwv snbvxxv. hfsc DZm-c-ambn Ah ]Ww Cd n. Ata-cn- Kh sa ns IS- -{X-߃ Xncn- phmßn tumf hn]-wn-bn-te-bv n-d n. H mw-l- -Øn 2,20,000 timsn tumfdpw c mw-l- -Øn 60,000 timsn tumfdpw. s^uv snb am s_ s_ Wm n C m-cy-øn Ncn-{X-Øns ]mt-߃ a\- kn-cpøn ]Tn- -bm-fmwv. 1929 Atacn Hcp alm-am-µy-øn-tebv v hgp-xnho-gm ImcWw A m-esø s^uv I i-\-amb ]W-\bw kzoi-cn- -Xm-sW v s_ Wm n ]Tn- n- p v. alm-am-µy-sø- n ]Tn v ]nf v Un t\snb At±lw X\n v A[n-Imcw In -b-t mƒ B Adnhv {]tbm-kn p. ]t _m v Hm^v P ms Kh W akm AIn jndm-ih adn- mwv Nn n- p- Xv. IS- {Xw Xncn- p-hmßn IΩn- Ww Cd- p- Xv henb hn]-øm-ip-sa v At±lw Icp-Xp p. Ign- -h jw bqtdm- {]-Xn-k n h -t mƒ hfsc kω Zw snep-øn-bn- mwv ]W-\bw Ab- p-hn-sm At±lw hg-ßn-bxv. Kh sa ns\ kw_- n- n-s-tømfw IS-sa-Sp v C\nbpw h [n- n- pi Ffp- a. IS- -{X-ß-fn \nt -]n- p s] j ^- p-ifpw a pw hnap-j-x-bmwv ImWn- p- Xv. At mƒ IqSp-X IΩn- Ww Cd- m ti{µ-_m v Xøm-dm-bmte ]p\ \n amww thk-øn-em- m ] q. 20,000 timsn tumf-sd- nepw Kh sa v c p-h jw-sim v aps-t - n-h-cp-sa- mwv \nco- -I hne-bn-cp-øp- Xv. CXn\v _m v Hm^v P m F{X-am{Xw ]n pw \evip-sa v hy -a. Pm - \okv Xncn- p-h-c-hn-s\- - n-bp {][m\ ktµ-lhpw AXmWv. `qi-ºsø XpS p Znh-k-ß-fn Pm -\okv \mw-b-amb sb ns hne IpXn- p-b p. \mev Znh-kw-sIm v 5.2 ix-am-\-amwv Ib-dn-bXv. km[m-cw Hcp cmpyøv Zpc w kw`-hn- m B cmpy- Øns \mw-b-øn\v hn\n-a-b-\n-c v Ipd- ANn- y-am-bxv kw`-hn -t mƒ ANn- y-am-bxv kw`-hn p. `qiºw, AXn-\p-]n- mse kp\man, ]n p-s v BW-h-Zp-c w. dnivs kvsibn-en 9 Af-hp `qi-º-amwv am v 11 \v P ms\ B{I-an- Xv. tsm n-tbmbv v hs- p-in-g- m-bp B `qiºw hcp-ønb ZpcnXw C\nbpw Xn -s -Sp-Øn-bn- n. sh -Øns kwlm-c-i n F{X-bp-s v temiw I A]q -\n-an-j-ß-fm-bn-cp p Ah. sh w Ft mgpw Bizm-k-Zm-b-I-amWv. Ft mgpw a\-kns\bpw ico-c-søbpw Ipfn n- p p. ]t, Nne-k-a-b-ßfn AXy-[nIw \io-i-c-whpw sh -Øn \n- p- m-ip p. Hcp Iyp_nIv ao sh w F m 1000 Intem-{Km-amWv. amcpxn 800t\ mƒ IqSp-X `mcw. amcpxn h v tzløv X n-bm F v kw`-hn pw?. A ]txm Fgp-]tXm Intem-ao- thk-øn sh wh v X n-bmtem? Hmtcm Iyp_nIv ao sh- hpw Cu thk- Øn h v Bbncw Intem-{Km-ans a ±-a{xbpw Gev]n- p p. Hcp kp\m-an-bn IS Øn-c-Iƒ B Øn-c-ºn-h-cp-tºmƒ F{Xbm-bncw Iyp_nIv ao -dmwv hcp- -sx v Xn -s -Sp-Øm Bcpa-hnsS tijn- n. ]Øp-ao- Db-chpw ct m aqt m Intem-ao- \of-hpap Hcp kp\m-an-sb- n Nn n q. sk ssu hnam-\-øm-h-f-øn B -Sn kp\man AØ-c-Øn-sem- m-bn-cp p. B Xmh-f-Øn In-S hnam-\- ßfpw ]cn-k-cøv ]m v snbvx Imdp-Ifpw Intem-ao- -dp- Iƒ v A p-d-amwv Is -Øn-bXv. CtX Xoc-Øp-Xs \nc-h[n ^njnwkv t{smf-dp-ifpw sndp- I- -ep-ifpw IS `nøn adn-i-s v Ic-bn-seØn. ]Øp-ao- -dn-tesd Db-c-Øn sh w ]m p-h- -t mƒ Ggp-ao- hsc Db-c-Øn \n Ωn IS `n-øn-iƒ \njv^e-ambn. dnivs kvsi-bn-en 9 tcj-s -Sp-Ønb `qiºw 400 Intemao- \ofhpw 80 Intem-ao- Bg-hp-ap K Ø-amWv kap- {Z-Øn D m- n-bxv. ix-tim-sn- -W- n\v Iyp_nIv ao sh w \n ÿe-øp-\n pw am -s p. ]Øv en -dp Hcp _ - nse sh w A Sn Db-c-Øn \n v Hgn- m km[mcw ap Øv Ac-b-Sn-hsc aæv \oßn-t mipw. At mƒ e - -W- n\v timsn en sh w H -\n-an-jw-sim v hen- pam-dp-ibpw Xncn v ]mbp-ibpw snøp-tºm-gp Zpc w IW- m- m-hp- -tx-bp q. AXmWv P m-\n kw`-hn- Xv. F m, {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c- -ßfpw `qi-º-ßfpw kp\m-an-ifpw P m\v ioe-amwv. kp\m-an-sb ]Zw-t]mepw Pm -\okv `mjbn \n- mwv D m-bxv. Xpd-ap-J-Øn-c-sb v ]cn-`m-j-s -Sp-Ømhp- -XmWv kp\man. bym -Øn Hcp hmhn\v hcp-øm-hp- -Xnepw At\-I-a-Sßv henb then-tb- -߃ v Ign-hp {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c- -amwv kp\man. 2004 Unkw-_-dn Ct m-t\-jybnse kpam{xm Zzo]n D mb `qi-º-øns ^e-ambn B -Sn kp\m-an-bmwv C y-bnepw a pw tcj-s -Sp-Ø-s Ncn-{X-Ønse BZy-kp-\man. ]t, P m Im v AX. Ah v Znhkw icm-icn aq p-x-hw `qiº Ne-\-߃ A\p- `-h-s -Sm-dp v. h j-øn H n-tesd XhW sndnb kp\man-ifpw. P ms IS Øo-c-Øn hen-sbmcp ] v kp\m-ansb {]Xn-tcm-[n- m-\p henb IS `n-øn-sim v XS- n-cn- p- I-bmWv. {]Ir-Xn-kvt\-ln-Iƒ Ip -s -Sp-Øp-tºmgpw cmpy-øns kpc- -sb- -cpxn A pw Bdpw ao Db-c-Øn aq p-ap- X A p-hsc ao hoxn-bn Ah IS `n-øn-iƒ \n Ωn- n-cn- p p. IS ImWp- -X, Poh \ne-\n Øp- -XmWv {][m-\-sa v Pm -\okv P\-X-tbmSv Bcpw ]d-tb- -Xn. Nnebn-S-ß-fn 12 ao hsc Db-c-ap- -XmWv kp\m-an-`n-øn-iƒ. `qiºw D m-bm Cu kp\m-an-`n-øn-i-tfmsv tn kz\- {Km-ln-Iƒ `qi-º-n-e-\-߃ Hcp ti{µo-irx Iw]yq- kwhn- [m-\-øn-tebv v dnt m v snøpw. AXv XocsØ Hmtcm ho nepw kp\m-an- p Aemdw apg pw. F m-bvt mgpw kp\man B -Sn- m-dn. F nepw h j-ß-fmbn kp\man Aem-d-߃ tiƒ p Pm -\okv P\X XpS v sntø Imcy-߃ Nn bmbn snbvxv ioew-h-cpøn. AXp-sIm- p-xs Ct m-gsø {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c- -th-f-bnepw P m-\n a p-\m- p-im {]Xo- n- p- -Xp-t]m-se-bp timem-l-e-ßfpw Akz-ÿ-X-Ifpw D mbn. A-Sp-Ø h -jw am - v 31 B-Ip-tºmƒ P-m -\o-kv Kh -sa n-s I-Sw 12,20,000 tim-sn tum-f-dm-ipw. A-Xv P- m-s H-cp h j-sø sam-øw km-ºøn-i DXv-]m-Z-\-Øn-s (Pn-Un-]n-bp-sS) C-c- n-bn-te-sd-bm-wv.

P m Ipep-ßp-tºmƒ 5 P m {]Ir-Xn-t m-`-øn\v ASn-s -Sp-tºmƒ F v kw`-hn pw? P m-\p-ambn I -hsw D -h v oww hcpw. C ybv v P m-\p-ambn [mcmfw I -h-s-ap-s v H -t\m- -Øn txm mw. F m, C y-bpss Ib- p-a-xn-bpss hfsc sndnb `mkta P m-\n-tebv v t]mip- p q. Cd- p-a-xn-bpss Imcy-Ønepw A{X-henb ÿm\w P m-\n. temi-ønse aq m-asø henb kmº-øn-i-i- n-bm-sw- nepw C ysb kw_- n- n-s-tømfw P m hen-b-km-º-øni ] m-fn-b. Ign kmº-øn-i-h jw C y-bpss Ib- p-a-xn-bn 2.03 ix-am-\ta P m-\n-tebv v D m-bn-cp- p q. bqtdm-]y bqwn-b, Ata-cn, bpfc, ssn\ F n-h-sb mw Ign- -Xn\v tij-amwv P ms ÿm\w. P m-\n \n- p Cd- p-a-xn-bm-is A{X-h-ep-sXm- p-a. 2009 10 h jw C y P m-\n \n v 157 timsn tumf-dns b{ -ßfpw 72 timsn tumf-dns Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv kma-{kn-ifpw 92 timsn tumf-dns hml-\- ßfpw A\p-_- -km-a-{kn-ifpw 86 timsn tumf-dns Dcp- p-amwv Cd- p-axn snbvxxv. P m-\p-am-bn- p hym]m-c-_- -Øn 363 timsn-bpss Ib- p-axn 673 timsn-bpss Cd- p-a-xn-bp-amwv 2009 10 dnt m v snbvxxv. P m-\n \n- p aqe-[-\-\n-t ]w kao-]- Im-eØv KWy-ambn h [n- n-cp p. 2007 08 82 timsn tumf Ctßm- p-h ÿm\øv 2009 10 118 timsn tumf h n-cp p. P m-\n \n- p HutZym-KnI hmbv]m-k-lm-bhpw kao-]-im-eøv IqSn-bn- p v. 2004 05 tihew 140 timsn tumf In n-b-ÿm-\øv 2008 09 218 timsn tumf e`n p. F n t mepw Pm -\okv {]Ir-Xn-t m`w C ysb Zo L-Im-e-b-f-hn kmc-ambn _m[n- p-i-bn-s - mwv {]Xo. C y-bpss kap-t{zm-xv Ib- p-a-xn-bn KWy-amsbmcp `mkw P m-\n-te-bv p v. {]Ir-Xn-t m-`sø XpS v GXm\pw BgvN-bvtØbv v AXv Ipdbmw. ]t, P m-\nse P\-kw-Jy-bn alm-`q-cn-]- hpw {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c- -ta-j-e-bn \n v AI-se-bmWv. Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\sø tzmj-i-c-ambn _m[n- p Imcy-ß-sfm pw kw`-hn- n- n. tsmtiym AS- -ap h \-K-c-߃ kpc- n-x-amwv. GXm\pw BgvN-Iƒ Ign-bp-tºmƒ P m-\nte-bv p Ib- p-axn ]g-b-xp-t]mse Db-cp-sa- mwv Ib- p-a-xn-cw-køv {]h Øn- p- -h ]d-bp- Xv. bp-i-bmwv ]Xnhv. P m-\n CXv adn- m-bn-cp p. {][m-\-im-cww P m Im hntz-iøv kq n- n- p ]Ww cmpysø ]p\ \n am-w-øn\pw a p-ambn Xncn- p-sim- p-h-cp-sa {]Xo- -bmwv. Pm -\okv IS- -{X-߃ hmßn-bn- p a v Gjy cm-py-߃ v I\Ø Xncn- -Snbmbn Cu \nc v h [\. sb ns hne- Iq-Sp-tºmƒ B cmpy-߃ v IS- -{X-ßfn \jvsw hcpw. Pm -\okv Iº-\n-Iƒ v Bhs Zpc- -Øn\v ]pdsa Ai-\n-]m-Xw- t]m-sebmbn sb hne- -b w. sb ns hne Ib-dn-bm Ib- p-axn Xmtgm- p-t]mipw. sb n\v Hcp ix-am\w Ib-dp-tºmƒ ssmtbm- bv v 3000 timsn sb mwv \jvswh-cn-i-bs{x. sb hne- -b w XS-bm kº- cm-py-ß-fpss kwl-amb Pn 7 ASn-b- -c-\-s-]-sn-sb-spøp. {]apj ti{µ-_m- p-iƒ h txm-xn sb hnev]\ \SØn. c mw-temi alm-bp- -Øn\v tij-ap G hpw Iq-Snb \nc- mb 76.25 \n v Hcp tumf-dn\v 81 sb F \nc- n-tebv v sb ns hne XmgvØn-sb-Sp- m B \S-]Sn klmbn p. F nepw sb GXp-h-gn p t]mip-sa v Bi \ne-\n p-ibmwv. Cu A\n- n-x-xz-߃ Ds - nepw Pm -\okv kº-zvl-s\ Cs m w t\cn-b-txm-xnte Xmtgm- p-t]m-iq-sh- mwv hne-bn-cp-ø. 2010 3.9 ixam\w hf -XmWv P m. Cs m w hf 0.9 ix-am\w Bbn-cn- p-sa v P m-\nse {]apj [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\- amb s\maqd Ct mƒ IW- m- p p. t\csø IW- m- n-bn-cp 1.3 ixam-\-øn \n v Ipd-hm-WnXv. temi-_m v BIs P ms Pn.Un.]n Cs m w 0.5 ix-am\w hsc Ipdbmw F v IW- m- p p. F nepw Gjy-bnse hf Imcyambn Ipd-bp-I-bn-s - mwv temi-_m v Icp-Xp- Xv. `qi-º-øn\v tijw _m v ]pd-øp-hn {]Xo- -b-\p-k-cn v 2011 ]q t jy 8.2 ix-am\w hfcpw. t\csø IW- m- n-bn-cp- Xv 7.8 ixam-\-amwv. ssn\ Cs m w 9 ixam\w hf-cp-sa- mwv Ah-cpsS hnebn-cp-ø. AXn-thK hf bv v ISn- m-wn-sm ssn\ ]en-i-\n-c v Iq p- Xpw hmbv] Ipd-bv m \S-]- Sn-sb-Sp- p- Xpw IW- n-se-sp-øm- WnXv. CsX- m-am-bmepw Pm -\okv Zpc w BtKm-f-X-e-Øn \nc-h[n _nkn-\-kp-iƒ v XmXvIm-enI Xncn- Sn \evipw. Ce-Ivt{Sm- WnIvkv hml\ hyh-km-b-ß-fmwv G hpw A[nIw oww t\cn-spi. temi-ønse ssat{im-t{]m-k-k DXv]m-Z-\-Øns 40 ix-am-\-tømfw P m-\n-emwv. AXn \s mcp ] v Ct mƒ Zpc w t\cn-sp {]tz-i-ßfnepw. Ahn-S-ß-fn DXv]m-Z\w ]p\- cm-cw-`n- m F{X-Imew th n-h-cpsa v hy -a. ^mivs-dn-i-fpss tisv \o nbm t]mepw sshzypxn DXv]m-Z-\-Ønsebpw hnx-c-w-øn-sebpw {]iv\- ߃ s]s v ]cn-l-cn- m-\m-hn. Xpd-ap-J-߃, tdmup-iƒ F n-hbpss Imcy-ßfpw AtX-t]m-se-Xs. hml-\-\n am-xm- ƒ v kvs]b ]m Svkv \evip [mcmfw Iº-\n-Iƒ `qi-º-_m-[nx taj-e-i-fnemwv. ssmtbm, tlm, \nkm XpSßnb Pm -\okv Iº-\n-Iƒ v am{xa P\-d tam-t mgvkv, thmƒthm XpSßnb ]m m-xy-i-º-\n-iƒ pw kvs]b ]m Svkv \evip- Xv Cu taje-bn \n- mwv. an Iº-\n-Ifpw DXv]m-Z\w Ipd-bvt - n-hcpw. Pm - \okv `oa- msc kw_- n- n-s-tømfw simdn-b, Ata-cn- Iº-\n-Iƒ Cu X w D]-tbm-Kn v hn]wn ]nsn- p-sa Bi- -bp-ap v. ssmtbm- bv pw tlm bv pw _Z-embn lyq m-bnbpw t^m Upw P\-d tamt mgvkpw Itºm-f-Øn D t m. samss_ t^mwp-iƒ, Iyma-d-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbv pw Pm -\okv LS-I-]- Zm -߃ Iptd- m-e-bvtøbv v sshipw. Pm -\okv hyh-km-b-ta-j-e-bpss XmXvIm-en-I- oww DXv hn]-wn-isf Imcy-ambn _m[n- p-i-bn. d_ apx ]e DX]- -߃ pw `qi-ºsø XpS v IpØs\ hne-bn-sn p. F m, Znhk-߃ Iw Ah ]gb \ne-hm-c-øntebv v Ibdn. P m-\nse D]-tbm-K-a ssn\-bnse D]-tbm-K-amWv hne \n W-bn- p- -Xn {][m\ ] v hln- p- Xv. P m\v Ct mƒ ]e DXv - -ß-fp-sSbpw Imcy- Øn \n Wm-b-I-i- n-b. am{x-hp-a amk-߃ Iw ]p\ \n amww Bcw-`n- p- -txmss d_dpw Ãoepw hymh-kmbni teml-ß-fp-sams P m\v IqSp-Xembn th n-hcpw. F m, Ch-bpsS hne-sb-kw-_- n v ssn\okv ]en-i-\n-c v IqSp-X {]k- -amwv. Cu h jw c p-x-hw ]en-i-\n-c v Iq nb ssn\ Hcn- IqSn \nc v h [n- n- m Hcp-ßp- I-bmWv. hne- -b w {]Xo- n- -Xnepw hfsc IqSp-X-em-b-XmWv ]en-i-\n-c v Iq m ssn\sb t{]cn- n- p- Xv. ssn\-bn s^{_p-h-cn-bnse samøhn-e- -b w 7.2 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp p. ^mivsdn DXv]m-Z-\-am-Is 14 ix-am\w Ibdn. c p-h jw-sim v 2,70,000 timsn tumf BWv ssn\okv _m p-iƒ hmbv] \evin-bxv. Cu txmxv A`n-ej-Wo-b-a-s v ssn\okv ti{µ-_m v Icp-Xp p. AXn-\m, Cs m w aq p- X-h-W-b-S w Bdv amk-øn-\p- n A p-h w _m p-i-fpss Icp-X \nt -]-txmxv ssn\ Iq n. am v 19 se h [-\-tbmss 20 ix-am-\-ambn ssn\okv _m p-i-fpss Icp-X [\ A\p-]mXw. Ac-i-X-am-\-amWv A v h [n- n- Xv. AXp-hgn 5300 timsn tumf hmbv]m-hn-]-wn-bn \n v ]n h-en p. F nepw hmbv]m-h [- \bv v ia-\w-im-wp- n-s v dnt m p- Iƒ ]d-bp p. ssn\ IqSp-X I i-\-ambn hmbv] \nb-{ n- m BtKmf DXv hn]-wnbn hne-iƒ Ipdbpw.

