Ioannis Liritzis. University of the Aegean, Laboratory of Archaeometry Rhodes, Greece

APLED-2, AHMEDABAD, INDIA, 12-15 Nov. 09 SURFACE DATING BY LUMINESCENCE: AN OVERVIEW Ioannis Liritzis University of the Aegean, Laboratory of Archaeometry Rhodes, Greece

.AFTER 50 YRS: AN APPRAISAL OF LUMINESCENCE ACCURACY Universal behaviors should be well documented per mineral type/origin Hypothetical values should be ascertained Heisenberg s Uncertainty Principle applies (in the induced electrons -ensembles- by energy deposition of all radiation tracks, e.g. dl/dx ~ energy carrier density dne/dx, elastic/inelastic collisions, quenchings, polarization, etc, impact parameter=min distance x of approach between e- & particle/wave track, but particle <=> wave packet & Δx ~ Δp~ΔE~ΔL >>> permanent errors from uncertain lattice sources) Disequilibrium U-series & Complex Radiation Media Imaging Surface Luminescnce should be further developed and used

CRITERIA, CONSTRAINTS & SOLUTIONS Bleaching (calcitic, others) & Heterogeneous bleaching > Radial plot, deconvolution of shapes (monitors outliers ) Pre-requisite tests: Anomalous detrapping in feldspars (fading), Recupération, Sensitivity (from heating/ shining λ/ dose), Dose recovery/ Simulation ED Humidity (esp for low α, β dose-rates in samples e.g quartzite in sediments) Care: Induction of luminescence by light during sampling or older/recent repairs Destruction of original rock surfaces > multiple choice of ROI Radiation assymetries from lab and nat conditions e.g. depth gradient in lab. doses & mineral transparency > variable De from various adjacent heterogeneous ROIs & mixed environm. media > high spatial resol. detection techniques (Duller et al, 1997; Greilich et al., 2002; Baillif, 2006) Dose-rate errors esp. in K distribution & U, Th inhomogeneity, pronounced in granites > single spot OSL (Baillif 2006)- Spatial distr. Image by CCD (Greilich et al 2005) Desert varnish effects and other seciondary adhesions on surface (avoid by proper selection or remove by weak acid wash) «Quartz technique» in limestones/calcitics (Liritzis et al, 2008, J.Cult. Herit.9, 1-13)

Types of Rock Materials Limestones Marbles Granites Sandstones Schists Basalts

EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF MONUMENTS- OSL/TL AGE

Some Examples of Carved Monuments/Artifacts

THE NOVEL SURFACE LUMINESCENCE DATING TECHNIQUE

THE NOVEL VERSION (Liritzis, 1994)- FIRST PUBLICATION Dating a rock surface from the last daylight exposure

THE PRINCIPLE OF THE NOVEL VERSION How construction/ destruction time is determined? (reproduced from Greilich et al. 2005) Scrapping off the uppermost part of the bleached surface of lithic block/ artifact and IRSL or Blue/Green OSL gives ED with care for insufficiently bleached grains (deeper layers)

CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE DATING Novel Luminescence Rock Surface Dating Protocols (including relevant instrumentation progress) 1. EXPOSURE TO DAYLIGHT OF SEDIMENTS (Wintle & Huntley, 1980). 2. THERMOLUMINESCENCE RESPONSE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STONE SCULPTURE (Vaz, PACT 1983) 3. EXPOSURE OF ROCK SURFACES TO DAYLIGHT DATING OF MONUMENTS (Liritzis, 1994) 4. QUARTZITE PEEBLES DATING (Huntley & Richards, 1997) 5. TL DATING OF TEMPLE OF APOLLO DELPHI (Liritzis et al., 1997) 6. TL DATING OF TWO PYRAMIDALS (Theocaris et al.,1997) 7. SPATIALLY RESOLVED OSL- LOW LIGHT CCD CHIPS & CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY (Duller et al., 1997) 8. DATING OF MARBLE MONUMENTS & OBJECTS (Liritzis & Galloway, 1999) 9. TOWARDS SURFACE DATING (Haberman et al., 2000) 10. HIGH RESOLUTION DETECTION TECHNIQUE (HR- OSL) (Greilich et al., 2002) 11. OSL ON VOLCANIC LITHIC ARTEFACTS (Morgenstein et al, 2003) 12. SURFACE DATING OF VARIOUS MONUMENTS (Liritzis & Vafiadou, 2005) 13. ROCK SURFACE DATING FROM PERU & CASTLE (Greilich et al., 2005) 14. GRANITIC COBBLE OVERLYING SEDIMENT FLOOR (Vafiadou, Murray, Liritzis, 2007) 15. QUARTZ TECHNIQUE FOR LIMESTONE MONUMENTS (Liritzis et al.,2007) 16. OSL & TL PROPERTIES OF CARVED ROCK TYPES (Liritzis et al., 2008) 17. OSL DATING OF QUARTZ FROM CALCITIC CYCLOPEAN BLOCKS ( DRAGON HOUSES - EUBOEA, GREECE, TOMBI DI NURAGHI, SARDINIA (Liritzis et al, 2009 in progress)

SAMPLING ISSUES

WALLS SAMPLING SAMPLE POWDER/LABORATORY LUMINESCENCE COURBES

POWDER SCRABBED FROM ROCK SURFACE

POWDER ACQUISITION FROM SUB-AREAS Destruction of original rock surfaces > multiple choice of ROI

STROFILAS FORTIFICATION WALL: SAMPLING IN MIXED RADIATION FIELD

METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES CRITERIA, CONSTRAINTS & SOLUTIONS

