New Views of the Universe December 8 th 13 th, 2005, Chicago From the Knee to the toes: The challenge of cosmic-ray composition Jörg R. Hörandel University of Karlsruhe www-ik.fzk.de/~joerg
New Views of the Universe December 8 th 13 th, 2005, Chicago From the Knee to the toes: The challenge of cosmic-ray composition JRH, astro-ph/0508014 Jörg R. Hörandel University of Karlsruhe www-ik.fzk.de/~joerg
New Views of the Universe December 8 th 13 th, 2005, Chicago From the Knee to the toes: The challenge of cosmic-ray composition knee 2 nd knee ankle toes 26x 92x galactic? JRH, astro-ph/0508014 Jörg R. Hörandel University of Karlsruhe www-ik.fzk.de/~joerg
acceleration of CR in supernova remnants Fermi acceleration finite lifetime of shock front: E max ~ Z 10 15 ev propagation through galaxy Leakage from Galaxy: escape probability ~ f(z) CNO rigidity dependent cut-off E k ~Z? mass dependent cut-off E k ~ A extensive air showers B = 3 µg JRH, Astrop. Phys. 21 (2004) 241 Interactions with background particles (photons, neutrinos) New particle physics in atmosphere
TRACER Experiment - Mc Murdo, Antarctica LDB flight: December 12 th 26 th, 2003 ~ 40 km (3-5 g/cm 2 ) Z = 8-26 E = 1 GeV/n - ~10 TeV/n
TRACER energy spectra for individual elements D. Müller et al., Proc. 29 th ICRC, Pune (2005)
Extensive air showers P. Auger Jungfraujoch P. Auger W. Kolhörster et al., Naturwiss. 26 (1938) 576 P. Auger et al., Comptes renduz 206 (1938) 1721
KArlsruhe Shower Core and Array DEtector eē+ e + e - γ γ π 0 p p π + n π - Simultaneous measurement of electromagnetic, muonic, hadronic shower components µ - γ γ γ e + e - e - e + γ π 0 µ - e - π - π 0 p p n p π - π - n n π + µ + T. Antoni et al, Nucl. Instr. & Meth. A 513 (2004) 490
acceleration of CR in supernova remnants Interactions propagation through galaxy extensive air showers B = 3 µg
QGSJET 01 KASCADE: Test of interaction models Number of hadrons vs. number of muons N e -N µ analysis χ 2 distribution J. Milke et al., 29 th ICRC, Pune (2005)
acceleration of CR in supernova remnants Sources propagation through galaxy extensive air showers B = 3 µg
Acceleration of particles in supernova remnant p, O, Fe p e - γ π 0 γ ~kev ~TeV γ γ ASCA SN R RX J1713.7-3946 H.E.S.S.: TeV-Gamma rays ASCA: X-rays (kev) H.E.S.S. Experiment Namibia F.A. Aharonian, Nature 432 (2004) 75
KASCADE: Small scale anisotropy point source search no indication for point sources visible sky +-3 around galactic plane T. Antoni et al., ApJ 608 (2004) 865
acceleration of CR in supernova remnants Propagation propagation through galaxy extensive air showers B = 3 µg
ACE/CRIS Ratio of secondary to primary nuclei Leaky box model λ esc = 26.7βg/cm ( ) 0.58 βr/1.0 GV + ( βr/1.4 GV) 1.4 2 N. E. Yanasak, ApJ 563 (2001) 768
Propagation pathlength in Galaxy λ~e -0.2 diffusion model 8 kpc * 1 p/cm 3 leaky box model λ = 26.7βg/cm ( ) 0.58 βr/1.0 GV + ( βr/1.4 GV) 1.4 N. E. Yanasak, ApJ 563 (2001) 768 2 residual pathlength model λ = 6.0* R 10GV 0.6 + 0.013 g/cm S.P. Swordy, 24th ICRC, Rome 2 (1995) 697 2
Anisotropy amplitude vs energy T. Antoni et al, ApJ 604 (2004) 687 2 1 2 1 cos 2 sin 2 + = = = n i i n i i n n R α α r Rayleigh vector V.S. Ptuskin, Adv. Space Res. 19 (1997) 697 J. Candia et al., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 5 (2003) 3
acceleration of CR in supernova remnants Energy spectra & Mass composition propagation through galaxy extensive air showers B = 3 µg