6 Pm \okv Zp-c- hpw BtKm-f-h-f bpw P m-\n `qi-º-ap- mbn. AXn\v apºv \yqkn-e- Unepw AXn\pw ap ]v slbvxn-bnepw `qi-º-ap- mbn. slbvxn-bn-tebpw \yqkn-e Unsebpw `qi-º-߃ v tijw Bcpw AXns BtKm-f-{]-Xym-LmXw N snbvxn. ImcWw At\z-jn-t - -Xn. slbvxnbpw \yqkn-e Upw t]mse-b P m. P m hep-xmwv. `qan-bpss hep- a, P\-kw-Jy-bpsS hep- -hp-a. kº- Øns hep w. P m temi-ønse aq m-asø henb kmº-øn-i-i- nbmwv. A v e w timsn tumf-dn-tesd Hcp-h jw P m Im ]Wn-Xp- m- p p. Ah v ap ]n At -ap- m e w timsn tumf D m- p ssn\bpw 14 e w timsn tumf D m- p Atacn- bpw am{x-ta-bp q. Ah-cp-ambn X n- p-t\m- p-tºmƒ slbvxnbpw \yqkn-e Upw H p-a. temi-ønse hº kmº-øn-i-i- n-sb- Xv am{x-a {]m[m\yw. temi-an v Hscm {Kma-ambn amdn-sb- mwv ]d-bp- Xv. amcp-xn-bpss ]e hml- \-ß-fp-sSbpw Knb t_mivkv P m- \n \n v hcww. Ata-cn- Iº-\nbmb P\-d tam-t m-gvkns bqtdm- nse DXv]m-Z\w \S- -W-sa- n P m- \n \n v kvs]b ]m Svkp-Iƒ FØWw. P\-d tam-t m-gvkns kvs]bn-\nse kc-tkm-k-bn-ep ^mivsdn am v 21 \pw P Ω-\n-bnse sfk-\m- n-ep ^mivsdn am v 22 \pw AS- -XmWv. Hm tim k F sndp- Im \n Ωn- p- -XmWv sfk-\m- nse ^mivsdn. kc-tkm-k-bn-texv sadoh F an\n-hm\pw. c p-iq- pw th {][m- \-s LS-I-߃ P m-\n \n- p-thww hcp-hm. PnF-Ωn\v am{x-a, thmƒthm apx \nc-h[n bqtdm-]y Iº-\n-Iƒ pw Pm - \okv Iº-\n-I-fmb ssmtbm, tlm, \nkm, kpkp n XpS-ßn-b-hbv pw Pm -\okv Zpc w ]m Svkp-I-fpsS e`yx {]iv\-am n. temiw BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øn s - t mƒ Hcp kmº-øn-i-x-xz-amwv {]tbm- Kn- Xv. GsX- nepw km[\w G hpw Ipd sne-hn FhnsS DXv]m-Zn- n- mtam AhnsS DXv]m-Zn- n- pi. \nc-h[n hml-\-l-s-i-ßfpw Ce- Ivt{Sm-WnIv LS-I-ßfpw G hpw Ipd- sn-e-hn DXv]m-Zn- n- m-hp- Xv P m- \nepw Xmbvhm-\n-ep-am-bn-cp p. Ch Iq nt p Akw-ªn-sse-\p-Iƒ ssn\- bnepw Xmbve Un-ep-amWv em`-icw. Iptd- qsn hnin-jvs-amb tpmen-iƒ bqtdm- n-sebpw Ata-cn- -bn-sebpw ^mivs-dn- I-fn-tebv v \o n-h p. At mƒ F p-kw-`-hn p?. P m-\n `qan Ipep-ßn-bm Ata-cn- -bnse DXv]m-Z-\hpw apsßpw. P m-\n kp\man ASn- m ^n em Uv Iº-\n-bmb t\m n-b-bpss samss_ t^m \n amww Ipd-bvt - n-hcpw. ImcWw AXn-\p-th \n WmbI LS-I-߃]-eXpw hs- p-in-g- P m-\n-emwv D m- p- Xv. t\m n-bbv v am{x-a, tkmwn, tam tdmf, Fdn-Ivk, koa kv XpS-ßn-bhbv pw Pm -\okv {]iv\-߃ _m[-iamwv. hml-\-hn-]-wn-bn P ms Iº-\n- Iƒ bqtdm- nepw Ata-cn- -bnepw Gjybnepw D]-I-º-\n-Iƒ ÿm]n v DXv]m- Z\w \S-Øp- p v. ]t, Knb t_mivkv apx Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkv kwhn-[m-\-߃h-sc-bp- h P m-\n Øs -bmwv \n Ωn- p- Xv. ssmtbm apx tlm -h-sc-bp- -hbv v P m- \nse ^mivs-dn-iƒ am{x-a, Xmbve Uv apx Ata-cn- -h-sc-bp cmpy-ß-fnse DXv]m-Z\w Ipsd amk-ß-sf- nepw Ipdbvt - n-hcpw. tkmwn, txmjn_ XpSßn Ce-Ivt{Sm- WnIvkv `oa- m pw DXv]m-Z\ {]iv\w t\cn-sp p. slhn-hm-l-\-ßfpw F Øv aqh-dp- Ifpw \n Ωn- p ln m n, timamsvkp XpS-ßn-b-hbpw {]Xn-k- n-bn-emwv. ChbpsS DXv - -ß-tfmSv a -cn- p Atacn- I-º-\n-bmb Im ]n- ssn\- bn DXv]m-Z\w XpS-ßn-bXv Ch v `oj- Wn-bp-amWv. Imdp-I-fp-tSbpw CS-Øcw hmwn-py-hml-\-ß-fp-ssbpw hn]-wn-bn simdn-b I- º-\n-Iƒ Pm -\okv Iº-\n-Isf ]n - m CXv Ah-k-c-am-tb mw. DXv]m-Z-\-cw-KsØ ow-sø- mƒ BtKm-f-X-e-Øn {]iv\-am-ip- Xv Pm - \okv Iº-\n-I-fpsS kmº-øn-i-\n-e-xs -bmwv. P m-\nse ^mivs-dn-ifpw a pw ]p\- cp- -cn- m Pm -\okv Iº-\n-Iƒ XßfpsS em`w kztz-i-tøbv v sim p-t]mti- n-hcpw. At mƒ C y-b-s- -ap cmpy-ß-fn Pm -\okv Iº-\n-Iƒ t\csø {]Jym-]n- n-cp ]e hni-k- \-{]-h Ø-\-ßfpw \S- m- p- Xv sshin pw. as m-cp-`m-j-bn Pm -\okv Iº-\n-I-fn \n- p aqe-[-\-h-chv Ipdbpw. C y-b-s- -ap cmpy-ß-sf- n hn]-co-xm-`n-{]mbw D m-bn- Cßs\ Ipd-bp- Xv. ASn-b- -c-amb ]p\ \n am- W-Øn\v Xß-fpsS em`-øns hen-b- `m-khpw kztz-i-tøbv v Ah Abvt - n-h-cp- -Xp-sIm- mwv. H -sbm DXv]- -߃ FSp-Øm C ybv v Pm -\okv Zpc w Nne Ahk-c-߃ \evip- p v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Pm -\okv hml-\-\n amww Aev]w Ipdbp-sa- -Xp-sIm v Nne hne-]n-sn temlß-fpss hne Xmgp- p v. ] m-unbw, πm n\w XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS hne Hcm-gvNsIm v KWy-ambn Ipd p. aen-\o-icww Ipd-bv m-\p Im -en- niv I th -dp-i-fn D]-tbm-Kn- p- -XmWv Ch. Pm -\okv Im \n amww Ipd-bpsa- -Xp-sIm- mwv hne XmWXv. C y Iº-\n-Iƒ v Cu teml-߃ hmßn-kq- n- m \ Ah-k-c-am-WnXv. Pm -\okv Zpc w s]t{sm-fn-bw-hne XmgvØp-sa- mwv ]ecpw {]Xo- n- Xv. F m, IW- p-iq- -ep-iƒ sx n v en_n-b-bnse ]m mxy CS-s]-S h t mƒ s]t{sm-fn-bw-hne IpXn- p-i-bdn. Pm -\okv hf -\n-c v Ipd-bp-sa- mwv t\csø {]Xo- n- Xv. ]t, AXns\ adn-i-s- p hn[w ] n-ta-jy-bn-sebpw hs- B{^n- -bn-sebpw s]t{sm-fnbw DXv]m-Z\w Ipd-t w F `ojwn Db n- p v. AXm-bXv s]t{sm-fnbw cwkøv Bizm-k-Øn\v bmsxmcp km[y- X-bp-an. snºv apx Aeq-an-\nbw hsc-bp hymh-km-bni teml-ß-fpss Imcy- Ønepw Pm -\okv {]Xn-k- n-sim v hne-ip-d-bp- n. GXm\pw amk߃ Iw Bcw-`n- p ]p\ \n amww Ch-bpsS Bhiyw h txm-xn h [n- n pw. SÆn\v ]Xn-\m-bncw tumf IS- n v Xmtgm p \oßnb snºv Hcp-]t 15000 tumf-dn-tebv v FØp-sa- mwv Ct mƒ Dul- - -h-s- m-cpss {]Xo. Aß-s\-h- m Aeq-an-\n-bhpw \ne-hnep- -Xns Cc- n-bn-tebv v Ibdmw. d_ Pm -\okv {]iv\-sø-xp-s v IpØs\ CSn-s - nepw Xncn- p-i-bdn. F p-am-{x-a, hne Xmgp- Xv Hgn-hm- m- \mbn CS-s]-Sp-sa Xmbve Uns \ne- ]msv hn]-wnsb _p ojv BIm t{]cn- n- n- p-ap v. am v 22 \v tsmt m-an d_ hne IpXn- p-i-b-dn-bxv CXns kqn-\-bmwv. Pm -\okv ]p\ \n am-w- Øn\v IqSp-X d_ th n-h-cp-sa- Xv am{x-a CXn\v ImcWw. ssn\-bn D]- tbmkw Ipd-bv m-\p k m \o w ^en- p- n F hnh-chpw CXn\v t{]c-i-ambn. _m p-i-fpss Icp-X \nt ] txmxpw ]en-i-\n-c pw Iq n-bn pw ssn\-bnse hmbv]m-hn-x-c-w-øn Hcp Ipdhpw kw`-hn- n- n. Ct mƒ P m- \nse {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c- w-t]mepw X߃ v IqSp-X DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-\p Ah-k-cambn Pm -\okv kwcw-`-i ImWp-IbmWv. B \nebv v DXv hn]-wn-ifn Pm -\okv Zpc- -Øns {]Xym- LmXw {]Xo- n- -Xn\v hn]-co-x-am-sw v hne-bn-cp-ø-s -Sp p. d_ Pm -\okv {]iv\-sø-xp-s v IpØs\ CSn-s - nepw Xncn- p-i-bdn. F p-am-{x-a, hne Xmgp- Xv Hgn-hm- m-\mbn CS-s]-Spsa Xmbve Uns \ne-]msv hn]-wnsb _p ojv BIm t{]cn- n- n- p-ap v. am v 22 \v tsmt m-an d_ hne IpXn- p-i-b-dnbxv CXns kqn-\-bmwv.

7 kv-t m- v- A-ssUz-kv- s^-_n - ]p-xnb kmº-øn-i-h jøn- -\n-t -]Øn\v A v -HmlcnIƒ F v Un F^v kn Ct m-gsø hne: 643 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db hne/ Xmgv hne: 780 cq]/512 cq] apj hne: 2 cq] em`-hoxw: 360 ix-am\w C ]n Fkv: 19.69 cq], ]n C: 32.65 (2010 am v) hn]wn aqeyw: 94357 timsn cq] hf t\sn-bn- p- v. hmbv] \evin-b-xn 27 ix-am\w hf -bmwv t\sn-bn- p-f-f-xv. Iº-\n-bpsS ]pkvx-i-aqeyw 122 cq]-bm-wv. \nt -]-Øn \n- p-ff t\ -hpw-iqsn IW- n-se-sp-øm CXv 271 cq]-bn-tebv v Dbcpw. Hmlcn hnebpw _p v hmeyphpw XΩn-ep-ff A\p-]mXw 2.4 BWv. ]en-i-\n-c- p-iƒ Db n- p-s - nepw `h\ taj-ebv v _P- n \evin-bn- p-ff t\cnb Cf-hp-Iƒ Unam- n\v H pw Ipdhv hcp-øn-bn n. 2010-13 Ime-b-f-hn hmbv] hf -bn 22 ix-am\w hm jni hf bpw ]eni hcp-am-\-øn 32 ix-am\w hm jni hf -bp-amwv {]Xo- n- p- - Xv. am v BZy-tØmsS Iº\n hmbv]m- \n-c- p-iƒ h [n- n- n- p- v. AXns KpW- ^ew ASpØ Izm -dnte {]Xn-^-en- p- I-bp-f-fp. Ct m-gsø kml-n-cy-øn 2.2-2.3 ix-am\w kvs{]uv hcpw h j-ßfnepw Iº\n {]Xo- n- p- p. Iº\n XpS-ßnb 1977 apx CXp-hscbpw Fgp-Xn-Ø- n-bn- p-ff hmbv]m XpI shdpw 0.4 ix-am-\-am-wv. AXm-bXv ani Ak v Izmfn- n-bmwv Iº-\n-sb BI j- I-am- p as mcp kwk-xn. 2010 Unkw- _ 31- \v F ]n F 0.85 ix-am-\-am-wv. ap h jw CtX Ime-b-f-hn-enXv 0.94 ixam-\-am-bn-cp- p. In m- -SsØ t\cn-sp-hm- \mbn Iº\n 300 timsn cq]-bn-e-[niw hi-bn-cp-øn-bn- p- v. GXv ÿnxn-tbbpw t\cn-sp-hm Iº-\n pw Ign-bp-sa- w. ASp-Ø-h jsø hcp-am\ {]Xo- -bn ]n C 22.7 BWv. CXv Xo bmbpw Iº-\nbpsS Hmlcn hne sa s -Sp-hm-\p-ff km[y-x-bn-tebv v hnc Nq p- p. Ct m-gsø td v _u mb hn]-wn-bn Hml-cn-bnse \nt ]w ASpØ Hcp h j- m-eøv 20-25 ixam\w dnt t\sn-ø-cp-sa v {]- n- mw. XmgvN-I-fn Cu Hml-c-bn ss[cy-ambn {]th-in- mw. Ct m-gsø Xncp-Ø Hml-cnsb BI j-i-am- p- p. tã v _m v Hm^v C y Ct m-gsø hne: 2651 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db hne/ Xmgv hne: 3515 cq]/2015 cq] apj hne: 10 cq] em`-hoxw: 200 ix-am\w C ]n Fkv: 144.37 cq], ]n C: 18.33 (2010 am v) hn]wn aqeyw: 168383 timsn cq] cmpysø G hpw henb _m mb Fkv _n sf h h-f -bv p-ff Xbm-sd-Sp- n-em-wv. t^m _vkv Kvtfm_ 2000 ] n-i-bn 219- mw ÿm\-ap-ff Fkv _n sfbv v 20000 timsn tumf-dns BkvXn-bp- v. ]Xn-\ømbncw imj-i-fn-e-[n-i-ap-ff _m ns Atkm-kn-tb v _m p-iƒ v 8500 imj-i-fp-ap- v. _m n\v hnhn[ cmpyß-fn-embn `h-\-hmbv] taj-e-bn cmpysø G hpw henb ÿm]-\-amwv F v Un F^v kn 2010 am v 31 hsc 109051 timsn cq]p-bss `h-\-hmbv] \evin-bn- p- v. Ign A ph jambn A m-zm-b-øn 22 ix-am\w hm jni hf t\sp Iº\n CXp-hsc 35 e w hosp-iƒ v hmbv] \evin-bn- p- v. Npcp- -Øn cmpysø G hpw Imcy- -a-ambn {]h Øn- p Iº-\n-I-fn-sem- mwv F v Un F^v kn. Iº-\n-bpsS {]h Ø-\-e- `m-am Pn h j-ß-fmbn 95 ixam\øn\p api-fn-em-wv. IqSmsX hnhn[ \nt -]-ß-fn-embn 21699 timsn cq]-bpss ]W-am n am mø t\ -hp-ap- v. C -gn kmº-øn-i-h j-øn Iº\n 11338 timsn cq] hcp-am-\hpw 2826.5 timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw t\sn-bn- p- v. c p cq] apj-hn-e-bp-ff Hml-cn-bn C ]n Fkv 19.69 cq]-bm-wv. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hn Iº-\n-bpsS hcp-am\w 10969 timsn cq]bpw A m-zmbw 228.5 timsn cq]- bp-am-bn-cp- p. 2010-11- s BZy9 amk- meøv Iº\n 9091.82 timsn cp] hcp-am- \hpw 2393.01 timsn cp] A m-zm-bhpw t\snbn- p- v. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hn-enXv bym-{iaw 7685.6 timsn cq]bpw 1809.88 timsn cq]bpw hox-am-bn-cp- p. Hº- XpamksØ C ]n Fkv 16.39 cq]-bm-wv. Iº-\n-bpsS H ]n Fw Ct mƒ 96.76 ixam-\-am-wv. 2010-11s ap mw Izm -dn s\ v C -dãv hcp-am\w 15.5 ixam\w