Solar Bleaching and Penetration Issues

TL (a.u.) BLEACHED TL CURVES OF MARBLE SCHIST FROM DRAGON HOUSES, EUBOEA GREECE 400000 300000 200000 b1h b3h b5h b7h b10h b15h 20h ntl 100000 0 100 200 300 400 500 T ( o C)

TL BLEACHING VERSUS EXPOSURE FOR DIFFERENT MARBLE THICKNESSES

SOLAR TRANSMISSION IN MARBLE SLABS

BLEACHING OF 1 mm SLICES UNDER SOL Blue, IR Granite Ultrasmafic Metamorphic

Dose (Gy) RESIDUAL TL OF STONE SURFACE EXPOSED TO SUN FOR 20 MINS Vs LAYER/200 μm (DRAGON HOUSE) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Depth (μm)

Dose (Gy) DRAGON HOUSE KAPSALA, CALCITIC SCHIST, SURFACE POWDER EXPOSE 2 HOURS TO SUN- 5 LAYERS OF ~ 400 μm THICK EACH- SAR [test dose 10 Gy, Regen Doses 10, 20, 40 Gy, Preheat 200oC, cut heat=160oc]- SIGNAL WEAK 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Depth (μm)

Summary

EQUIVALENT DOSE ISSUES

QUARTZ EXTRACTION FROM LIMESTONE, VALLEY TEMPLE, EGYPT- Regen method (Liritzis et al 2007)

Dc1 = Dosl-curve

At contact (0) dβ= 0.5+1.9/2= 1.45

recuperation (%) Dose recovery ED (log 10 scale) recycling ratio MARBLE WITH TRACE OF QUARTZ- 3 ED distr, Satisf. Recycling, Recuperation, Dose recovery 1.5 (42.32±10.05 Gy) 1.4 1.3 1.2 +10 1.1 (4.75±0.50 Gy) 1.0 0.9 +1 (1.19±0.20 Gy) 0.8 0.7 0.6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 no of aliquots 0.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 no of aliquots 10 9 8 7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 6 1.1 5 1.0 4 0.9 3 0.8 2 0.7 1 0.6 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 no of aliquots no of aliquots

AGE EQUATION ÂGE (t) = TOTAL EQUIVALENT DOSE (Gy) / ANNUAL DOSE (mgy/a) ED= on drilled sliced cores or grains. From applications it varies between 1-10 Gy. Problems in luminescence inhomogeneity DR= a, β, γ (problems from mixed sandwiched radiation field, attenuation & geometry effects)

ERRORS & AGE RANGE In rocks containing quartz: granites, sandstones, basalts, limestones (traces) (TL & OSL) ideally varies between 4 to 7%. In radiation assymetries & heterogeneous radioisotopic contents, 8-12% In calcitic rocks: Limestones, Marbles : TL 7-25% AGE RANGE: Up to 100 Ka, but for low dose-rate environment or large, cmsized, grains > 100 ka.

APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS-1, AEGEAN ISLANDS, GREECE Strofilas- Island of Andros Canal of Eupaline -Samos rchaeological Age: 2800-4200 B.C Âge with TL:3570 400 B.C. (TL of calcite) Arch. Age: 530 B.C. Age by TL: 570 300 BC (TL of Calcites)

APPLICATIONS-2 Temple of Apollo Delphi Achaeol. Age: 550 B.C Age by TL : 470 200 B.C.

APPLICATIONS-3- GREECE The pyramids in Hellenikon, Argolid Archaeolog. Age: 300-400 B.C. TL Age: 2730 630,720 B.C

APPLICATIONS-4, MYCENAE Mycènae Archaeol. Age: 1250-1300 B.C. TL / OSL Age: 1110 340 B.C.

APPLICATIONS-5, EGYPT Sphinx, Valley of Temples Archaeol. Age: 2000-2500 B.C. Âge by TL/OSL: 2180 230 B.C. Tomb of Pharao Kasekhemui Archaeol. Age: 2649 B.C. Age by TL: 2880 450 B.C.

APPLICATIONS-6: MYKONOS, AEGEAN Dating the Neolithic floor terrain néolithique in Mykonos and an overliying granitic cobble Archaeol. Age: 4500-5100 B.C. Age by OSL: 5800 700 B.C

OSL DATING OF GRANITES FROM PERU Dating by OSL lithic granitic surfaces in Peru,Journal of Archaeometry (Greilich, Glasmacher, Wagner, 2005). Granitic rocks dated in Huyaco, Peru Rio Santa Cruz, related to géoglyphs Age by OSL Luminescence: 80+/- 300 BC and 735+/-160 AD Rock assemblages Huyaco Rio Santa Cruz, of Nasca lines

DRAGON HOUSE, GREECE Arch Age: c.800 BC-Roman?, OSL age: c.5 th BC

DRAGON HOUSES: OCHI MOUNT( left), KAPSALA (right) Arch Age:?, OSL age: c.5 th -4 th c BC

ITHACA WALL (School of Homer excavation site, Odysseus homeland-tl: 1100+/-500 BC)

OTHER MONUMENTS TTHAT CAN BE DATED Monuments that that could could be dated be include: dated prehistoric include: prehistoric temples of temples Malte, of tombs Malte, of Nouraggi tombs of in Nouraggi Sardinia, in the Sardinia, Stonehedge, the the Stonehedge, megalithic the statuesin megalithic Easter statuesin Islands, also Easter many Islands, dolmens also & menhir many and dolmens a grand & menir menhir at and Nantes, a grand Carnac menir at Nantes, Carnac

PROMISING ROCK SURFACE LUMINESCENCE DATING Although analytical uncertainties are still considerable, they are understood in principle & can be improved