SPASE-2 / AMANDA-B10 (South Pole) N e 1500 m E µ ρ e (30 m) E µ > 300 GeV 1980 m 120 m Rawlins et al, Proc. 28th ICRC, Tsukuba 1 (2003) 173
p-air cross section Fe N e Average p-p depth cross of section shower maximum X max depth X p CORSIKA/QGSJET 01 lower σ p-air lg N Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 151 (2006) 75 JRH, J. Phys. G 29 (2003) 2439
p-air cross section Fe N e Average depth of shower maximum X max depth X p CORSIKA/QGSJET 01 lower σ p-air lg N Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 151 (2006) 75 JRH, J. Phys. G 29 (2003) 2439
Mean logarithmic mass X max e,µ,h < i lna >= ri * lna JRH astro-ph/0508014
KASCADE: Primary proton spectrum reconstructed from unaccompanied hadrons primary flux Φ 0 CORSIKA/ QGSJET Φ hadr T. Antoni et al, ApJ 612 (2004) 914 M. Aglietta et al., Astrop. Phys. 19 (2003) 329
Two dimensional shower size spectrum lg N e vs. lg N µ KASCADE A E 0 derive E 0 and A from N e and N µ data Fredholm integral equations of 1 st kind: g i (lg Ne,lg N µ ) ti (lg Ne,lg N µ = E) p ( E) de 0 i M Roth et al, 28 th ICRC, Tsukuba 1 (2003) 139
All-particle energy spectrum two hadronic interaction models: CORSIKA 6.018/GHEISHA 2002 - QGSJET 01 -SIBYLL 2.1 T. Antoni et al., Astropart. Phys. 24 (2005) 1
KASCADE: Energy spectra for elemental groups Knee caused by cut-off for light elements Astrophysical interpretation limited by description of interactions in the atmosphere T. Antoni et al., Astropart. Phys. 24 (2005) 1
Proton Helium JRH astro-ph/0508014
CNO O CNO Iron JRH astro-ph/0508014 D. Müller et al., Proc. 29 th ICRC, Pune (2005) D. Müller et al., Proc. 29 th ICRC, Pune (2005)
KASCADE GRANDE Array 37 detector stations 370 m 2 e/γ: Scintillation counter KASCADE 200 m x 200 m 700 m 700 m G. Navarra et al., Nucl Instr & Meth A 518 (2004) 207
KASCADE-Grande N e -N µ correlation measurements preliminary R. Glasstetter et al., Proc. 29 th ICRC, Pune (2005)
Radio emission from air showers - LOPES Coherent emission of synchroton radiation in geomagnetic field e + e - E 0 =10 17 ev T. Huege expect signals ~ µv/(m MHz)
LOPES 30 antennas operating at KASCADE-Grande
LOPES first signals Position of shower in sky Nature 435 (2005) 313
Radio signal dependence on angle with respect to geomagnetic field 60 number of muons (i.e. primary energy) 0 Geosynchroton emission Nature 435 (2005) 313 ~ 1017 ev ~ 6*1017 ev Radio signal increases with energy
Hadrons at high altitude surviving protons calorimeter @ 500 g/cm 2 1 PeV: ~ 6.5 λ i 320 m 2 sr 0.5 m 2 sr effective ideal: combination with air Cerenkov detector for calibration
New Views of the Universe December 8 th 13 th, 2005, Chicago From the Knee to the toes: The challenge of cosmic-ray composition Status: Description of interactions in atmosphere improved Mean mass increases as function of energy (knee region) Knee is caused by subsequential cut-offs for individual elements Astrophysical interpretation of EAS measurements limited by understanding of interactions in the atmosphere Perspectives: KASCADE-Grande (2nd knee) LOPES (radio signals) Radio in AUGER Hadrons at large altitude Proton spectrum } } galactic extragalactic 10 18 ev >10 20 ev direct indirect 10 15 ev Jörg R. Hörandel University of Karlsruhe, Germany www-ik.fzk.de/~joerg
D. Pernik M. Ave-Pernas Thanks to my colleagues... TRACER Experiment tracer.uchicago.edu A. Romero J.R. Hörandel P. Boyle G. Kelderhouse D. Müller