8 82 hntzi imj-i-fp-ap- v. _m nwkv {]h Ø-\-߃ p ]pdta _m n\v Ggv k_vkn- Un-b-dn-I-fp-ap- v. Fkv _n sf sse^v, Fkv _n sf Im n- am - vkv, Fkv _n sf ^mivs, Fkv _n sf Im Uvkv, Fkv _n sf Im]v skiyq-cn- o-kv, Fkv _n sf Un F^v F v sf F n-h-bmwv k_vkn-un-b-dn-iƒ. t]gvk-w _m nw- Kv, tim ]-td v _m nw-kv, A{Kn-Iƒ -d _m nw-kv, t]gvk-w _m nwkv XpS-ßnb taj-e-i-fn _m v tkh\w \evin-t m-cp- p._m nwkv t`z-kxn _n ]mkm-ip- txmss tijn- n- p-ff A v Atkm-kn-tb v _m p-iƒ IqSn Fkv _n sfbn ebn- p- txmss Fkv _n sfbpss km n[yw KWy-amb h [n- pw. 2010 am n-e-h-km-\n 12 amk- m-eøv _m v 70993.9 timsn cq] hcp-am-\hpw 9166.1 timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw t\sn-bn- p- v. 634,88 timsn cq] Hmlcn aqe-[-\- Øn C ]n Fkv 144.37 cq]-bm-wv. ap h j-anxv bym-{iaw 63788.4 timsn cq] hcp-am-\hpw 9121.2 timsn cq] A m-z-bhpw 143.67 cq] C ]nfkpw t\sn-bn- p- v. Cu Ime-b-f-hn _m ns {]h Ø-\-em-`-am Pn\v 65.19 ix-am-\-am-wv. 2010-11 aq mw Izm -dn hcp-am\w 21412.8 timsn cq]bpw ( ap h jw 17779.7 timsn cq]) 2828.06 timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw (2479.05 timsn cq]) t\sn-bn- p- v. Izm C ]n Fkv 44.54 cq]-bm-wv. A m-zm-b-øn 14.08 ix-am\w hf -bmwv t\sn-b-xv. _m ns s\ v C -dãv am Pn 2099 Unkw-_-dnse 2.56 ix-am-\-øn \n v 3.4 ix-am-\-øn-tebv v Db n- p- v. _m n sd Id v A u v tkhnwkvkv A u v tdtjym 2010 Unkw-_-dn 48.17 ix-am-\-ambn Db n- p- v. ap h jantx Ime-b-f-hn-enXv 42.94 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. _m ns hmbv]m hf -bn 21.88 ix-am\w hf t\sn-bn- p- v. Fkv _n sf 2010-11- ap Iq \nipxn bmbn 6143 timsn cq]- AS- n- p- v. CXv ap h j-tø- mƒ 6.24 ix-am\w IqSp-X-em-Wv. CXv sa -s {]h Ø-\-^-e- Øn-tebv v hnc Nq p- p. Ct m-gsø kml-n-cy-øn 2010-11- se {]Xo- nx C ]n Fkv Bb 173 cq]-bn ]n C 15.1 BWv. 2011-12- {]Xo- n- p 243 cq] C ]n Fkn ]n C 10.9 BWv. cmpy-øns kmº-øn-i-h-f -bn _m nwkv hl- p ] pw Fkv _n sfbpss Cu cwksø eou jn pw h km[y-x-bn-tebv mwv hnc Nq p- -Xv. Xncp-Ø-en Zo L-Ie \nt -]-Øn\v Xp\n- m ani dnt {]Xo- n- mw. 2010 sk skivkv 17 ix-am\w dnt \evin-bt mƒ Fkv _n sf AXns Cc n dnt \evin. ImUne sl ØvsI-b Ct m-gsø hne: 772 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db hne/ Xmgv hne: 864 cq]/541 cq] apj hne: 5 cq] em`-hoxw: 100 ix-am\w C ]n Fkv: 36.88 cq], ]n C: 21.07(2010 am v) hn]wn aqeyw: 15792 timsn cq] acp- p-xv]m-z\w hnx-cww F n-h-bn G s - n-cn- p Iº-\n-bmWv Al-Ω- Zm-_mZv ti{µ-am- n-bp-ff ImUne sl ØvsI-b. C y ti{µ-ambn {]h Øn- p I-\\n ]e hntz-i-cm-py-ß-fnepw DXv] w hn -gn- p- p- v. ]pxnb acp- p-iƒ Is - Øm-\p-ff Kth-jW hni-k-\-ta-j-e-bmwv Iº\n {]h Øn- p as mcp taj-e. bp Fkv, P m, {_ko, Gjy ]kn-^n-iv, anun CuÃv, B-{^n, bqtdm v XpS-ßnb taj-e-i-fnev Iº-\n {]h Øn- p- p.2010- Iº\n 30 acp- p-i-fmwv ]pd-øn-d- n-b-xv. IqSmsX ssl ss j\v GXn-tc-bp-fe acp- mb A tum-sa v {_m Uv hmßp-ibpw snbvxp. ImUne sl ØvsI-b tlmk-]nd Iº-\n-bp-ambn tn p-ff kwbp kwc- `-Øn-eqsS Im k-dn-s\-xn-tc-bp-ff Bdv acp- p-iƒ ]p-øn-d- m Dt±-in- p- p- v. CXn BZy-tØ-Xmb SmIvtkm-sS-dn ]pd-øn-d- m \hw-_-dn A\p-aXn e`n- ncn- p-i-bm-wv. s{_ãv, ewkvkv F n-h-bn-ep- m-ip Im kn-sd-s\-xn-tc-bp-f-f-xmwv Cu acp- v. a v A v acp- p-iƒ AwKo-Im-c-Øns hnhn[ L -ß-fn-em-Wv. C ybnepw {]-Xo- n- p- p. AXm-bXv ]n C bym-{iaw 19.3, 14.96 Bbn Xmgpw. Ct m-gsø ]n C bntebv v \oßn-bm hne ASpØ c v h j-øn-\p-f-fn 1000 cq]bv p api-fn-tebv v FØm-\p-ff km[y-x-tb-sd-bm-wv. s` em n-\-ta-cn- -bnepw Cu DXv] w hnev p-hm ImUn-ebv v Ign-bpw. bp Fkv hn]-wn-bn aq pw bqtdm-]y hn]-an-bnepw aq pw ]pxnb DXv]- -߃ hnev p- -Xn-\p-ff A\p-a-Xn- mbn At] \evin-bn- p- v. kv]m\njv hn]-wn-bn 15 acp- p-iƒ ]pd-øn-d- m-\p-ff A\p-aXn 2010 Ah-km\w Iº-\n v e`n- n- p- v. ASpØ c p h j- m-eøv C \m-j-w _nkn-\-kn 28 ix-am\w hm jn-i-h-f bmwv {]Xo- n- p- -X Iº\n 2009-10 h j-øn 2424.89 timsn cq] hn p-h-chpw 503.2 timsn cq] A m- Zm-bhpw t\sn-bn- p- v. ap h j-anxv bym-{iaw 1945.8 timsn cq], 265.91 timsn cq] hox-am-bn-cp- p. A p cq] apj-hn-e-bp-fe Hml-cn-bn C ]n Fkv 68.24 cq]-bm- Wv. 2010-11- Iº\n ani {]I-S-\-amWv ImgvN hbv p- -Xv. Unkw-_-dn-e-h-km- \n Izm -dn 701.9 timsn cq] hcp-am-\hpw (613.4 timsn cp]) 140.38 timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw (125.32 timsn cq]) t\sn-bn- p- v. 2010 s]{_p-h-cn-bn \evinb 1:1 t_mwkv hgn h [n Hml-cn-bmb 102.37 cq]-bn C ]n Fkv 6.86 cq]-bm-wv. \S- p-h j-øn BZy 9 amk- m-eøv 521.62 timsn cq] A m-zmbw t\sn-bn- p- v. Cu Ime-b-f-hnse C ]n Fkv 25.6 cq]-bm-wv. 2010-11- se {]Xo- nx C ]n Fkv Bbn 34 cq]-bn ]n C 22 BWv. 2011-12 40 cq]bpw 2012-13- 51.6 cq]bpw C ]n Fkv Ct m-gsø hne: 2050 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db hne/ Xmgv hne: 2695 cq]/1905 cq] apj hne: 10 cq] em`-hoxw: 132.50 ix-am\w C ]n Fkv: 88.06 cq], ]n C: 22.65 (2010 am v) hn]wn aqeyw: 101448 timsn cq] cmpysø G hpw henb F Pn-\o-b-dnwKv am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv ÿm]-\-amwv `mcxv slhn Ce-Iv{Sn- kv F s`. IqSp-Xepw Du P ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cyta-J-e-bp-ambn _ -s D]-I-c-W-ßfpw skmeq-j-\p-i-fp-amwv \evip- -Xv. 1976-77 apx Iº\n ÿnc-ambn em`-hoxw \evin hcp- p. G -hp-sam-sp-hn \evin em`-hoxw 132.5 ix-am-\-am-wv. sshzyp-xn, {Sm kvt]m t -j, sshzypxn kwt{]- j-ww, Hmbn B Uv Kymkv, {]Xn-tcm[w XpS-ßnb taj-e-i-fn Iº\n DXv]- -߃ \evip- p. Iº-\n v cmpyøv 15 am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv Unhn-j-\p-Ifpw 4 ]h skivs dopn-b-w sk -dp-ifpw 8 k hokv sk -dp-ifpw 15 dopn-b-w Hm^o-kp-Ifpap v. hntz-iøv 4 Hm^o-kp-Ifpw Hcp k_vkn-u-b-dn-bp-ap- v. Iº-\n-bpsS ssih-i-an-t mƒ 158000 timsn cq]-bpss Hm U-dp- v. ASpØ GXm\pw h j-tøbv v bp n-k-lamb hn p-h-chv t\sp-hm Iº-\n v CXphgn km[n- pw. 2010 am n-e-h-km-\n 12 amk- m-eøv Iº\n 33572.81 timsn cq] hn p-h-chpw 4310.64 timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw t\sn-bn- p- v. 489.52 cq] Hmlcn aqe-[-\-øn C ]n Fkv 88.06 cq]-bm-wv. 2010-11- s aq mw Izm -dnev hcpam\w 25 ix-am\w hf -tbmss 9023 timsn cq]-bn-se-øn-bn- p- v. A -Zmbw 1403.23 timsn cq]-bn-tebv v Db p. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hn 1072 timsn cq]-bm-bn-cp p A m-zm-bw. hf 31 ix-am-\-am-wv. \S- p-h j-øns BZy 9 amk- m-esø C ]n Fkv 65.64 cq]-bm-wv. Iº-\n-bpsS H ]n Fw 22.96 ix-am-\- Øn-tebv v Db n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. kº-zvl-s-\-bpss F m taj-e-ifpw hf-cp kml-n-cy-øn Akw-kvIr-X-hkvXp- -fn-ep- mb Db sb Hcp ]nc-[n-hsc D]-tbm- m- -fn-tebv v ISØn hnsphm km[n- n- p- v. IqSmsX Fw]vtfmbn sne-hn 15 ix-am\w Ipd-hp- m-bxpw DXv]m-Z-\-s -ehv Ipd p \n Øp-hm klm-bn- n- p- v. Ct mƒ Iº-\n-bpsS ÿnxn ani \ne-bn-em-sw- nepw I\Ø a -c-amwv Cu cwkøv Db p hcp- -Xv. dne-b kv ]h (37700 timsn cq]), A`n-PnXv {Kq v (111300 timsn cq]) F o Iº-\n-I-fpsS Hm U ssn\okv Iº-\n-Iƒ v \evti n h p. 2010-11- 60000 timsn cq]-bpss Hm U-dmWv Iº-\n {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. CXn 23500 timsn-bpss Hm U F Sn ]nkn-bp-ts-xm-wv.. ASpØ aq ph j meøv Iº\n {]Xn-h jw 19 ix-am\w hf t\sp-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. Ct m-gsø hne-bn \S- p-h jsø {]Xo- nx C ]n Fkn ]n C 20 BWv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. ASp-Ø-h jw 16.6 Dw {]-Xo- n- p- p. ASpØ Hcp h j- m-eøv 25 ix-am\w hf -sb- nepw CXns Hml-cn-bn {]Xo- n- mw. C y kº-zvl-s-\-bpss hf bpw ASpØ ] -h- -c-]- -Xn-bn ASn-ÿm- \-ku-i-cy-ta-j-ebv v \evip Du epw Cu taj-e-bn-tebv IqSp-X t\cn- p-ff hntz-i-\n-t ]w e`y-am- p-hm-\p-ff \S-]-Sn-Ifpw Iº-\n v h hf bv v km[yx Hcp- p- p.

9 IqSp-X hf IqSp-X sxmgn-en-tebv v \bn p. AXv cmpyøv Akz-ÿ-X-Iƒ Ipd p. I i-\-amb \S-]-Sn-bn-eqsS hne- -b w ]nsn- p-\n Øm t\m n-sb- n Hcp-]t, hf -\n-c v Ipdt s\. AXv bphm- ƒ n-s-bn Akz-ÿ-X-Iƒ Iq p-i-tb-bp q. ]eni kmh-[m\w IqSpw s]cn-kvtim v si.-b.-_n-pn-tam ]en-i-\n-c- p-iƒ IqSpw; ]s s]s -. kmh-[m\w. H p-c- p-am-kw - sim v C -tø-xn \n v Ac-i-X-am\w I v \nt ]]eni IqSpw. hmbv]m]eni Hcp-i-X-am-\hpw h [nt mw. am v 17 \v dnk hv _m v ]W-\b ]p\-c-h-tem-i\w \S-Øn-b-t mƒ \n WmbI \nc- p-iƒ Im i-x-am\w hox-amwv Iq n-bxv. hn]wn {]Xo- n- -Xp-t]mse Xs. dot m \nc v Im i-x-am\w Iq n 6.75 ix-am-\-am n. dnthgvkv dot m Im i-x-am\w Iq n 5.75 ix-am-\-am n. hmwn-py-_m- p-i-fpss Icp-X ]W A\p-]mXw am n-bn. Bdv ix-am-\- Øn sø XpScpw. 2010 Bcw-`-Øn XpS-ßn-b-XmWv \nc v h [\. 2010 am v 19 \v dot m \nc v 5 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp p. Ggp-X-h- W-bmbn AXn-t mƒ 6.75 ix-am-\-øn FØn p. dnthgvkv dot m Cu Ime-b-fhn aq c ix-am-\-øn \n v A c ix-am-\-øn-ep-saøn. Bcp-sSbpw IW- p-iq- -ep-i-fntem {]Xo- -bntem HXp-ßmØ coxn-bn \mwy-s -cp w h [n- -XmWv \nc- p-iƒ Iq m ImcWw. 2010 se ani Im jntim-xv]m-z\w hcp-tºmƒ hne Ipd-bpsa v Kh sa v Bflm -ambn {]Xo- n p. km[m-cw KXn-bn-em-sW- n AXv kw`-hn-t - -Xp-am-bn-cp p. ]t, km[m-cw kml-n-cy-ß-fm-bn-cp- n Ign- -h jw D m-bn-cp- Xv. Imem-hÿ CS-bv nss {]iv\-߃ hcpøn. ] - dn-iƒ, ]g-h K-߃, Ing-ßp-h K-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS DXv]m-Z\w IpØs\ CSn p. A\-h-k-c-Ønse agbpw Akm-[m-c-W-k-a-b-ß-fnse DW pw Ch-bvs mw Imc-W-ambn. CtXm-sSm w {Kmao-W-sXm-gn Dd v ] Xn Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fnse Iqen-\n-c v c pw aq pw asßv h [n- n p. hnfsh-sp- n\v am{x-a, hnf-hn-d- -en\pw Iqen-\n-c v Akm-[m-c-W-amb txmxn IqSn. ^ew DXv - -߃ v hne-iqsn F -Xp-Xs. Im jn-tim-xv - -ß-fpsS hne h [n- -txmss ` y-hne kqnni \nb-{ Ww hn p. AXn-\nsS BtKm-f-kw-`h hnimk-߃ s]t{sm-fnbw hnebpw Iq n. Cß-s\-sbmcp kml-n-cy-øn-emwv samø-hne kqnn-ibpw ` y-hne kqnn- Ibpw Hs ISn- m s]m n v ]m Xv. hne-\n-e-hmcw ]nsn- p-\n Øm dnk hv _m v Fs - nepw snbvtx axn-bm-hq-sh kml-ncyw h p. F m, hne-]n-sn- p-\n Øp-tºmƒ AXv hf sb _m[n- -cp-sx v Kh sa n\v \n _- -ap- m-bn-cp p. hne IqSn-bm t mepw sxmgn h [n- m P\-tcmjw ]nsn- p-\n Øm- \mhpw. sxmgn IqS-W-sa- n hf tømxv IqSWw. AXp-sIm- p-xs ]en-i-\n-c- nse h [\ sndnb sndnb KUp- -fm-bn- mwv \S-Øn-bXv. kz`m-hn-i-ambpw AXv hf - \n-c v Xmgm-Xn-cn- m klm-bn p. Cu am n Ah-km-\n h jw 8.5 ixam\w hf {]Xo- n- m-\mhpw. AtXk-abw, hne- -b w {]Xo- n- n-cp A v ix-am-\-øn \n v F p-i-x-am-\- Øn-seØpw. F n t mepw Kh sa pw dnk hv _m pw kwxr-]vx-cmwv. IqSp-X hf IqSp-X sxmgn-en-tebv v \bn p. AXv cmpyøv Akz-ÿ-X-Iƒ Ipd p. I i- \-amb \S-]-Sn-bn-eqsS hne- -b w ]nsn- p-\n Øm t\m n-sb- n Hcp-]t, hf -\n-c v Ipd-t s\. AXv bphm- ƒ n-s-bn Akz-ÿ-X-Iƒ Iq p-i-tbbp q. Ct m-gsø \nc v h [\ kzm`mhn-i-ambpw `h\ hml\ hmbv]-i-fpss ]en-i-iq pw. G{]n ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS ]pxnb-\n-c- p-iƒ {]m_-ey-øn hcp-sa- mwv {]Xo. F m, \nc v IqSp- -Xp-sIm v hml-\-hn-ev]-\tbm `h-\- \n am-wtam s]s v Xmgpw F `oxnbn. a p-co-xn-bn hcp-am\w h [n- p Hcp kml-n-cy-øn ]eni am{xw IW- m n kmº-øn-i-{]-h Ø-\-߃ aµo- `-hn- p-i-bn. AXmWv A[n-Ir-X-cpsS {]Xo. t{imw]vs {Kohvkv Ct m-gsø hne: 266 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db hne/ Xmgv hne: 349 cq]/219 cq] apj hne: 2 cq] em`-hoxw: 40 ix-am\w C ]n Fkv: 9.62 cq], ]n C: 27.74 (2010 am v) hn]wn aqeyw: 17179 timsn cq] cmpysø {]apj F Pn-\o-b-dnwKv Iº-\n-I-fn-sem- mb t{imw]vs {Kohvkv sshzypxn taj-e-bv m-h-iyamb DXv]- -߃ \n an- p- p. 1937- C y-bn {]h Ø\w XpS-ßnb Iº\n Ce-Iv{Sn- F\ Pn taj-e-bnse amt\-pvsa v B-]vfn-t -j taj-e-bn ap \nc ÿm\-amwv Iº-\n- p-f-f-xv. {Sm kvt^m a, kzn v Knb, k Iyq v {_t -gvkv, s\ v h v t{]m -Ivj, I t{smƒ Knb, t{]mpivsv F Pn-\o-b-dnw-Kv, F v Sn, F Sn tamt m-gvkv, sse v, ^m, ]ºv, XpSßnb sshhn-[y-am DXv]- -߃ \n an p t]mcp- p. I-\\n Ct mƒ {]h Ø\w aq mbn `mkn v ]h knãw, C U-kv{Sn-b knãw, I kyq-a t{]muivsv F nßs\ Unhn-j-\p-I-fm- n-bn- p- v. 2005 apx BtKm-f-X-e-Øn hf-cp- -Xn-\p-ff kv{s Pn kzoi-cn- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Iº-\n v Ct mƒ s_ Pn-bw, Im\-U, lwk-dn, Ct m-t\-jy, Ab e- v, {^m kv, bp si, bp Fkv XpS-ßnb cmpy-ß-fn Iº-\n v DXv]m-Z\ bqwn- p-i-fp- v. C ybn Iº-\n v 20 am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv bqwn- p-i-fp- v. IqSmsX DXv]- -ß-fpsS KpWta sa -s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-\mbn Kth-jW hni-k-\-cw-køpw ani \nt ]w \S- Øp- p- v. Iº\n CXn-\mbn \mkn- n 40 timsn cq] apx ap-s n dntk v em_v ÿm]n- pw. Iº\n 2009-10- 5238.99 timsn cq] hn p-h-chpw 617.34 timsn cq] A m-zmbw t\sn-bn- p- v. t_mwkv hgn (3:4) h [n Hmlcn aqe-[-\-amb 128.30 timsn cq]- bn C ]n Fkv 9.62 cq]-bm-wv. Iº\n 40 ix-am\w Unhn-U Upw \evin-bn- p- v. 2010-11- s aq mw Izm -dn I-º\nbpsS I tkm-fn-tu- Uv hcp-am\w 7 ix-am\w Db v 2397 timsn cq]-bn-se-øn. A m-zmbw 16.5 ix-am\w h [n v 232 timsn cq]- bn-se-øn. I-º-\n-bpsS {]h Ø-\-em-`-am Pn 16.23 ix-am-\-ambpw s\ v t{]m^n v am Pn\v 9.7 ix-am-\-ambpw sa -s - p. 2011-12- I tkm-fn-tu- Uv hcp-am-\-øn 15-20 ix-am\w hf -bmwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. 2010-11 \memw Izm -dnepw IqSn C y hn-]-wn-bnse hf m-amµyw XpS-c-sa- mwv Iº\n IW- m- p- Xv. ASpØ h jw apx Cc- -b hf -bmwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. Ign FXm\pw amk-ß-fn k_vkn-un-bdn Unhn-j-\p-I-fn hcp-am\w Ipd- -Xn-\p-tijw Ah ho pw hf -bn-tebv v Xnc- p-h- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Iº-\nbpsS C y Hm U _p v Unkw-_-dn 3700 timsn cq]-bm-bn p- v. ap h jtø- mƒ 25 ix-am\w hf -bm-wp- m-b-xv. C y {Sm kvan-j Unkv{Sn-_yq-j hn]-w-bn a cw h [n- p-i-bm-wv. CXns\ Iº\n Fßs\ t\cn-sp- -Xns\ B{i-bn- mwv Iº-\n-bpsS `mhn hf. Iº-\n v 32 ix-am\w Hmlcn ] m-fn-ø-ap-ff Ahm ]h enãv snøp- Xv I-º- \n v A\p-Iqe LS-I-am-Wv. C- y Hm -td-j hgn aq mw Izm -dn Iº\n 1398.59 timsn cq] hcp-am- \hpw 176.03 timsn cq] A m-zm-bhpw 2.74 cq] C ]n Fkpw t\sn-bn- p- v. Hm -td- nwkv am Pn Cu Ime-b-f-hn 16.31 ix-am-\-am-bn- p- v. \S- p-h j-øns BZy 9 amk- m-eøv Iº-\n-bpsS hcp-am\w 4186.28 timsn cq]bpw A m-zmbw 476.69 timsn cq]-bp-am-wv. c p cq] apj-hn-e-bp-ff Hml-cn-bn C ]n Fkv 7.43 cq]-bm-wv. Iº-\n-bpsS Hmlcn hne-bn-t mƒ 266 cq]-bm-wv. Aº-Øn-c v BgvN-bnse Ipd hne 219 cq]-bpw. C y sshzypxn taj-e-bpss hf bpw a pw IW- nse-sp-øm hcpw amk-ß-fn ani hf Hml-cn-bn {]Xo- n- mw. 230 240 cq] eh-en ani ss_ Bbn- mwv Icp-Xp- Xv

10 hmd _^ v h t mƒ _^ v h p, t]mbn. At±lw A`y n p, C y hyhkm-bn-iƒ ti p. IqSp-X-sem pw kw`-hn- n temi-ønse AXn-k-º- -cn aq mw-ÿm-\-øp hmd _^ v temi- Øn\v Xs AXv`p-X-amWv. Hcm-bpjvImew Hml-cn-hn-]-Wn-bnse \nt ]w hgn Xs temi-ønse G hpw henb kº- -\m-hpi. AXv km[n GI a\pjy-\mwv _^ v. Ata-cn- -bn s\{_mkvi kwÿm- \Øv Hmal F ] -W-Øn P\n F ]-søm- p-im-c-\mb _^ v Ct mƒ Hcp henb ZuXy-Øn-emWv. Zm\- ioew t{]m m-ln- n- p ZuXy-Øn. X\n-. ssat{im-tkm-^v ns ÿm]-i\pw ap X-e-h-\p-amb _n tk vkpw D v IqsS. A ]-Ø- p- Im-c-\mb tk vkpw _^ pw tn v temiw-ap-gp-h Id-ßp-I-bmWv. Zm\-{]- Xn (The Giving Pledge) t\sn-sb-sp- m. kºøv [mcm-f-ap- m- n-b-h B kºøv X߃ pw a ƒ p-ambn am{xw \o n-h-bv -cp-sx v Ch ]dbp p. kaq-l-ønse Ah-i-hn-`m-K߃ v D]-I-cn- m-hp- -hn[w henb kºmzyw hgn-xn-cn- p-hn-sm-\p Hcp t{]c- I-i- n-bmbn {]h Øn- p-i-bm-w-h. CXn-\Iw 59 Ata-cn- kº- Ch-cpsS ZuXy-Øn ] p-tn p. Ign- -h jw Ch ssn\-bn sn v Ahn- SpsØ AXn-k-º- sc CXn-tebv v t{]cn- n p. Xß-fpsS ZuXyw hnp-bn-s - mwv Ch Ah-Im-i-s - Xv. F m, am[y-a-ß-fn henb Xe-s - p-iƒ ]nsn- m-hp {]Jym-]-\-ß-sfm pw Ahn-sSbp- m-bn. temi-ønse ix-tim-sn-]-xn-i-fn (tumf IW- n ) 55 t] C y-bn-eps - mwv t^m _vkv amkni IW- m- n-bn-cn- p- Xv. Ata-cn- bpw ssn\bpw Ign- m G -hpw-iq-sp-x ix-tim-sn-]-xn-i-fp cmpy-amwv C y. temi-ønse AXn-k-º- -cmb ]Øp-t]- cn c p-t] C y- m-cmwv. Cu cmpy-tø-bv mwv am\-h-tk-h- \-Øn-\mbn kºøv \o n-h-bv p-isb ap{zm-hm-iy-hp-ambn _^ pw tk vkpw IS- p-h- Xv. c p-t]cpw ]dbp- Xv snbvx tij-amwv Ctßm- p-h- Xv. _^ v Xs kºm-zy-øn alm- `q-cn-]- hpw [ Ω-{]-ÿm-\-߃ mbn Fgp-Xn-h p. 2006 Xs kºm-zy- Øns 83 ix-am-\hpw _n B v saen U tk vkv ^ut -j\v At±lw kw`m-h\ snbvxp. Ncn-{X-Ønse G hpw henb Zm\-am-bn-cp p AXv. A sø hne-\n-e-hm-c-øn 3070 timsn tumf D kºm-zy-amwv At±lw \evin-bxv. _n tk vkv t\c-sø-xs temi H mw-\-º kº- -\m-bn-cp p. Xs kºm-zy-øns knwl-`m-khpw \o n-h- mwv _n B v saen U tk vkv ^ut -j D m- n-bxv. Ahn- I-knX cmpy-ß-fnse BtcmKy hnzym- `ymk Imcy-߃ v ]Ww aps- p- -Xn- \mwv Cu ^ut -j ap K-W\ \evip- Xv. B{^n- -bnse ]e cmpyß-fnepw t]mfntbm hmivkn-t\-j\pw FbvUvkv NnIn- bpw a pw Cu ^ut js ]Ww D]-tbm-Kn- mwv. C y-bnepw Ipsd-tbsd ] -Xn-Iƒ ^ut -j Gs -Sp- Øn- p v. Cßs\ Xs kºmzyw D]-hn-{]- h Ø-\-߃ mbn \o n-h tijw a p- -hsc AXn\v t{]cn- n- m-s\-ønb _^- n\pw kwl-øn\pw Ath-i-I-c-amb {]Xn-IcWw C y-bn D mbn. PnFw-B {Kq ns ÿm]i Xeh Pn.Fw. dmhp 1500 ]cw timsn cq]- bmwv hnzym-`ymk tkh-\-øn-\mbn Hcp ^ut -j\v \o n-h- Xv. CtX-co-Xn-bn kºm-zy-øn \n v KWy-amb XpI-Iƒ BXp-c-tk-h\w, hnzym-`ymkw, Zmcn-Zy- \n am P\w, tcmk-{]-xn-tcm[w, IpSn-sh- -hn-x-cww XpS-ßnb taj-e-i-fn aps- p-sa v apwss_-bn-sebpw _mwk-fq-cntebpw ktω-f-\-ß-fn C y kº- hmkvzm\w snbvxp. hnkva-b-i-c-amb hf -bpss IYbp hmd s_^- ns Blzm\w shdpsx X n- -f-bp-hm C y-bn-se- Hcn-S-sØbpw kº- v km[n- p- -X. apx-em-fnø hyh-ÿnxn \evip A\p-Iqe kml-n-cy-߃ ]cam-h[n apx-se-spøv kºøv D m- nb BfmWv At±lw. AtX- n At±lw ]d-bp- Xv Itºm-f-hy-h-ÿnXn AXnse ] m-fn-iƒ v Nne-t mƒ Aan-X-amb t\ w \evim-dp-s - mwv. F m, Cßs\ kºm-zn- p ]Ww A{Xbpw a ƒ v \evip- -Xn-t\mSv At±-l-Øn\v tbmpn- n. Xs kºm-zy-øn \n v Imcy-am-sbm pw a ƒ {]Xo- n-t s v hf-sc-ap-tº-xs At±lw ]d- n- p- -XmWv. c p ]p{x- mcpw Hcp ]p{xn-bp-amwv At±-l-Øn-\p- Xv. _^- ns A`n-{]m-b-Øn Hcp-X-e-apd henb kºm-zy-ap- m n AXv hcpw Xe-ap-d- Iƒ v ssiam-dp- Xv bp n-k-l-a. ""X߃ v Fs - n-ep-sams snøm ] pw F v txm m-hp- {X ]Ww am{xta Rm a ƒ v \eviq. AXmbXv Ah v shdp-sx-bn-cp v BtLmj-ambn Pohn- m-sa v txm -ep- m- n '' CXmWv _^- ns XXzw. AXpsIm- mwv Xs kºm-zy-øn 90 ixam-\-øn-tesd Zm\-[ Ω-߃ mbn \o n-h- Xv. 2008 6200 timsn tumf kºm-zy-ap- m-bn-cp BfmWv _^ vkv. XpS p h j-ß-fn BtKm-f-amµyw Cu kºm-zy-øns txmxv XmgvØn. F nepw temiw aq mw-ÿm-\- m-c-\mbn At±lw XpS-cp p. sndp- -Ønse XpS-ßn-b-XmWv ]Ww kºm-zn- p ioew. ]Ømw-h-b-kn \yqtbm v kµ in- -t mƒ Ahn-SpsØ tãm v FIvkvtN v kµ in- m \n _- -_p n Im n-bn- p v _^ v. ]Xn-s\m mw hb-kn X\n pw Xs ktlm-z-cn pw th n aq v hoxw Hmlcn-Iƒ Hcp Iº-\n-bn \n v hmßn. sslkviq-fn-em-bn-cp- -t mƒ Xs ]nxmhv XpS-ßn-h Hcp _nkn-\-kn Ipsd ]Ww aps- m\pw _^ v Xp\n p. kviqfn ]Tn- p-tºmƒ ]{Xhn-X-cWw, amkn-i-hn-x-cww, tkmƒ^v t_mfp-ifpw Ãmºp-Ifpw antm-bn-ifpw hn ]\ XpS-ßnb ]Wn-Iƒ hgn ]Ww D m- p- Xv _^- ns ioe-am-bn-cp p. ]Xn-\memw hb-kn BZysØ BZm-b- \n-ipxn dnt ka n p. ]{X-hn-XcWw \S-Øn-bn-cp Xm AXn-\mbn D]- tbm-kn- p ssk n-fn-s bpw Xm D]- tbm-kn- p hm n-s bpw hne-bn \n v txbvam-\- n-gnhv At hmßn-sb-sp- p- Ibpw snbvxp. C{]-Imcw A[zm-\n- p-ibpw kºm- Zn- p-ibpw snbvxv timfpv ]T\w ]q Øn-bm- p-tºm-tgbv v 90000 timsn tumf-dns kºmzyw At±-l-Øn-\p- mbn. ]n osv aqeym-[n-jvtnx \nt -]-sø- n _ -an {Klmw-Kns Iogn ]Tn v Hml-cn-hn-]-Wn-bn KWy-ambn {]h Øn p. h txm-xn t\ w D m n. Xs \nt ] kn m w hfsc efn-x-am-sw v _^ v ]d-bp p. \ Iº\n txspi, B _nkn-\kv X\n v a\-kn-em-ip-tam-sb v ]Tn- pi, a\-kn-em-ip-sa- n am{xw B _nkn-\- kn \nt -]n- p-hm {ian- pi, Hmlcn-hne Ipd- p-\n p-tºmƒ hmßpi, ]n osv kzÿ-ambn hn{i-an- pi Ipsd- mew Ign-bp-tºmƒ hf-sc-an-i BZmbw In pw. CXmWv _^- n\v ]dbm-\p- Xv. Zo L-Ime \nt -]-Øn\v am{xta At±-l-Øn\v XmXv]-cy-ap q. Znh-khpw hmßp-ibpw hn p-ibpw snøp ]cn- ]msn \nt -]-a- -sb v Xs -bmwv At±lw ]d-bp- Xv. F m-hcpw hn ptºmƒ hmßm\pw F m-hcpw hmßptºmƒ hn m\pw asn-bn- mø _^ v \nt ] cwksø km[m-cw {]hm-n-i- m-sc-sb mw ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p v. sim timf, P\-d Ce-Iv{SnIv, t{]mivs B v Kmw_nƒ, tkmƒuvam kmivkv XpS-ßn-b-h-bnse At±-l-Øns \nt -]hpw AXnse em`-sa-sp pw CXv sxfn-bn- p p. _ Ivsj-b lmøth F Xs \nt ] ÿm]\w hgn-bmwv _^- ns CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ. do C jz-d kv cwkøpw {]h Øn- p- p v _ Ivsj-b. C y- m-c-\mb APnXv Pbn-\mWv _ Ivsj-b-dn _^- ns c m-a. _^- ns ]n Km-an-bm-Ip-sa v Icp-X-s - Sp- Xpw Cu Hdo-k- m-c-\mwv. 59 hbkp Pbn _^- ns Hcp Bcm-[-I- \p-amwv. At±lw ]d-bp- Xv Itºm-f-hy-h-ÿnXn AXnse ] m-fn-iƒ v Nne-t mƒ Aan-X-amb t\ w \evim-dp-s - mwv. F m, Cßs\ kºm-zn- p ]Ww A{Xbpw a ƒ v \evip- -Xn-t\mSv At±-l-Øn\v tbmpn- n. Xs kºm-zy-øn \n v Imcy-am-sbm pw a ƒ {]Xo- n-t -s v hf-sc-ap-tº-xs At±lw ]d- n- p- -XmWv.

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12 Buffett on investment The following are excerpts from Warren Buffett s interaction with the faculty and students of the University of Florida School of Business. Question: What makes a company something that you like? Buffett: I like businesses that I can understand. Let s start with that. That narrows it down by 90%. There are all types of things I don t understand, but fortunately, there is enough I do understand. You have this big wide world out there and almost every company is publicly owned. So you have all American business practically available to you. So it makes sense to go with things you can understand. I can understand this, anyone can understand this (Buffett holds up a bottle of Coca- Cola). Since 1886, it is a simple business, but it is not an easy business I don t want an easy business for competitors. I want a business with a moat around it. I want a very valuable castle in the middle and then I want the Duke who is in charge of that castle to be very honest and hard working and able. Then I want a moat around that castle. The moat can be various things: The moat around our auto insurance business, Geico, is low cost. People have to buy auto insurance so everyone is going to have one auto insurance policy per car basically. I can t sell them 20, but they have to buy one. I can sell them 1. What are they going to buy it on? (based on what criteria?) They (customers) will buy based on service and cost. Most people will assume the service is identical among companies or close enough. So they will do it on cost. So I have to be a low cost producer that is my moat. To the extent that my costs are further below the other guy, I have thrown a couple of sharks into the moat. All the time you have this wonderful castle, there are people out there who are going to attack it and try to take it away from you. I want a castle I can understand, but I want a castle with a moat around it. Kodak 30 years ago, Eastman Kodak s moat was just as wide as Coca-Cola s moat. I mean if you were going to take a picture of your six-month old baby and you want to look at that picture 20 years from now or 50 years from now. And you are never going to get a chance you are not a professional photographer so you can evaluate what is going to look good 20 or 50 years ago. What is in your mind about that photography company (Share of Mind) is what counts. Because they are promising you that the picture you take today is going to be terrific 20 to 50 years from now about something that is very important to you. Well, Kodak had that in spades 30 years ago, they owned that. They had what I call share of mind. Forget about share of market, share of mind. They had something that little yellow box that said Kodak is the best. That is priceless. They have lost some of that. Warren Edward Buffett, born August 30, 1930, is an american investor, industrialist and philanthropist. He is widely regarded as one of the most successful investors in the world. Often called the legendary investor Buffett is the primary shareholder, chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway. He is consistently ranked among the world s wealthiest people. He was ranked as the world s wealthiest person in 2008 and is the third wealthiest person in the world as of 2011. Buffett is called the Oracle of Omaha or the Sage of Omaha and is noted for his adherence to the value investing philosophy and for his personal frugality despite his immense wealth. Buffett is also a notable philanthropist, having pledged to give away 99 percent of his fortune to philanthropic causes, primarily via the Gates Foundation. They haven t lost it all. It is not due to George Fisher. George is doing a great job, but they let that moat narrow. They let Fuji come and start narrowing the moat in various ways. They let them get into the Olympics and take away that special aspect that only Kodak was fit to photograph the Olympics. So Fuji gets there and immediately in people s minds, Carmine Fuji becomes Gallo more into parity with Kodak. You haven t seen that with Coke; Coke s moat is wider now than it was 30 years ago. You can t see the moat day by day but every time the infrastructure that gets built in some country that isn t yet profitable for Coke that will be 20 years from now. The moat is widening a little bit. Things are, all the time, changing a little in one direction or the other. Ten years from now, you will see the difference. Our managers of the businesses we run, I have one message to them, and we want to widen the moat. We want to throw crocs, sharks and gators I guess into the moat to keep away competitors. That comes about through service, through quality of product, it comes about through cost, some times through patents, and/or real estate location. So that is the business I am looking for. Now what kind of businesses am I going to find like that? Well, I am going to find them in simple products because I am not going to be able to figure what the moat is going to look like for Oracle, Lotus or Microsoft, ten years from now. Gates is the best businessman I have ever run into and they have a hell of a position, but I really don tn know what that business is going to look like ten years from now. I certainly don t know what his competitors will look like ten years from now. I know what the chewing business will look like ten years from now. The Internet is not going to change how we chew gum and nothing much else is going to change how we chew gum. There will lots of new products. Is Spearmint or Juicy Fruit going to evaporate? It isn t going to happen. You give me a billion dollars and tell me to go into the chewing gum business and try to make a real dent in Wrigley s. I can t do it. That is how I think about businesses. I say to myself, give me a billion dollars and how much can I hurt the guy? Give me $10 billion dollars and how much can I hurt Coca-Cola around the world? I can t do it. Those are good businesses. Now give me some money and tell me to hurt somebody in some other fields, and I can figure out how to do it. So I want a simple business, easy to understand, great economics now, honest and able management, and then I can see about in a general way where they will be ten (10) years from now. If I can t see where they will be ten years from now, I don t want to buy it. Basically, I don t want to buy any stock where if they close the NYSE tomorrow for five years, I won t be happy owning it. I buy a farm and I don t get a quote on it for five years and I am happy if the farm does OK. I buy an apartment house and don t get a quote on it for five years, I am happy if the apartment house produces the returns that I expect. People buy a stock and they look at the price next morning and they decide to see if they are doing well or not doing well. It is crazy. They are buying a piece of the business. That is what Graham the most fundamental part of what he taught me. You are not buying a stock, you are buying part ownership in a business. You will do well if the business does well, if you didn t pay a totally silly price. That is what it is all about. You ought to buy businesses you understand. Just like if you buy farms, you ought to buy farms you understand. It is not complicated. Question: How do you determine what is the proper price to pay for the business? Buffett: It is a tough thing to decide but I don t want to buy into any business I am not terribly sure of. So if I am terribly sure of it, it probably won t offer incredible returns. Why should something that is essentially a cinch to do well, offer you 40% a year? We don t have huge returns in mind, but we do have in mind not losing anything. We bought See s Candy in 1972, See s Candy was then selling 16 m. pounds of candy at a $1.95 a pound and it was making 2 bits a pound or $4 million pre-tax. We paid $25 million for it 6.25 x pretax or about 10x after tax. It took no capital to speak of. When we looked at that business basically, my partner, Charlie, and I we needed to decide if there was some untapped pricing power there. Where that $1.95 box of candy could sell for $2 to $2.25. If it could sell for $2.25 or another $0.30 per pound that was $4.8 on 16 million pounds. Which on a $25 million purchase price was fine. We never hired a consultant in our lives; our idea of consulting was to go out and buy a box of candy and eat it. What we did know was that they had share of mind in California. There was something special. Every person in Ca. has something in mind about See s Candy and overwhelmingly it was favorable. They had taken a box on Valentine s Day to some girl and she had kissed him. If she slapped him, we would have no business. As long as she kisses him, that is what we want in their minds. See s Candy means getting kissed. If we can get that in the minds of people, we can raise prices. I bought it in 1972, and every year I have raised prices on Dec. 26th, the day after Christmas, because we sell a lot on Christmas. In fact, we will make $60 million this year. We will make $2 per pound on 30 million pounds. Same business, same formulas, same everything $60 million bucks and it still doesn t take any capital. And we make more money 10 years from now. But of that $60 million, we make $55 million in the three weeks before Christmas. And our company song is: What a friend we have in Jesus. (Laughter). It is a good business. Think about it a little. Most people do not buy boxed chocolate to consume themselves, they buy them as gifts somebody s birthday or more likely it is a holiday. Valentine s Day is the single biggest day of the year. Christmas is the biggest season

13 by far. Women buy for Christmas and they plan ahead and buy over a two or three week period. Men buy on Valentine s Day. They are driving home; we run ads on the Radio. Guilt, guilt, guilt guys are veering off the highway right and left. They won t dare go home without a box of Chocolates by the time we get through with them on our radio ads. So that Valentine s Day is the biggest day. Can you imagine going home on Valentine s Day our See s Candy is now $11 a pound thanks to my brilliance. And let s say there is candy available at $6 a pound. Do you really want to walk in on Valentine s Day and hand she has all these positive images of See s Candy over the years and say, Honey, this year I took the low bid. And hand her a box of candy. It just isn t going to work. So in a sense, there is untapped pricing power it is not price dependent. Think of Disney. Disney is selling Home Videos for $16.95 or $18.95 or whatever. All over the world people, and we will speak particularly about Mothers in this case, have something in their mind about Disney. Everyone in this room, when you say Disney, has something in their mind about Disney. When I say Universal Pictures, if I say 20th Century Fox, you don t have anything special in your mind. Now if I say Disney, you have something special in your mind. That is true around the world. Now picture yourself with a couple of young kids, whom you want to put away for a couple of hours every day and get some peace of mind. You know if you get one video, they will watch it twenty times. So you go to the video store or wherever to buy the video. Are you going to sit there and premier 10 different videos and watch them each for an hour and a half to decide which one your kid should watch? No. Let s say there is one there for $16.95 and the Disney one for $17.95 you know if you take the Disney video that you are going to be OK. So you buy it. You don t have to make a quality decision on something you don t want to spend the time to do. So you can get a little bit more money if you are Disney and you will sell a lot more videos. It makes it a wonderful business. It makes it very tough for the other guy. How would you try to create a brand Dreamworks is trying that competes with Disney around the world and replaces the concept that people have in their minds about Disney with something that says, Universal Pictures? So a mother is going to walk in and pick out a Universal Pictures video in preference to a Disney. It is not going to happen. Coca-Cola is associated with people being happy around the world. Everyplace Disneyland, the World Cup, the Olympics where people are happy. Happiness and Coke go together. Now you give me I don t care how much money and tell me that I am going to do that with RC Cola around the world and have five billion people have a favorable image in their mind about RC Cola. You can t get it done. You can fool around, you can do what you want to do. You can have price discounts on weekends. But you are not going to touch it. That is what you want to have in a business. That is the moat. You want that moat to widen. If you are See s Candy, you want to do everything in the world to make sure that the experience basically of giving that gift leads to a favorable reaction. It means what is in the box, it means the person who sells it to you, because all of our business is done when we are terribly busy. People come in during theose weeks before Chirstmas, Valentine s Day and there are long lines. So at five o clock in the afternoon some woman is selling someone the last box candy and that person has been waiting in line for maybe 20 or 30 customers. And if the salesperson smiles at that last customer, our moat has widened and if she snarls at em, our moat has narrowed. We can t see it, but it is going on everyday. But it is the key to it. It is the total part of the product delivery. It is having everything Question: What about your business mistakes? Buffett: How much time do you have? The interesting thing about nvestments for me and my partner, Charlie Munger, the biggest mistakes have not been mistakes of ommission, but of omission. They are where we knew enough about the business to do something and where, for one reason or another, sat they re sucking out thumbs instead of doing something. And so we have passed up things where we could have made billions and billions of dollars from things we understood, forget about things we don t understand. The fact I could have made billions of dollars from Microsoft doesn t mean anything because I never could understand Microsoft. But if I can make billions out of healthcare stocks, then I should make it. And I didn t when the Clinton health care program was proposed and they all went in the tank. We should have made a ton of money out of that because I could understand it. And didn t make it. I should have made a ton of money out of Fannie Mae back the mid- 1980s, but I didn t do it. Those are billion dollar mistakes or multi-billion dollar mistakes that generally accepted accounting principles don t pick up. The mistakes you see. I made a mistake when I bought US Air Preferred some years ago. I had a lot of money around. I make mistakes when I get cash. Charlie tells me to go to a bar instead. Don t hang around the office. But I hang around the office and I have money in my pocket, I do something dumb. It happens every time. So I bought this thing. Nobody made me buy it. I now have an 800 number I call every time I think about buying a stock in an airline. I say, I am Warren and I am an air-aholic. They try to talk me down, Keep talking don t do anything rash. Finally I got over it. But I bought it. And it looked like we would lose all our money in it. And we came very close to losing all our money in it. You can say we deserved to lose our money it. We bought it because it was an attractive security. But it was not in an attractive industry. I did the same thing in Salomon. I bought an attractive security in a business I wouldn t have bought the equity in. So you could say that is one form of mistake. Buying something because you like the terms, but you don t like the business that well. I have done that in the past and will probably do that again. The bigger mistakes are the ones of omission. Back when I had $10,000 I put $2,000 of it into a Sinclair Service Station which I lost, so the opportunity cost on that money is about $6 billion right now fairly big mistakes. It makes me feel good when my Berkshire goes down, because the cost of my Sinclair Station goes down too. My 20% opportunity cost. I will say this, it is better to learn from other people s mistakes as much as possible. But we don t spend any time looking back at Berkshire. I have a partner, Charlie Munger; we have been pals for forty years never had an argument. We disagree on things a lot but we don t have arguments about it. We never look back. We just figure there is so much to look forward to that there is no sense thinking of what we might have done. It just doesn t make any difference. You can only live life forward. You can learn something perhaps from the mistakes, but the big thing to do is to stick with the businesses you understand. So if there is a generic mistake outside your circle of competence like buying something that somebody tips you on or something of the sort. In an area you know nothing about, you should learn something from that which is to stay with what you can figure out yourself. You really want your decision making to be by looking in the mirror. Saying to yourself, I am buying 100 shares of General Motors at $55 because.. It is your responsibility if you are buying it. There s gotta be a reason and if you can t state the reason, you shouldn t buy it. If it is because someone told you about it at a cocktail party, not good enough. It can t be because of the volume or a reason like the chart looks good. It has to be a reason to buy the business. That we stick to pretty carefully. That is one of the things Ben Graham taught me. Question: Why do large caps outperform small caps (1998)? Buffett: We don t care if a company is large cap, small cap, middle cap, micro cap. It doesn t make any difference. The only questions that matter to us: Do we understand the business? Do we like the people running it? And does it sell for a price that is attractive? From my personal standpoint running Berkshire now because we got, pro forma for Gen. Re, $75 to $80 billion to invest in and I only want to invest in five things, so I am really limited to very big companies. But if I were investing $100,000, I wouldn t care whether something was large cap or small cap or anything. I would just look for businesses I understood. Now, I think, on balance, large cap companies as businesses have done extraordinarily well the last ten years way better than people anticipated they would do. You really have American businesses earning close to something 20% on equity. And that is something nobody dreamed of and that is being produced by very large companies in aggregate. So you have had this huge revaluation upwards because of lower interest rates and much higher returns on capital. If America business is really a disguised bond that earns 20%, a 20% coupon it is much better than a bond with a 13% coupon. And that has happened with big companies in recent years, whether it is permanent or not is another question. I am skeptical of that. I wouldn t even think about it except for questions of how much money we run I wouldn t even think about the size of the business. See s Candy was a $25 million business when we bought it. If I can find one now, as big as we are, I would love to buy it. It is the certainty of it that counts.

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Pm -\okv kp\m-anbpw en_n-b-bn P\m- [n-]xy {]t m-`sø ASn- -a Øp K±m-^n- -Xntc bp F bp -\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoi-cn- Xpw {IqtUm-bn hne Db Øp- -Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn. _mc-en\v 105 tumfdn\v Np -fn-hn-emwv hne-bn-t mƒ. {IqtUmbn- Bh-iy-Øns ap m ]t mfw Cd- p-axn snøp C ybv v CXv H pw Xmßp-hm km[n- p-i-bn-. {IqtUm-bn hne 110-120 tumf-dntebv v \oßn-bm hn]wn kao-]-imesø XmgvN-Iƒ ho pw ]co- - -s - Sp-sa- mwv A\-en-Ãp-Iƒ an -hcpw A`n- {]m-b-s -Sp- -Xv. ASpØ aq v, A v h jw e y-am n ani Iº-\n-Isf sxc-s -Sp- p-hm-\p-ff Ah-k-c-am-bn- mwv ]e A\-en-Ãp-Ifpw 2011- s\ ImWp- -Xv. {Iq-tUm-bn hne _mc-en\v 85 tumf-dn\p api-fn \nev p- n-s-tømfw Imew hn]-wn-bpss apt - -Øn\v XS-bmbn-cn- p-sa v {]ikvx \nt -]-I cmtijv Pp Pp hme A`n-{]m-b-s - Sp p. 2003- Bcw-`n Nm{InI _pƒapt - -Øn-eqsS IS- p-t]m-hp-i-bmwv F nepw C ysb p-dn v Zo L-Im-e- Øn Pp Pq hme hfsc _p ojv BWv. am v ]Ip-Xn- p-tijw BtKm-fhn-]-Wn-Iƒ i -amb Xncn- p-h-chv \S- Øn-sb- nepw A`y- c Imc-W-ß-fm C y hn]-wn-bn B Db I n-. \mwy-s -cp- -amwv C y hn]- Wnsb G hpw IqSp-X Bi- -s -Sp-Øp- -Xv. s^{_p-h-cn-bnse \mwy-s -cp w P\p-h-cn-bnse 8.21 ix-am-\-øn \n v 8.31 ix-am-\-øn-tebv v Db p. C -\-hne h [-\bpw am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv DXv]- -ßfpsS hne-bn-ep- mb h [-\-bp-amwv \mwy-s -cp w t\cnb txmxn Db Ønb-Xv. am v Ah-km-\-tØmsS \mwys -c w 7 ix-am-\-am-ip-sa v [\-a-{ nbpw a pw ]d-bp- p-s - nepw B e y-øntebv v FØp-sa v txm p- n-. am t mss \mwy-s -cp w 8 ixam-\-am-bn-cn- p-sa- mwv dnk hv _m ns G -hp-sam-sp-hn-esø anuv Izm - kmº-øn-im-h-tem-i-\-øn {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. sxm p apºp-ff Ahtem-I-\-Øn 7 ix-am-\-øn-tebv v Xmgp-sa- m-bn-cp p dnk hv _m v hnebn-cp-øn-bn-cp- -Xv. \mwy-s -cp- sø t\cn-sp-hm-\mbn dnk hv _m v 2010 am n-\p-tijw F masø XhWv dnt]m, dnthgvkv dnt]m \nc- p-iƒ 0.25 ix-am\w hoxw Db Øn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. dnt]m 6.75 ixam-\hpw dnthgvkv dnt]m 5.75 ix-am-\- hp-am-bn. \mwy-s -cp w XmgmØ kml- N-cy-Øn hcpw Izm -dp-i-fn ho pw ]en-i-\n-c- p-iƒ Db Øn-tb- p-sa pw AXv kmº-øn-i-h-f sb _m[n- psa `bw hn]-wn- p- v. GXp kml-n-cy-ønepw C y Hmlcn hn]wn tpmbn ^nen v kº-z-l-s\ ASpØ kmº-øn-i-h j- Øn 9 ix-am\w hf t\sp-sa v [\- a{ n {]W_v apj Pn Bfl-hn-izm-ktØmsS ]d-bp- p. kºm-zyw, \nt ]w F nh-bnep mb hf sb ASn-ÿm- \-am- n-bmwv Cu {]Xo- n- p- -sx pw At±lw Iq n-t p- p. F m a v ]e GP kn-iƒ pw CXn-t\mSv tbmp- n-. sf Fw F^v Dƒs -ss-bp-ff cmpym- c ÿm]-\- ߃ v [\-a{ nbpss Bfl-hn-izm-k-an-. B`y- c Unam v Ipd-bp- Xpaqew C y Pn Un ]n hf ASpØ kmº-øn-i-h j-øn 7.7 ix-am-\-øntebv v Xmgp-sa- m-wv BtKm-f-\n-t - ]-I-ÿm-]-\-amb tam K Ãm en ]dbp- Xv. 2012-13- hf 8.7 ix-am-\- am-bn-cn- p-sa pw tam K Ãm en Iq nt p- p. temi-øn G hpw thkw hf-cp cmpy-amwv C y-sb- nepw hcpw amk-ßfn C y hf bv v thkw Ipd-bpsa v ]mcokv ti{µ-am- n-bp-ff Hm Kss\-tk-j t^m timhm- -td-j B Uv suh-e-]vsa v ( H C kn Un) A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. C y kº-zvl-s- \-bn \mwy-s -cp- -Øns kω ±w I\-Ø-Xm-Wv.-F- nepw \S- p-h jw 8.5 ix-am\w hf t\sp-sa v H C kn Un hne-bn-cp-øp- p. Pn Un ]n hf 2012-8.8 ixam-\-øn-tebv v Xmgp-sa v C -twm-aniv Xn v Sm mb sk t^m tamwn- -dnwkv C y C -twman ( kn Fw sf C) hne-bn-cp-øp- p. \S- p-h j-øn 9.2 ix-am\w hf -bmwv kn Fw sf C IW- m- p- -Xv. P\ph-cn-bnse hymh-km-bn-tim-xv]m- Z\ hf {]Xo- n- -Xn-t\- mƒ sa s v 3.7 ix-am-\-am-bn. Unkw-_-dn-enXv 1.6 ix-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. am\p-^m-ivn-dnwkv taj-e-bnse hf 3.3 ix-am-\-am-wv. G{]n P\p-hcn Ime-b-f-hn hymhkm-bn-tim-xv]m-z\ hf ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hn-te-Xn-t\- mƒ 2.8 ix-am\w sa -tømss 10.5 ix-am-\-øn-se-øn. hyh-km-b-ta-j-e-bpss hf bpss kqn-\-sb-t mww _m v hmbv]-bnse hf sa -s -Sp-I-bm-Wv. am v 11- \v Ah-km-\n Hcp h j- m-eøv _m p- I-fn \n- p-ff hmbv] 23 ix-am\w hf t\sn. Unt m-kn- n 16 ix-am\w hf -bm-wp- m-b-xv. CuIm-e-b-f-hnse s{iun v Hm^v ts v 39.37 e w timsn cq]-bm-wv. ap h j-antx Ime-b-fhn-enXv 32.20 e w timsn cq]-bm-bn-cp- p.s{iun v hf 20 ix-am-\-am-bn-cn- p-sa- mwv dnk hv _m v IW- - nbn-cp- -Xv. am\p-^m-ivn-dnw-kv, k ho-kv, sshzyp-xn, tdmuv, a v ASn-ÿm-\-ku-Icy-ta-J-e-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn \n- mwv Unam v D m-bn- p-f-f-xv. C y-bpss Ib- p-axn s^{_p-h-cnbn 49.8 ix-am\w hf -tbmss 2360 timsn tumf-dn-se-øn. hst Ata-cn-, Gjy, B{^n XpS-ßnb taj-e- I-fn \n- p-ff Unam- mwv Ib- p-axn Db Øn-b-Xv. CtXmsS G-{]n P\p-hcn Ime-b-f-hnse Ib- p-axn hcp-am\w ap h j-tø- mƒ 31.4 ix-am\w hf tbmss 20820 timsn tumf-dn-se-øn. \S p-h jw 20000 timsn tumf Ib- pa-xn-bmwv e y-an- n-cp- -Xv. CtXmsS \S- p-h jw Ib- p-axn 23000-23500 timsn tumf-dmbn Db-cp-sa v hmwn-py-a-{ mebw IW- m- p- p. \mwy-s -cp w sutam-ivfo-kns hmƒt]mse C hn]-wn v api-fn Xqßp- p-s - nepw C y hn]-wn pw kº-zvl-s-\bv pw Ht sd A\p-Iqe kml-n-cy-߃ \ni-_vz-ambn Db p-hcp- p- v. AXn G hpw {][m-\-amwv a kq kw_- n {]Jym-]-\-߃. Cu h jhpw km[m-c-w-t]mse a kq e`n- p-sa- mwv {]my-ani dnt m p-iƒ kqnn- n- p- -Xv. XpS bmb c m-asø h jw Ime-h jw km[m-cwt]mse e`n- p-sa- mwv \mj- W Ivssfsa v sk Ub-d-IvS Un inhm-\µ ss]bpss hne-bn-cp-ø. a kq kw_- n BZyØ HutZym- KnI {]h-n\w G{]n BZy-hm-c-Øn FØpw. ` y-\m-wy-s -cp w Cc- -b- - Øn \oßp kml-n-c-øn Im jnitaj-e-bnse hf C ysb kw_- n- n-s-tømfw G hpw AXym-hiy-am-Wv. C y Im jn-i-ta-j-e-bpss 60 ix-am-\hpw a kq-wns\ B{i-bn- mwv apt m p t]mip- -Xv. a kq \ mbm Im jni hf Db-cp-Ibpw kmº-øn-i-h-f sa -s -Sp-Ibpw snøpw. 2010-11- Im jn-i-ta-je 5.4 ix-am\w hf t\sp-sa v IW- m- p- p. Jmcn-^v, dm_n hnf-iƒ sa -amsw v Im jn-i-a-{ m-ebw h mhv Adnbn- p. CtX hf -sb- nepw ASp-Øh jhpw \ne-\n Øm Kh-Wvsa v B{K-ln- p- p. AXn-\p-ff t{]m m-l- \-߃ _P- n {]Jym-]n- n- p- v. Sp Pn Agn-aXnbpw BZy bp ]n F k m-cn\v thm p snøp-hm timg simsp-øp-sh- -Xpƒs -ss-bp-ff Imcy߃ cmjv{sob cwkøv bp ]n F Khs v Ht sd sh p-hn-fn-iƒ t\-cn-sp- ps - nepw kmº-øni ]cn-jvim-c-߃ A\-kyqXw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. \nb-a-߃ efn-x-am- p- -Xn-eqsS _nkn-\kv A co w sa -s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-\mWv Khs v {ian- p- -Xv. CXv \nt -]-Icn t]mko- ohv at\m-`mhw krjvsn- pw. tziob Xe-Øn KpUvkv B Uv k ho-kkv SmIvkv ( Pn Fkv Sn ) \S- m- p- Xp e y-an- p-ff `c-w-l-s\m t`z-kxn _n v ]m -e-sa n Ah-X-cn- n- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. _n ]m e-sa ns skeivsv IΩn- n v hnsp-hm-\mwv km[y- X. Pn Fkv Sn _nkn-\kv sne-hp-iƒ Ipd-bv p-ibpw Kh-s ns \nipxn hcp-am\w h [n- n- p-ibpw snøpw. ASpØ h jw G{]n H n\v Pn Fkv Sn \S- m- p-hm-\mwv Kh-s v Dt±-in- p- -Xv. Zo L-\m-fmbn ImØn-cp s] j sdkp-te- dn B Uv suh-e- ]vsa v AtYm-dn n _n Kh-s v ]m e-sa n Ah-X-cn- n- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Cu cwkøv kzim-cy-ta-j-ebv v IqSp- X km n[yw e`n- p- -Xn\v CXv hgn sxfn- pw. Kh-s ns sne-hp-iƒ Ipd-bv p- -Xn\pw CXp klm-bn- pw. `mc-xob P\-Xm-]m nbpw CXns\ A\p- Iq-en- p- p- v. AXn-\m ASpØ ktω-f-\-øn CXp ]mkm-ip-sa- mwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. _m nwkv \nba t`z-kxn _n pw Kh-s v ]m e-sa n Ah-X-cn- n- p. Fkv _n sfbpss k_vkn-un-b-dn-isf ebn- n- p- -Xn\v CXv hgn-sx-fn- pw. _m pi-fnse thm nwkv Ah-Im-iw 10 ixam\ambn \n -bn- n- p-f-fxv FSpØp Ifbp-hm\pw Dt±-in- p- p. CXv Cu taje-bn IqSp-X \nt -]-Øn\v hgn-sxfn- p-sa v Icp-Xp- p. [\-Im-cy-ta-J-e-bnse ]cn-jvim-c߃ {ZpX-s -Sp-Øp- -Xns `mk-ambn Adp-]-tXmfw [\-Im-cy-\n-b-a-߃ ]cntim-[n- p-hm [\-Im-cy-\n-ba ]cnjvimc IΩo-js\ \nb-an- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. ASpØ 24 amk-øn-\p-f-fn IΩo-j dnt m v \evipw. Cu taj-e-bnse \nba-߃ efn-x-am- p-itbm ]p\- -cn-tim-[n- p-itbm ]pxp- n-sb-gp-xp-itbm snøp- I-bmWv IΩo-js ZuXyw. PÃokv _n F {ioir-jvw-bmwv IΩo-j snb am. ]Øv AwK-ß-fmWv IΩo-j- \n-ep-f-f-xv. t\cn- p-ff hntz-i-\n-t -]Øn\pff \nb-{ -W-߃ Ipd-bv p- -Xn-\p-ff {ia- Øn-emWv Kh-s v. ASn-ÿm-\-ku-Icy-ta-J-e-bn ASpØ A p-h j- meøv Hcp e w timsn cq] \nt ]w e y-an v t\cn- p-ff hntz-i-\n-t ] \bw IqSp-X DZm-c-am- p-sa [\-a{ n {]W_v apj Pn hy -am- n-bn- p- v. t\cn- pff hntz-i-\n-t -]-\bw kw_- n N -Iƒ \S- p-i-bm-wv. \S- ph jw G{]n Unkw-_ Ime-b-fhn t\cn- p-ff \nt ]w 23 ix-am\w Ipd v 1600 timsn tumf-dmbn. ap h j-antx Ime-b-f-hn-enXv 2080 timsn tumf-dm-bn-cp- p. 2012 17 Ime-b-f-hn Hcp e w timsn tumf-dns \nt -]- amwv ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ta-J-e-bn e y-an-sp- -Xv. C y kmº-øn-i-hf bv v G hpw XS-k-ambn \nev p Xv ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-an m-bva-bm-wv. (tijw t]p-v 16)

15 ^ v A-ssUz-kv- s^-_n - F F hn 21.35 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db F F hn 24.48 cq] Izm w temwkv tsw CIzn n ^ v 52 BgvN-bnse Db F F hn 18.49 cq] _pƒ apt - w, XpS v I\Ø CSnhv, XpS v apt w, ]n osv td v _u v \o w. Hmlcn hn]-wnbpss Ign A p h jsø Ib- n-d- -ß-fnƒ ani dnt t\spi _p n-ap- px-s -bm-bn-cp- p. 2006 Bcw-`n v Cu s^{_p-h-cn-bn A p h jw ]q Øn-bm- nb Izm w temwkv tsw CIzn n ^ ns {]I-S\w Cu Ib- n-d- -߃ n-s-bnepw tamiam-bn-. a-tbm-ss-bp-ff \nt -]-X{ w ani dnt BWv Cu Ime-b-f-hn \nt -]-I v \evin-bn- p-f-f-xv. \ _nkn-\kv G hpw Ipd hnebv v ] nb ka-bøv hmßp-i-sb- -XmWv ^ v amt\-pvsa ns kao-]-\w. A\m-h-iy-ambn \nt -]-ti-jcw Agn p ]Wn-bp- -Xn\v ^ n\v Xmev]-cy-an-. Cu kao-]\w ^ n\v Ipd- -Imew sim v ani {]I-S\w ImgvN-b-h-bv p-hm km[n- p. CtXmsSm w Ipd Imew sim v h X- I -bp-tsbpw apt - -Øn-t bpw A\p- `-h-߃ D m-hp-ibpw snbvxp. Xo bmbpw CXv `mhn-bn-te v ^ n\v cq]-bm-wv. 2006- ^ v Cjyp-ambn IcpØp \evip-sa v Dd- m-wv. FØn-b-t mƒ shdpw 11 timsn cq]-bmwv {]h Ø\w XpS-ßnb 2006 ]ncn p In n-b-xv. A p h jwsim v AXv B-dn-c- n-bm- p-hm ^ v s^{_p-hcn apx CXp-hsc ^ v \evinb hm jni dnt 16.28 ix-am- amt\-pvsa n\v km[n- n-cn- p- p. \-am-wv. Hcp h j- m-eøv 13.87 ixam-\hpw (Im -Kdn icm-icn 3.77 ix-am- am\hpw Hml-cn-bn-em-Wv. tijn 14.73 ^ ns \nt -]-Øn 85.27 ix- \w; \n^v n dnt 4.88 ix-am\w) aq p ix-am\w awn-am - nepw a p-ambn h j- m-eøv 15.41 ix-am-\hpw (Im - \nt -]n- n-cn- p- p. \nt -]-ti-j-c- Kdn icm-icn 9.15 ix-am-\w; \n^v n Øn 25 Hml-cn-I-fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. Hml-cnbnse \nt -]-Øn 65.77iX-am\w dnt 6.21 ix-am\w) A v h j- meøv 16.20 ix-am-\hpw (Im -Kdn icmicn 10.87 ix-am-\w; \n^v n dnt 11.03 am\w anuvim]v Hml-cn-I-fn-ep-am-Wv. em Pv Im]v Hml-cn-I-fnepw 27.75 ix- ix-am\w) dnt \evin-bn- p- v. Fkv kvtamƒ Im]v Hml-cn-I-fnse \nt ]w sf ]n ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-ff \nt -]- 6.48 ix-am\amwv. Øn Hcp h j- m-eøv 35.17 ix-am- ^ ns Hmlcn \nt -]-I-ti- \hpw aq p h j- m-eøv 38.98 ix-am- J-c-Øn 25 Hml-cn-I-fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. F v \hpw hm jni dnt t\sn-bn- p- v. Un F^v kn (5.94 ix-am-\w), F v Un Ie- h jw t\m n-bm 2007- F^v kn _m v (5.90 ix-am-\w), F v 45.78 ix-am-\hpw 2009-103.28 ixam-\hpw 201-0 28.82 ix-am-\hpw ÿm eoh (4.49 ix-am-\w), _PmPv F F (5.08 ix-am-\w), lnµp- dnt \evin-bn- p- v. 2011- CXp-hsc- 10.48 ix-am\w s\k- ohv dnt ix-am-\w), ko (4.17 ix-am-\w), Is - Hmt m (4.69 ix-am-\w), Sn kn Fkv (4.59 BWv t\sn-b-xv. F m ^ p-i-tfbpw bv\ tim ]td-j (4.00 ix-am-\w), t]mse 2008- s\k- ohv dnt BWv C y tlm kv (3.86 ix-am-\w), t\sn-b-sx- nepw sk sk-ivkn-t\- Fkv _n sf (3.84 ix-am-\w), C t^mknkv (3.82 ix-am-\w), tim ]-td-j mfpw \n^v n-tb- mfpw a v an ^ p-i-tf- mfpw Ipd CSn-hmWv _m v (3.70 ix-am-\w) XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv ImWn- -Xv. 46.90 ix-am\w s\k- ohv \nt -]-Øns ap \n-c-bn-ep-f-f -Hm-lcn-Iƒ. dnt BWv ^ v ImWn- -Xv. sk skivkn\v 58 ix-am\w CSn-hmWv [\-Imcy tkh\w (20.13 ix-am- 2008- D m-b-xv. \w), k ho-kkv (16.20 ix-am-\w), ^ ns hep w hfsc sndp-xm- ssivt\m-fpn (9.99 ix-am-\w), F^v Fw Wv. Ct m-gsø BkvXn 61.78 timsn kn Pn (7.93 ix-am-\w), Hmt m (7.22 F v Un F^v kn {]qu kv ^ v ix-am-\w), I kv{s-ivj (6.93 ix-am- \w), F\ Pn (5.58 ix-am-\w), F Pn- \o-b-dnwkv (3.70 ix-am-\w), sa (3.03 ix-am-\w) XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv ap \nc \nt -]-ta-j-e-iƒ. 2006 \hw-_ apx AXp Ipam-dmWv ^ v amt\-p. F p h jsø ]cn-nbw [\-Im-cy-tk-h-\-ta- J-e-bn-ep- v.ss_ B Uv tlmƒuv \nt -]-X-{ -amwv ^ v amt\-p ssis m- n- p-f-f-xv. hmeyp ssã \nt -]-amwv ^ v \S-Øp- -Xv. Ignbp Xpw Ipd dnkvin Zo L-Ime-Øn ani dnt t\sp-i-sb- -XnemWv ^ ns {i. AXn-\m ani Hml-cn-Iƒ hmßn ImØn-cn- p-i-bmwv ^ v. IqsS- qss Hml-cn-ti-Jcw Agn p ]Wn-bp kz`m-h-an-. ^ v CXp-hsc 54 Hml-cn-fnse \nt ]w \S- Øn-bn- p-f-fp. AXn Fs ÆØn \nt ]w \S-Øn-bn v Hcp h j-øn Xmsg-bm-Ip- -tx-bp-f-fp. ^ ns FIvkvs] kv tdtjym KWy-ambn Ipd- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Ign h jw 2.05 ix-am-\-ambn-cp- Xv Ct mƒ 1.56 ix-am-\-am-bn-cn- p- p. CXv Xo -bmbpw \nt -]-Isc kw_- n- n-s-tømfw A\p-Iq-e-L-S-I-am-Wv. icm-i-cn-bn Ipd dnkvin Db dnt Zo L-Im-e-Øn {]Xo- n- mw. hn]-wn-bn Xncp-Ø kw`hn- p kml-n-cyøn Zo L-Im-e- Øn \nt ]w \-SØmw. As - n Fkv sf ]n ASn-ÿm-\-Øn Ct mƒ Xs {]th-in- mw. F F hn 21.35 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db F F hn 24.48 cq] 52 BgvN-bnse Db F F hn 18.49 cq] A BkvXn 5760.85 timsn cq] (28-02- 2011) Hml-cn-bnepw su nepw \nt ]w \SØn kvyn-c-x-bm dnt \evin hcp ssl{_nuv _me kvuv ^ mwv F v Un F^v kn ayqnz ^ n \n- p-ff F v Un F^v kn {]qu kv ^ v. 1994 P\p-h-cn-bn Bcw-`n ] Xn 17 h jw ]q Ønbm nbt mƒ \n ]-t]-i\v \evinbxv 21.31 ix-am\w hm jni dnt BWv. Xo -bmbpw CXv Btcbpw tamln- n p dnt BsW- -Xn kwi-b-an-. 2006 hsc Hcn- t]mepw _ v am ns ]pd-in t]mbn- n- mø ^ n\v 2007, 2008 h j-ß-fn Xnf-ßm-\m-bn-s - nepw ho pw i - ambn Xncn p h n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Hcp h j- m-eøv 13.72 ix-am- \hpw (Im -Kdn icmcn 5.65 ix-am-\w) aq p-h j- m-eøv 18.84 ix-am-\hpw (Im -Kdn icmcn 9.07 ix-am-\w) A ph j- m-eøv 16.73 ix-am-\hpw (Im - Kdn icmcn 9.92 ix-am-\w) ]Øp-h j- m-eøv 28 ix-am-\hpw (Im -Kdn icmcn 19.42 ix-am-\w) dnt \evinbn- p- v. Fkv sf ]n ASn-ÿm-\-Ønnd] Hcp h j- m-eøv 24.85 ix-am- \hpw aq p-h j- m-eøv 34.91 ix-am- \hpw A p h j- m-eøv 23.46 ixam-\hpw ]Øp-h j- m-eøv 29.05 ixam-\hpw dnt \evin-bn- p- v. F m hn`m-k-ønepw _ vam mb {Inkn _me kvun-t\- mƒ sa -s {]I- S\w ImgvN hbv p-hm ^ n\v Ign- n- p- v. ^ ns BkvXn hn\ymkw A\p-k-cn v CIzn- n-bn amivknaw 75 ix-am\w hsc \nt ]w \S-Øpw. tijn 25 ix-am\w su v, Imjv, awn-am v D]-I-c-W-߃ XpS-ßn-bh-bn \nt -]n- pw. CIzn- n-bnse \nt ]w 40 75 ix-am-\-øn\n-s-bnepw su v D]-I-c-W-ß-ƒ, ]W-hn-]Wn Dƒs -ss-bp-f-f- a v BkvXn-I-fnev 25-60 ix-am-\øn\n-s-bn-ep-ambn \np-s -Sp-Ønbn- p- v. F nepw Hml-cnbn 75 ixam-\-øn-\-spøv \nt ]w \ne-\n Øp- -XmWv km[m-c-w-bmbn ImWp- -Xv. Ct mƒ Hml-cn-bn 74.46 ixam\hpw su v D]-I-c-W-ß-fn 21.97 ix-am\hpw a p-f-f-h-bn 3.57 ixam\hpw Imjv D]-I-c-W-ß-fnepw \nt -]n- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. 2006 ]IpXn apx CIzn- n-bn ]c-am-h[n \nt ]w \S-Øn-b-cn- p-i-bm-bn-cp p ^ v amt\- P {]im v Pbn. 2008- hn]-wnbn-ep- mb Xncn- -Sn-bn t]mepw CXn\v am w h-cp-øn-bn-. 2009- epw 2010- epw Cu \bw ani t\ -ap- m- phm klm-bn- p. ^ v Bcw-`n- -Xpap-X spbn CXns ^ v amt\-pcm-wv. 2010- anx emøn-b Pbn-\ns\m w tn n- p- v. Hcp h jw apºp-hsc AºXp ixam-\-øn-e-[niw anuv Im]v Hml-cn-I-fne-bn-cp- p-sh- n Ct mƒ em Pv Im]v Hml-cn-I-fpsS ] v 52.14 ix-am-\-ambn Db n- p- v. anuv Im]v Hml-cn-I-fnse \nt ]w Ct mƒ 25.25 ix-am-\hpw kvtamƒim]v Hml-cn-I-fnse \nt ]w 20.61 ix-am-\hpamwv. Ign _pƒ apt - -Øn anuvim]v Hml-cn-I-fnse apt w h t\- -amwv ^ n\v t\sns m-sp-ø-xv. A -co w amdn-b-t mƒ ^ v em Pv Im]v Hml-cn-Iƒ v ap Xq w \evin-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Db KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap-ff _nkn- \-kp-ifn \nt -]n- p- -Xn-s\m w \nt -]-ti-j-csø sshhn-[y-h-xv cn p \n Øp-Ibpw snøp-v p. Db hmtez-j\pff Hml-cn-Isf \nt -]- ]cn-t{]- y-øn \n v s#mcp ]cn[n hsc am n-\n Øp-Ibpw snøp \nt ] kao-]-\-amwv Xt -sx v ^ v amt\-p Pbn ]d-bp- p. [\-Im-cy-tk-h\w ( 14.42 ix-am-\w),- F\ Pn (12.61 ix-am-\w), ssivt\m-fpn (8.20 ix-am-\w), F^v Fw kn Pn ( 6.52 ix-am- \w), k ho-kkv (5.51 ix-am-\w), sl ØvsI-b ( 5.30 ix-am-\w), I kyqa Uyqd-_nƒkv (3.88 ix-am-\w), sa (3.79 ix-am-\w), ssivssã kv (3.12 ixam-\w), Hmt m (2.78 ix-am-\w) XpS-ßn-b-hbmWv ap-jy-\n-t -]-ta-j-e-iƒ. a v ^ p- Iƒ dnb FtÃ- n h Xmev]cyw ImWn- -t mƒ ^ v AXns\ Xosc Dt]- n- p-i-bm-bn-cp phfsc sshhn-[y-h-xv cn- - ^ ns \nt ]ti-j-cøn 79 Hml-cn-Ifpw 31 t_m p-i-fp-am-wp-f-f-xv. hfsc sshhn-[y-h-xv -cn- - ^ ns \nt ]ti-j-cøn 79 Hmlcn-Ifpw 31 t_m p-i-fp-am-wp-f-f-xv. Fkv _n sf (4.41 ix-am-\w), C t^m-knkv (4.30 ix-am-\w), Sn kn Fkv (3.90 ix-am- \w), sf kn sf kn sf _m v (3.38 ix-am-\w), _m v Hm^v _tdm-u( 3.15 ixam-\w), sss C U-kv{So-kv(2.79 ix-am- \w), timƒ C y (2.67 ix-am-\w), dneb kv C U-kv{Sokv (2.53 ix-am-\w), t]pv C U-kv{Sokv (2.13 ix-am-\w) F n-hbmwv Hml-cn-ti-J-c-Ønse apjy\nt ]߃. ^ ns t_m ptij-c-øn 31 t_m p-i-fm-wp-f-f-xv. ^ ns t_m v \nt ]w kpc- n-x-xz-ap-ff U_nƒ- -{S- nƒ F td nw-kp-ff t_m p-i-fn-em-wv. Kh-s v skiyq-cn- n-iƒ, sf B F^v kn t_m v, F sf kn luknwkv t_m p-iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv t_m v tij-c-øn ap n \nev p- - Xv. sf B F^v kn su_n- (1.81 ix-am-\w), 8.13 % Kh-s v skiyq-cn- n- Iƒ (1.74 ix-am-\w), F sf kn luknwkv su_n- (1.72 ix-am-\w), 8.26 % Kh-s v skiyq-cn- n-iƒ (1.70 ix-am- \w), 8.08 % Kh-s v skiyq-cn- n-iƒ (1.56 ix-am-\w) F n-h-bmwv apjy t_m p- Iƒ. Ipd dnk- n sa -s dnt B{K-ln- p- -h v tbmpn- - XmWv F v Un F^v kn {]qu kv. Imew Xs CXp sxfn-bn- p-ibpw snbvxn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Fkv sf ]n coxn-bnepw \nt ]w \S-Ømw.

16 B`y- c Imc-W-߃ {]iv\ambn (t]p-v 14 \n v) \nip-xn-ta-j-e-i-fn \n- p-ff hm Ø-Ifpw kmº-øn-i-h-f -bntebv pw hyh-km-b-ta-j-e-bpss hf bn-te-bv pw hnc Nq p- p. ]pxnb kmº-øn-i-h j-øn hn]-wn v Du Pw \evip kwk-xn-bmwv G{]n c mw hmcw apx-se-øp Iº-\n-I-fpsS \memw Izm ^e-߃. 2010-11- C y Iº-\n-Iƒ \evinb ap Iq \nipxn ]cn-k-wn- m sa -s \memw Izm ^e-amwv {]Xo- n- p- -Xv. Iº- \n-i-fpss ap Iq \nip-xn-b-shv ap h jantx Ime-b-f-hn-te-Xn-t\- mƒ 22 ixam\w h [-\-tbmss 1.97 e w timsn cq]- bn-se-øn. ap h j-anxv 1.60 e w timsn cq]-bm-bn-cp- p. G hpw IqSp-X ap Iq \n-ip-xn-b-s- Xv H F Pn knbm- Wv. 8492 timsn cq]. ap h j-tø- mƒ 35 ix-am\w IqSp-X. dne-b kns ap Iq \nipxn 38 ix-am\w h [-\- tbmss 4244 timsn cq]-bnepw Fkv _n sfbp-tsxv 6.24 ix-am\w h [-\-tbmss 6143 timsn cq]-bnepsaøn. ^m a Iº- \n-bmb ]nc-aƒ sl ØvsI-b-dns ap Iq \nipxn 4900 ix-am\w h [-\- tbmss 3525 timsn cq]-bn-se-øn. BtKm-f, B`y- c {]iv\-ßfn s v C y Hmlcn hn]-wn-bn henb CSn-hp- m-sb- nepw ]Xps hn]wn ÿnc-x-bn-tebv v \oßp-i-bmsw v sf F Pn C sh-ãvsa v amt\- Pvsa v Xe-h Ac-hnµv _ kmens A`n-{]m-bw. \mwy-s -cp w Ct mgpw Hcp {]iv\-ambn XpS-cp-I-bm-sW pw At±lw Iq n-t p- p. kao-]-imesø G hpw Db \ne-bn \n v 15 ix-am-\-tømfw CSnhp ImWn hn]wn Cu \ne-hm-c-øn ÿncx t\sp-sa- mwv _ km-ens hne-bn-cp-ø. \n^v n kqnni 5000 t]mbn n\v Xmsg-sb-Øn-bm- hfsc BI j-i-amsw v FU hokv {Kq v snbv am\pw kn C Hbp-amb dmsjjv jm A`n-{]m-bs - p. hn]-wn-bpss \o sø kzm[o-\n- p {][m\ kwkxn \mwy-s -cp- -ambncn- pw. hcpwamk-ß-fn \nt -]-I \nco- n- p kwkxn CXm-Wv. \mwys -cp w hcp-xn- p-f-fn-em-bm hn]wn sa -s -Spw. ASpØ 2 3 h j-øn Hmlcn hn]-wn-bn \n v 40 ix-am\w dnt {]Xo- n- m-sa pw At±lw Iq nt p- p. Pm -\okv kp\m-an, Ad_v cmpy-ßfnse P\m-[n-]-Xy-{]-t m-`-߃ XpS-ßnbh aqew hn]wn {lkzim-e-øn Xmtgbv p \oßn-bmepw ASpØ 12 amk- m-eøv 17000 22000 t]mbn v td n sk skivkv \oßps-a- mwv sk w t{_m nwkv ss{]h v enan- -Uns C Ãn- yq-j-w CIzn- nkv tim sluv Kncojv ss] hne-bn-cp-øp- p. {IqUv hne ÿncx t\sn-bm 2011- s c mw ]Ip-Xn-bn hn]wn Db p-xp-s-ßp-sa pw At±lw Icp-Xp- p. Ct m-gsø kml-n-cy-øn 5400-5600 td n \n^v n kqnni \oßphm-\mwv km[y-x-sb- mwv _n Fkv C, F Fkv C FIvkvtN- p-i-fn AwKamb Zn] taø-bpss A`n-{]m-bw. 5400-5500 td n \oßp \n^v n kqnni 5200 t]mbn n\v Xmtgbv v \oßphm-\p-ff km[yx Ipd-hm-sW- mwv FwsI Kvtfm_ ^n\m jy k hok-kn IrjvW-Ip-am I h-bpss hnebn-cp-ø. 2012 Pqsse-tbmsS sk skivkv kqnni 27000 t]mbn v apx 32000 t]mbn v hsc Db-cp-sa- mwv Izm w Ak v amt\-pvsa v Iº-\nbpsS amt\-pnwkv Ub-d-IvS APnXv Zbm-ens hne-bn-cp-ø. ASpØ 12-15 amk-߃ p- n C y hn]wn 15-18 ix-am\w hf t\sp-sa v sf Un F^v kn skiyq-cn- okv amt\-pnwkv Ub-d-IvS \njn thmd A`n-{]m-b-s - p. ASpØ 6 8 amk- meøv {IqtUm-bn hne Ct m-gsø \nebn \n v 15-20 ix-am\w Xmtgbv v \oßp-sa pw At±lw Iq n-t p- p. {lkz-im-eøp kw`-hn- p Imcy-ßsf Hcp hyxn-n-e-\-ambn ImWp \nt -]- I v Zo L-Imew e y-am n hn]-wnbn {]th-in- m-sa mwv At±-l-Øns A`n-{]m-bw. Ign c p h j-ß-fn ani {]I-S\w ImgvN h Fa PnwKv hn]-wn- Iƒ A p-am-k-ambn tamiw {]-I-S-\-ØneqsS IS- p-t]m-hp-i-bm-wv. \mwy-s -cp- -am-wv Fa PnwKv hn]-wn-isf _m[n- n- p-f-f-xv. {IqtUm-bn hne 2011-14.5 ixam\w h [n- Xpw hn]-wn-iƒ v {]Xn-Iqe-am-bn. F nepw hcpw amk-ß-fn Fa PnwKv hn]-wn-ifpw kº-zvl-s-\bpw Xncn- p-h-cp-sa- mwv Icp-Xp- -Xv. 2013- - HmsS hni-knx h]-wn-i-fpss kmº-øn- I-h-ep- Øn\v api-fn-se-øp-sa- mwv Fa PnwKv hn]-wn-i-fpss hep am-ip-sa- mwv sf Fw F^v {]h-nn- p- -Xv. _P v h -txmss hntz-i-\n-t -]- I-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS hnev]-\-a-t\m-`m-øn\v t\cnb am -ap- m-bn- p- v. hntz-i-\n-t - ]-I-ÿm-]-\-߃ 2011-8190.80 timsn cq]-bmwv C y hn]-wn-bn \n v ]n h-en- n- p-f-f-xv. CXv sk skivkv kqnn-i-bn 10.49 ix-am\w CSn-hp- m- nbn- p- v. P\p-h-cn-bn 6330.20 timsn cq]- bp-tsbpw s^{_p-h-cn-bn 3754.50 timsn cq]-bp-tsbpw s\ v hnev]\ \S-Øn-b Ah am v 22 hsc 1691 timsn cq]- bpss s\ v hmß \S-Øn-bn- p- v. 2010-133000 timsn cq]-bmwv C y hn]- Wn-bn \nt -]n- -Xv. CXp-hgn sk skivkv kqnni 17.43 ix-am\w h [\ t\snbn-cp- p. Pq amk-tømss hntz-i-\n-t -]-I-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn \n pff ]W-sam-gp v h [n- p-sa- mwv Hcp hn`mkw A\-en-Ãp-Iƒ A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- - Xv. AXn-\p-ff kqn-\-iƒ I p-xp-s-ßnb-xmbpw Ah ]d-bp- p. ayqnz ^ p-ifpw hmß \S-Øp- p- v. am v 22 hsc 282.40 timsn cq]- bpss s\ v hmß \S-Øn-bn- p- v. P\ph-cn, s^{_p-hcn amk-ß-fn 2018.1 timsn cq]-bpss Hml-cn-Ifpw hmßn-bn- p- v. 2011- CXp-hsc 2300.5 timsn cq]-bpss s\ v hmß Ah \S-Øn-bn- p- v. Npcp- -Øn XmgvN-Isf \nt -]- Øn-\p-ff Ah-k-c-ambn \nt -]-I v D]-tbm-Kn- mw. XevIm-enI hyxn-bm-\- ßsf Ah-K-Wn- p-i. ImcWw C y- hm -jn-ihcn-kw-jy- Iq- - Hcp h -jtø v- 100 cq-].- Un-Un-/sN v- Voice of Wealth F t]cn-em-bn-cn- Ww.- Un-Un- FdWm-Ip-fØv- am-dm-hp- Xm-bn-cn- Ww.- -Un-Un-/sN v- \º -... Name: Mr/Mrs... Address... District... State... Pin hf -sb- p-dn v h {]Xo- -bm-wp-f-f- Xv. C y kµ in- p-sim- n-cn- p hmd _ps^-bpss hm p-iƒ {]k- - am-wv. C ysb Ah-K-Wn Xm aµ-_p- n-bm-sw- mwv At±lw ]d-bp- -Xv. C y \nt -]-I-cpsS kz]v\ hn]-wn-bmsw- pw _ps^ A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p....ph:... E-mail:... Hcph -jsø hcn-kw-jy- 100/ cq-] Un-Un-/sN v- Bbn- Ab p- p.- Address Circulation Manager, Voice of Wealth, Muthoot Chambers, Opp. Saritha Theatre Complex, Banerji Road, Kochi- 682 018 Tel: +91 484 2396478, 2394712, Fax: +91 484 2396506 email:voiceofwealth@muthootgroup.com Iq-Sp-X - hnhc߃- v-:- Circulation Manager Mobile No. 9656010021

17 t]mbn v B Uv ^nk Nm nwkv ssiv\n- A\m-en-kn-knse t]mbn v B Uv ^nk Nm nw-kn-s\- p-dn- mwv ]d p hcp- -Xv. ka-b-øn\v {]m[m\yw simsp- p- n-s - nepw Znim-am kqn-\- Iƒ \ Im Cu kqniw Ht sd klmbn- p- p-sh v ssiv\n- A\-en-Ãp- Iƒ hniz-kn- p- p. hfsc efn-x-amwv t]mbn v B v ^nk Nm nw-kv. tihew Hcp s] knen-s bpw t] -dn-s bpw klm-b-øm GsXm-cmƒ pw Cu Sqƒ ASp-Ø-dn-bm Ign-bpw. Ign e -Øn {Sn nƒ tsm v t{_ v Hu v Hm^v {Sn nƒ t_m w F mse- m-sw- mwv Adntb Xv. \nt - ]-I-cpsS Iq mb ImgvN- m-sn-ep- m-ip hyxym-k-amwv ssiv\n- A\m-en-knknse cq]-`m-h-ønt\m cq]-am- -Ønt\m Imc-W-ambn `hn- p- -Xv. t{_ v Hu v Hm^v {Sn nƒt_m w F m-se-s pw AXp \nt -]-I\v F v ktµ-i-amwv \ Ip- -sx- p-amwv C\n Adn-tb- -Xv. AXn-\mbn Cu Nm v {i n- pi Cu Nm v {i n- m Hcp Imcyw t_m[y-am-ipw. Hcp L -Øn 135 cq] hsc Db p \n n-cp Hmlcn ]e L ß-fn-embn Xmgp-I-bm-Wv. Cu Nm n 5 cq]-bmwv Hcp bqwn- mbn IW- m- pi F Xv {i n- p-a-t m. AXm-bXv hne 5 cq] Db-cp-Itbm 5 cq] Xmgp-Itbm snøp L -Øn am{xta Nm n tπm v snø-s -Sp- p- q. 90 cq]-b-spøv t{suv snø-s - p-sim- n-cn- p Hmlcn ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn Db-cp ImgvN-bmWv H mw timf-øn Zriy-am- Ip- -Xv. Hmtcm 5 cq]-bpss hyxn-bm-\- Ønepw Hcp x tπm v snø-s -Sp- p. Aßs\ Db-cp hne Hcp L -Øn 135 cq]-bn-se-øp- p.- ChnsS Hcp Imcyw ad- m-xn-cn- p-i. Cu L -Øn t]mepw hne sndnb coxn-bn Xmgv n-cn- m km[y-x-bp- v. F m Cu Ipdhv 5 cq]- bn Xmsg-bm-b-Xn-\m CXv Ah-K-Wn- -s -Sp- p. Cu Db -bn 135 cq]-bn FØnb-Xn\p tijw am{x-amwv hne-bn KWyamb Ipdhv (5 cq]tbm AXn-e-[n-I-tam) D mip- -Xv. timfw 2 hne 105cq] hsc Xmgp- - p-s - nepw hne ho pw Db-cp- Xv timfw 3 \v Imc-W-am-Ip- p. {Iaambn Db-cp Hml-cn-hne Hcp L -Øn ho pw 135 FØp ps - nepw AhnsS \n v ASn sx p-i-bm-wv. timfw 4 hne ho pw Ah-tcm-l-W-Øns ]mx-bn-eqss k -cn- p- p-s - nepw 105 seøp-tºmƒ ho pw kt m v A\p-`h-s -Sp- p. CXv timfw 5 \v Imc-W-am-hp- Ibpw Hml-cnh-ne Db v ho pw 135 cq]-bn-se-øp-ibpw snøp- p. timfw 6 emis hne ho pw Db- -cp-i-bm-wv. Nm v {i n- m Nne Imcy-߃ t_m[y-am-ipw. 135 cq]-bn Imcy-amb sdkn-ã kv Cu Hml-cn- p v F -XmWv Ah-bn BZy- -tø-xv. AXp-t]mse Xs 105 cq]-bnem-is i -amb kt m pw. kt m v seh-emb 105 cq]-bn H CXn\v ap ]v ]e XhW Hml-cnhne FØp- p-s - nepw AhnsS \n pw ho pw XmgmsX hne api-fn-te v t]mhpi-bmwv snøp- -Xv. timfw 6 am{x-amwv kt m v seh t`zn v hne Xmtg p t]mip- -Xv.- Cu-bhkc-Øn, Hml-cn-Ifƒ hn p \nt -]-I\v ]n osv GXv seh-en-emwv Ah Xncn p hmßm {ian-t - -sx kqn\ t]mbn v B v ^nk Nm nw-kn-eqss e`n- p-sa v CXns h m ƒ Ah-Iis -Sp- p. i -amb kt m v Cu Hml-cn p e`n- p 105 cq]-bpss kt m v seh Db hym]mc hym]vx-tømss t`zn- s -Sp ] w \nt -]-I Xs ImgvN- m-sn am w hcp-tø nbncn p- p. AXm-bXv C\n hne-bpss {]bmww sxt m- m-bn-cn pw F mwv CXv \ Ip kqn\! Cu Nm n Xs Hmlcn hne 90 cq] hsc CSn-bp- p. ChnsS 90 cq]-bpss {]k n F msw v Nn nt nbn-cn- p- p. Hml-cnhne Xmtg p hcp {]Xn-`mkw (timfw c nepw \men-epw) Ah-km-\n- - p Xv c p Xh-Wbpw Bdv t_mivkp-i-fn-em- Wv. (135 105). 105 cq]-bpss i -amb kt m v seh Db hym]m-c-hym-]vxtømss t`zn- -s -Sp L -Øn e yhne Bt - Xv ASpØ 6 t_mivkmwv F -dn-bp- n-s-ømwv t]mbn v-b v ^nk Nm nw-kns {]k- n.! Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ e y-hn-e-bn-emhpi 90 cq]-bm-sw p kmcw. sdkn-ã kv, kt m v seh-ep-iƒ \nt -]-I-cpsS Iq mb Nn m-k-xn-bn D m-hp-s mcp {]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. Hcp {]txyi ]cn[n hn v sjb hne Xmtg v hcn F hnizmkw h p ]pe Øp\v `qcn-`mkw \nt -]-I, B hne-tbm-s-spøv Hmlcn hmßp-hm [rxn Iq p- -Xv, AhnsS \n pw hne Db-cp-hm Imc-W-am-Ip- p. AXp-t]mse Xs, Hcp {]txyi ]cn-[nbn \n pw hne Db-cn F mwv A[nIw t]cpw hniz-kn- p- -sx- n, B hne-tbm-s-sp- n v Bƒ m hn -\- m- -cmhp- p. A m-c-w-øm Xs A-hnsS \n pw hne Xmtg p hcp p! \nt -]- I-cpsS Iq mb Nn m-k-xn-s m w Hml-cnhn-]Wn amdn adn p simt -bn-cn- pw. AØ-c-Øn-ep- ae- w-a-dn- n-ep-iƒ Zriyam-Ip- -Xm-Is CØcw Nm p-i-fn-eq-ssbpw. AXp-sIm v Xs Nm p-iƒ hni-i-e\w snøm-\p ]mshw \nt -]-I D m- nsb-sptø Xocq. [m\y-d ]m-z\w Zi-I-ß-fn-eqsS th {X Bbn- n-. ]t \ncm-ibv p hi-bn-.-c- y-bpss Im jni t\ -Øns IY-bm-Wv. kzmx-{ ym-\- c Zi-I-Øn \n v 21- mw \q m- nse BZy-Z-i-I-Øn-se-Øptºmƒ C y-bpss ` y-[m-\y-d ]m-z\w aq n-c- n-bn-te-sd-bm-bn. D ]m-z-\- -a-xbpw aq p as-tßm-f-am-bn. Irjn-ÿ-e-am-hs 12 ix-am-\ta IqSn-bp- q. 1950 Ifn 108 aney slivs-dn Irjn snbvxv 65 aney S [m\y-߃ D ]m-zn- n- n-cp- p. slivs-dn\v 606 Intem{Kmambn-cp p D ]m-z-\- -a-x. ]pxnb hnøn-\-ßfpw Irjn-co-Xn-I-fDw Pe-tk-N-\hpw F mw tn -t mƒ C -gn Zi- I-Ønse D ]m-z\w 211 aney SÆpw D ]m-z\ ax 1731 Intem-{Km-ap-am-bn. Irjn-ÿew 121 aney slivs-dn-te p am{xta h [n- p- q. [m\y-d ]m-z\w ZiIw icm-icn Irjn-`qan icm-icn D ]m-z\w icm-icn D ]m-z-\- ax (an-ey slivs ) (an-ey S ) Intem{Kmw/ slivs ) 1950 51 59 69 108 65 606 1960 61 69 70 118 85 718 1970 71 79 80 125 112 892 1980 81 89 90 127 147 1156 1990 91 99 00 124 189 1525 2000 01 09 10 121 211 1731

18 ssn\bpw C ybpw a v Gjy cmpy-ßfpw temi- Ønse G hpw henb D]- t`m rcmpy-ß-fmbn amdns m- n-cn- p p. [-\-im-kv-{xw- A-dn-bp-I- 24 tum.- ]n.-si.- G-{_-lmw D]-t`m r kwkvimcw BtKmf {]Xn-`mkw 15 mw \q m- p-hsc temi-ønse G hpw sndpxpw A{]-[m-\-hp-amb Hcp-h Khpw kwkvim-c-hp-am-bn-cp p Bwt m kmivk AYhm Ah-cpsS sxmen-\n-d-øns ASnÿm-\-Øn t]cp-hn-fn- n-cp sh - m. ]Sn- m-d bqtdm- m-bn-cp p Ah-cpsS `q{]- tziw. AhnsS NnX-dn- -gn- n-cp Cu h Kß-fp-sSbpw cmpy-ß-fp-ssbpw A sø ssiap- X `qtkm-f-øns 10 ix-am-\hpw kº-øns 40 ix-am-\hpw am{x-am-bn-cp p F m Ccp-]Xmw \q m- ns Bcw-`tØmsS Cu h Kw temi-øns 60% {]tz-ißfpw 80 ix-am\w kºøpw Im Io-gn-em n `qtkmfw AS- n-hm-gp i Bbn-amdn. Ch I -h-s- m-cmbn sndnb ]mb- - -ep-ifnepw, H -I-ß-fnepw a p h I-c-I-fn-tebv v bm{x-t]m-bn-cp 15 apx 17 hsc-bp \q m- p-i-fn, A p- m-bn-cp h km{am-pyßfpw, kwkvim-c-ßfpw (ssn\-ap-x sxt Ata-cn- -hsc) Ncn-{X-Øns Af-hptIm h p t\m n-bm, G hpw sndnb Cu ImeØv `qan-bn \n v XpS- p-\o- -s - p-sh- - XmWv kxyw. Ah-km\w hsc ]nsn- p-\n- n-cp djy ssn\okv Iayq-WnÃv kwkvim-chpw 20 mw \q m- ns Ah-km-\-tØmsS Bwt m kmivk then-tb- -Øn-\p-ap-ºn ASn-bd ]d p. Ahti-jn- p anun CuÃv (CuPn]vXv apx SpWo-jy-h-sc-bp ) cmpy-ßfpw CtX-h-gnbn {]th-in- p- -Xns {]I-º-\-ß-fmWv Ahn- SpsØ `c-w-iq-s-ßsf IS-]p-g n Fdn- p-sim- n-cn p- Xv. F p-sim- mwv Cu kwkvimcw C{X-s]-s v temiw apgp-h hngp-ßn- -f- Xv? {_n ojv Ncn- {X-Im-c-\mb \nbm s^ Kq-k (Niall Ferguson) CXn\v Bdp Imc-W-߃ At±-l-Øns -kw-kvimcw: ]m m-xyhpw tijhpw (Civilization: The West and the Rest) F ]pkvx-i-øn \nc-øn-bn-cn- p p. Ch-bn Science, Medicine, Protestant work ethics F nh {]kn- amwv. F m, a v aq p Imc-W-߃, (Competition, Property right and Consumer Society) s]mxp-shbpw am IvknÃv Ncn-{X-Im-c- m {]txy-in pw Ah-K-Wn {]Xn-`m-k-ß-fmWv. temiw apgp-h C v Hcp IpS- o-gn-em- nbn-cn- p- Xv CXn D]-t`m r kwkvimcw(consumerism) F kz`m-h-amwv. F m h I-c-I-fn-ep-ap P\- ßsf {]txy-in v Hcp kaqlsø Nen- n- p bph- P-\-ßsf GtIm-]n- n- p kz`m-hhpw AXp-Xs. Htc-Xcw hkv{x-߃ (Po kv), Htc-Xcw Imdp- Iƒ, Htc-Xcw ]m\o-b-߃, Htc-Xcw hosp-ifpw ho p-]- I-c-W-ßfpw, Htc-Xcw ]mtyhn-j-b-ßfpw ]T-\-co-Xn- Ifpw, Htc-Xcw {Xn p-iƒ; Htc-Xcw hm Øm-hn-\n-ab coxn-iƒ, Htc ]m p-iƒ, Htc-Xcw k m (C v kzx{ Utam-{Ikn) Htc-Xcw kn\na-iƒ Aßs\ temiw-ap-gp-h GIo- I-c-W-Øn FØn v `qc-n] w Bfp- Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn- p-tºmƒ, temi-p-\- X-bpsS Nn bpw kz]v\-ßfpw kz`mh-co-xn-ifpw H m-ip p. BcmWv D]-t`m r kwkvimcw Hcp BtKmf {]Xn-`m-k-am n am n temisø GIo-I-cn- p-sim- n-cn- p- Xv. ]gb Bwt m kmivk h Kw. DXv]m-Z-Icpw Ah XΩn-ep a -c-hp-amwv CXv \ne- \n Øp- Xv. hy n-kx DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-amWv as mcp LSIw. hy n-iƒ v DS-a-ÿmh-Im-i-an-s - n F n\v IjvS-s -SWw. ssn\-bn 21 mw \q m- n-ep- mb G - hpw-h-enb \nb-a-]-cn-jvimcw `qan-bnepw a p ÿmh-c-pw-k-a-h-kvxp- -fnepw ]uc- m v DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw \evip-i-sb- - Xm-bn-cp p. AXp-hgn ssn\ temi- Øn G -hp-a-[niw kº- -cp A p cmpy-ß-fn-sem- mbn Xo p. AXm-bXv Ah-km\w ssn\bpw Bwt m kmivk kwkvimcw si n- ]p-w p-sh v kmcw. ssn\bpw C ybpw a v Gjy cmpy-ßfpw temi-ønse G hpw henb D]-t`m rcmpy-ß-fmbn amdns m- n-cn- p p. Cu am -Øn, Cu ]pø kwkvimcw hnx Bwt m kmivk h K-Øn\v F v kw`hn pw! s^ Kp-k ]d-bp- Xv Ah Xmtgbv v ]Xn- p- p-sh- mwv. CXv icn-b. Ah-cmWv Pbn- p- Xv. BtKmf-X-e-Øn. ^mivsdn D ]mz\øn bpfkv Xs ap nse v owamiptºmƒ "tlbv ow ambn n.' F p ImWn m hy{kx IqSpat m. Ct mƒ Atacn bpw Aßs\bmWv. ssn\tb mƒ sa amwv Xßsf v ImWn m. ssn\ temiønse c masø henb kºzvls\bmsw {]Jym]\w h t mƒ apx Atacn hniie\ m XßfpsS cmpyw IqSpX tiaamsw v ImWn m {ian p p. ssn\okv PnUn]nbpsS aq p astßmfap v bpfknt Xv, Btfmlcn hcpam\w ]ØpaSßpw F p XpSßnb Imcy߃ FSpØp ]dbp p. AØcØnsemcp IW v CXm, ssn\tb mƒ 40 ixam\w A[nIw ^mivsdn D ]mz\w Atacn bnep v. ssn\tbmsp `oaamb hmwnpyiωnbpw a pw ImWptºmƒ ssn\bmwv Atacn tb mƒ henb ^mivsdn D ]mzi F v ]ecpw [cnt mw. Cu [mcw am m\mimw bpfkv A[nIrX Ct mƒ ^mivsdn D ]mz\ W v Imcyambn FSpØp ImWn p Xv. 2009 Atacn ^mivsdn D ]mz\w 1.7{Sney tumfdnt Xmbncp p. AXns Xte h jw BtKmf^mIvSdn D ]mz\øn 18 ixam\w Atacn bv pw 15 ixam\w ssn\bv pambncp p. 1998 shdpw Bdp ixam\ambncp ] mwv ssn\ 10 h jw sim v c c asßm nbxv. Atacn ^mivsdn D ]mz\øns Ign aq p ZiIßfnse IY D ]mz\ axbnse h [\bptsxmwv. 1979 19.6 aney t] bpfkv ^mivsdnifn tpmensbspøncp p. B kwjy Ct mƒ 12 aneywspømwv. F p aneytwmfw tpmen m Ipdhv. ]t D ]mz\øn Ipdhn. ^mivsdnifpss D ]mz\w Iq m IqSpX Bƒ msc th mø Ahÿ. CXn \ns mcp am w Ign h jw D mbn. 2010 A[nIambn 163000 t] mwv ^mivsdniƒ tpmen \ InbXv. 1997 \p tijw BZyambn ^mivsdn tpmen mcpss FÆw IqSnb h jw. ]t Ign h jtøxp t]mse F ms m hpw henb txmxn tpmen msc dn{iq v snøpw F v hyhkmb kwls\iƒ {]Xo n p n. a\p^mivntdgvkv Aeb knse [\imkv{x n^v hmƒuvam ]dbp Xv bp.fkv ^mivsdniƒ hepxmipsa nepw IqSpX Bƒ msc FSp psa p txm p n F mwv. D ]mz\w sxmgn ZmXmhmIm t]mip n F mwt±løns `mjyw. tpmen m p ]Icw b{ ßsfbmWv ^mivsdniƒ D ]mz\h [\bv v B{ibn pi. ]søm ]Xpw Ccp]Xpw \q m pifn Im jni tajebn \n p hyhkmbßfnte v tpmen m amdn. AXpt]msem mwt{x Ct mƒ kw`hn p Xv. CXp \ XmsW v bmymÿnxnikthji IcpXp p. CSXp] w adn mwv. Ah ssn\sb Ip s SpØp p. ssn\ Id knbpss hne Ir{Xnaambn XmgvØn Ib paxn t\ ap m p XmWv bpfkv sxmgnepiƒ Ipdbm ImcWsa hmzøn Ah Dd p \n p p.

19 P-2 ssk\n-i-\-s-]sn ]msn-s v Ata-cn \ne-]m-ss-sp-øn-cp- -XmWv. ]t, Ata-cn- sb t\m n-bn-cp- m Hcp-]t XßfpsS hmgvn-bm-bn-cn pw \jvs-s -Sp-I-sb v kuzn-bn-sebpw _lvdn-\n-sebpw `c-wm-[n- Im-cn-Iƒ IW- m n. sba-\nse `c-wm-[n-im-cn-bpss A\p- `hw Ah -dnbmw. Ata-cn- ] - Øp \n kmse-ln\v th n sndp-hnc A\- m Ata-cn Xbm-dm-bn- n. {]t m-`-i-tcmsv A{Iaw ]msn-s F pam-{xta ]d-bp- p q. CXv {]tbm-k-øn {]t m-`-isc t{]m m-ln- n- p kao- ]-\-am-sw v Kƒ^v `c-wm-[n-im-cn-iƒ hnebn-cp-øp p. samtdm-t m-bnepw tpm ±m-\nepw am{xta `c-w-iq-s-߃ Ata-cn- kao- ]-\sø kzoi-cn- p- p q. tpm Zm-\n a{ n-k-`sb am nb cmpmhv Ipsd- qsn A[n-Im-c-ap ]m e-sa n\v cq]w \evim {ian- p-i-bmwv. samtdm-t m-bn lk c m-a cmpmhv Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fn-tebv v sxc-s -Sp v {]Jym-]n- n- p v. AXv t]mcm-sb- mwv {]t m-`-i-cpss \ne-]msv. CuPn-]vXn P\-ln-X-]-cn-tim-[\ 75 ix-am-\-øn-tesd P\-ßsf BI jn p. `qcn-] w t] ] m-f-`-cw Iu kn apt m- p-h `c-w-l-s-\m-]-cn-jvim-c-߃ kzoi-cn p. F _dmssz AS- -ap P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-Iƒ ] m-f-øns ]cnjvim-c-߃ kzoim-cy-a-s - mwv hmzn- n-cp- Xv. F m, ax-xo-{h-hm-zn-i-fmb ap nw {_Z lpuv ] m-f-øns ]n n \n p. lnx-]-cn-tim-[-\-bpss hnpbw ap nw {_Z lp-uns hnp-b-ambn hymjym-\n- s -Sp- p v. hcm t]m-ip _lp-i n sxc-s -Sp- n {_Z lp-un\v t\ -ap- m- Ip-sa v Ct msg hne-bn-cp-ø-s -Sp p. ap nw temisø Cu P\m-[n-]-Xy-h- XvI-cWw auen-i-hm-zn-i-fp-ssbpw ax-xo-{hhm-zn-i-fp-ssbpw hnp-b-ambn amdp-sa Bi- sb icn-h-bv p kw`-h-hn-im-k-ß-fmwv CuPn-]vXnepw a pw I Xv. AtX-k-abw, en_n-b-bnse Ata-cn- {^ v {_n ojv CS-s]-S {]Xo- n- -Xp-t]m-se-Xs ap nw {InkvXy sshcw hf Øp H mbn cq]-s -Sp-I-bmWv. en_nb {]t m-`-i v apt w D m-bn-cp BZy-\m-fp-I-fn \nkw-kx ]men ]m m- Xy-i- n-iƒ sshin-bmwv CS-s]- Xv. At m-tgbv v {]t m-`-i-cnse Bfl-hnizmkw \jvs-ambn. sshin-sb-ønb sshtzini B{I-a-WsØ Hcp Ipcn-ip-bp- -ambn hnti-jn- n- m AXv J-±m-^nsb klmbn p. CtXmsS Cdm apx samtdmt m hsc-bp taj-e-bnse {]t m-`-im-cn-iƒ c p-x- n-embn. ]e-kvxo-\nse lamkv am v aq mw hmc-øn Ct{ken ssk\n- I-Xm-h-f-߃ p-t\sc tdm - p-iƒ Ab- p-sim v bp -`o-jwn Db Øp-Ibpw snbvxp. hnb v\mw apx Cdm v hsc-bp Zpc- \p-`-h-ß-fpss Hm Ω-bp Ata-cn en_nb-bn Hcp Ic-bp- -Øn\v B{K-ln- p- n. F m, bqtdm-]y i n-iƒ Icbp w \S-Øn-bn- m-bmepw K±m-^nsb ]pd- Øm- ntb ] q-sh \ne-]m-sn-emwv. Icbp w th n-h- m {_n \pw {^m kpw IqSn \S-Øn-t m-fq-sh v ]d-bp-hm-\mwv {]kn-u v H_m-a-bpsS \o w. thyma-]n- pw am{xw Ata-cn \evip Hcp kml-ncyw Dd- m- m H_m-abv v ] ptam-sb- Xv I -dn-bww. Ic-bp- -Øntebv v Ib-dn-bm en_n-b acp-`q-an-bn kok-dns apx ln ve-dpss hsc ] m-f߃ v t\cn Zpc w bqtdm-]y `c-wm- [n-im-cn-iƒ Hm Ωn- ptam. ]- n-ta-jy h-s- -\m-{^n- {]-t m-`߃ BZyw hn-nm-cn -Xp t]m-se i- -am-bn F- -Xm-Wv C- t mg-sø Ah-ÿ. ]t, D- n D-an-Øo \o-dp- p v. sam-tdm-t m-bnse l-k c- ma- ap-x H-am-\nse Jm-_q-kv h-sc-bp- P-\-ln-Xm- \p-h -Øn-Ifm-b cm-pm- - m-cpw {Iq-c- mcm-b- tkz- m-[n-]-xn-i-fpw H-s -bp- H-cp hen-b {]-tz-iw P-\m-[n]-Xy th-en-tb- -Ø-n-em-bn F m-w-v Cu h - jam- -Zyw ]-ecpw I-cp-Xn-b-Xv. 1989 \- hw-_-dn-se _ -en a-xn X-I - en-s\ Xp-S - v In-g- bq-tdm- nse Hm-tcm I-ayq-Wn-kv- v cm-py-ßfpw X-I - -Xn-s B-th-i- -I-cam-b Hm -a-bm-wv an- \n-co- -I-scbpw \-bn- Xv. Sq-Wojy-bp-sSbpw Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-s bpw ]n- mse H-s m- m-bn h-s- -\m-{^n- -bnsebpw ]- n-ta-jy-bn-sebpw ë`-c- WIq-S-ßfpw H-Sp-hn ssn-\o-kv ë-`c- W-Iq-Shpw ho-gp- H-cp \memw P-\m- [n-]-xy-th-en-tb- -am-bn-cp- p ]-e-cpssbpw a-\-kn. P-\m-[n-]-Xyth-en-tb- w km-ap-h ]n.l- nw-kv-s F- A-ta-cn- cm- { o-b hn-i-i-e-\- mc-s {]-tbm-kw A-\p-I-cn- p- m- n-b-xmwv. -\-h-bm-ymÿnxn-ihn-`m-k-߃- p kzo-i-mcy-\mbn-cp- l- nw-kv-s 1996 \m-k-cn- I-X-I-fp-sS kw-l -jw (The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order) F- H-cp ]p-kvx-iw F-gpXn. A-Xn-se kn- m- w ss{i-kv- Xh tem-hpw ap-kvvenw tem-ihpw X- Ωn-emWv B-Xy n-i G- p-ap- F- m-wv. A-Xn-\p ap -]v l- nw-kv-s F-gpXn-b ]p-kv-x-i-am-wv aq mw X-cw- Kw. 20 mw \q- m n-s\m-sp-hn-se P-\m- [n-]-xy-h-xv- cww (The Third Wave Democratization of the late 20th Centrury). l- nw-kv-ss hn-e-bn-cp-øen 19 mw \q- m- n XpS-ßn H mw tem-i a-lm-bp- -Øn-s A-h-km-\w h-sc-bm-bn-cp- p P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s H mw X-cw-Kw. 30 cm-py-߃ A- me- Øp P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-te- p-amdn. c- m-a-tø-xv c mw tem-i-a-lm-bp- - Øn-\p ti-jw C- y-bp-ss kzm-x-{ y- Øn Xp-S-ßn 1960 Iƒ hsc \o- Im-ew. timf-\n hmgv-n A-h-km\n- n- A- m-e-øv 36 cm-py-ß-fm-wv P-\m- [n-]-xy-øn-te- v \o-ß-n-bxv. ]n- o- Sv 1974 XpS-ßn tkm-hy- v X-I - bn-se-øp-tºmƒ 40 cm-py-߃ P-\m- [n-]-xy-hm-gv-n-bn-emb-xv aq- mw X- cwkw. B \n-e-bv-s m-cp \m-ew X-cw-Kam-Wv F m-hcpw {]-Xo- n- Xv. ]-t A-Xn-th-Kw A-Xp kw-`hn- p-sa vv I- cp-xn-b-h - p sx n. am-k-ßfpw H-cp ]-s h -j-ßfpw F-Sp- p- {]-{Inb-bmIpw A-Xv. A-ta-cn- -bp-ss ap -tã- v sk-{i dn sl n In-knw-K ]-d- Xp-t]mse A- v A- -߃ th- H-cp \m-s- I-Øn-s B-Zy A- -am-wv \mw Im- Wp- Xv. H-cp ë`-c-wkw-hn-[m-\w am- -W-sa- m-sx ]I-cw F- p th-wsa- v sx-cp-hn Xo-cp-am-\-am-bn- n. hn-e- -b- hpw sxm-gn-en m-bv-abpw H- cp n-b A- -co- -Øn ]m-h-s - P- \-hn-im-cw c- v ë`-c-wm-[n-im-cni-sf ho-gvøn. C-\nbpw ]-ecpw ho-gmw. ]-t ]I-cw F v? b-ym -Y P- \m-[n-]xyw hcp-tam? Aß-s\ h- m ap-kvv-enw bm-ymÿn-xn-i-cm-hn-t ë`c-ww ]n-sn- pi? A-Xv X-ß-fp-sS Xm-Xv-]-cy-Øn-\p hn-cp- -am-sw- p I- v A-ta-cn- -bpw bq-tdm pw k-ao]-\w am p-tam? `c-w- Iq-Sß-sf kw-c- n- m-\m-t A-h {i-an- pi? A-Xn-\m-bn ssk\n-i C-S-s]-S-en- \v ap-xn- - m ]-g-b Zp-c- -߃ B- h -Øn- nt? Cß-s\ \n-c-h-[n-bm-wp tnm- Zy߃.

20 VOICE OF WEALTH March 2011 Registered No. KL/EKM/672/2011-2013 Licence No. KL/CR/EKM/WPP-30/2008-10 20 Reg. No. KERBIL/ 2006/18747. RN. 91304 Owned, Printed and Published by George Alexander Muthoot, G343, Panampilly Nagar, Kochi-36 and Printed at Cherrys Printers, for Viani Printers, Kochi. Editor: T.C.Mathew (Responsible for story selection)