STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities INTERPHASE G 2 prophase M metaphase MITOSIS anaphase telophase cytokinesis INTERPHASE G 1 S G 0 INTERPHASE Cell Structure and Function 91
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities 92
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities Cell Structure and Function Teacher Pages Purpose The purpose of this activity is to reinforce students understanding of the cell cycle, the importance of the cell cycle in the growth of organisms, the role DNA replication and mitosis play in the cell cycle process, and diseases related to cell cycle disruption. Correlations to Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills Note: Text with a line through it indicates this part of the TEKS is not being addressed in this activity. Some TEKS statements printed here end with a semicolon or the word and with nothing thereafter this indicates that further TEKS statements follow but are not included here. (5) Science concepts. The student knows how an organism grows and the importance of cell differentiation. The student is expected to: (A) (D) describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms; (Readiness standard) recognize that disruptions of the cell cycle lead to diseases such as cancer. (Supporting standard) (2) Scientific processes. The student uses scientific methods and equipment during field and laboratory investigations. The student is expected to: (G) (H) analyze, evaluate, make inferences, and predict trends from data; and (Incorporated) communicate valid conclusions supported by the data through methods such as lab reports, labeled drawings, graphic organizers, journals, summaries, oral reports, and technology-based reports. (Incorporated) Materials The following materials are included in the blackline masters for this station and are available on the enclosed DVD. Station Information sheet (1 per station) Eukaryotic sheet (1 per station) Characteristics Cards (1 set per station) Phases of Eukaryotic Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards (1 set per station) Plant and Animal Cell Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards (1 set per station) Mitosis in an Onion Root Tip sheet (1 per station) Student Pages (1 copy per student) Teacher Pages 93
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities Supplementary Resources Mitosis and the. Retrieved on August 30, 2011 from Bellevue College, Science Division. http://scidiv.bellevuecollege.edu/rkr/biology211/lectures/pdfs/mitosis211.pdf. Advance Preparation 1. Print one copy of all the blackline masters for this station from the enclosed DVD using a color printer color is essential to the station activities. Make one copy of the student pages (including the glossary) for each student. 2. Laminate the Station Information sheet, the Eukaryotic sheet, and the Mitosis in an Onion Root Tip sheet. 3. Laminate and cut apart the Characteristics Cards, Phases of Eukaryotic Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards, and the Plant and Animal Cell Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards. Place each set of cards in an appropriately labeled envelope. Station Setup 1. Tape the Station Information sheet to the station table. Students will use this to confirm the station is set up correctly. 2. Put the envelopes containing the Characteristics Cards, Phases of Eukaryotic Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards, and the Plant and Animal Cell Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards. Also place at the station the Eukaryotic sheet and the Mitosis in an Onion Root Tip sheet Procedures 1. When students arrive at the station, they should check the station setup against the Station Information sheet at the table. If anything is missing or out of place, they should notify you. 2. Pass out a copy of the Student Pages to each student. Instruct students to work through the procedures and answer the questions with their teammate(s). 3. As students work through the station activity, circulate around the room, checking their work and responding to questions. 94 Teacher Pages
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities Guide to Student Responses Note: The suggested student responses presented below in italics represent the best possible answers to the student questions; actual student responses may vary. Essential Question What happens to a eukaryotic cell that does not complete all stages in the cell cycle? The cell may enter the G O phase and remain there until the cell reenters the cell cycle. If it passes the G O phase and remains in the cycle, the cell may destroy itself if the DNA has not replicated correctly or the chromosomes fail to separate properly in metaphase. If the cell does not destroy itself, it may become cancerous. Activities and Questions 1. Locate the Eukaryotic sheet and review the information on the sheet. Remove the Characteristics Cards from the envelope. Place each card on the part of the cell cycle that corresponds to the information on the card. Stages in the M G 1 G o S G 2 Card number 2 1 5 3 9 4 7 6 8 2. What must happen to a eukaryotic cell before it can go from the G1 phase to the S phase? The cell must grow and conduct normal cell activities in preparation for the replication of DNA. Certain cell components, such as the centrosomes, duplicate. 3. What happens to a cell in the G O phase? It may remain in the G O phase and carry out normal functions. It can be stimulated to reenter the cycle if needed or it may be terminated. 4. What happens at the G 1 /S and the G 2 /M checkpoints? The G1/S checkpoint confirms the presence of all necessary conditions, such as nutrients and enzymes, required for DNA replication. If the conditions are not favorable for DNA replication, the cell is arrested in the cycle. The G2/M checkpoint confirms that the DNA has been replicated correctly and is ready to go through mitosis and cytokinesis. Teacher Pages 95
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities 5. Arrange the Phases of Eukaryotic Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards in the order they follow during cell division. Next, remove the Plant and Animal Cell Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards from their envelope and place each one on the phase card to which it corresponds. Answers will vary depending on your selection of mitosis stage examples. 6. Locate the Mitosis in an Onion Root Tip sheet. This sheet shows cells in various stages of mitosis. Count the number of cells in each phase of mitosis and enter the numbers in the table below. Phase of Mitosis Number of Cells in the Phase Interphase 24 Prophase 3 Metaphase 2 Anaphase 1 Telophase 0 7. Which phase shows the largest number of active cells? Explain why this phase, of all the phases, would most likely have the most abundant number of active cells. Interphase has the largest number of active cells. Cells in an organism are dividing only when the organism needs to replace damaged cells or when the organism is actively growing. The necessary resources must be available before mitosis can begin again. 8. Were some of the cells difficult to classify into a particular stage of mitosis? Explain why or why not. Yes, because the process of mitosis is continuous, and there are no sudden pauses in the process, such as from prophase to metaphase. The process continues without stopping. 9. Cancer can occur in any of the more than 200 types of cells in the human body. During which phase(s) of the cell cycle is a cancer cell most likely to develop? Cancer cells can occur in any of the phases of the cell cycle G1, S, or G2. 10. Explain what can happen to a cell that can cause it to become a cancer cell. There are genes that tell the cell how fast to divide and when to stop. If these genes are mutated, the mutation can cause the cell cycle to move too fast like when you run down a hill so fast you can t stop. The cancer cells divide too quickly and pile up in one area; this is called a tumor. 11. What is the relationship between mitosis and growth in an organism? Mitosis is the process that enables an organism to grow. Growth is the physical increase in size and weight of an organism over a period of time. As cells divide and grow to maturity in G1, they cause the organism to physically grow. 96 Teacher Pages
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities I need to remember... The cell cycle is a continuous process of cell growth and reproduction. The cell cycle goes through interphase, the longest phase, before undergoing mitosis and cytokinesis. A cancer cell can develop during any part of interphase. A cancer cell is a cell that goes through the cell cycle continuously, never stopping in G0. These cells consume the body s resources. Growth results from mitosis. There are checkpoints during the cell cycle to help cells divide correctly. Teacher Pages 97
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities 98 Teacher Pages
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities Cell Structure and Function Blackline Masters Contents Station Information sheet Eukaryotic sheet Characteristics Cards Phases Of Eukaryotic Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards Plant and Animal Cell Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards Mitosis in an Onion Root Tip sheet Student Pages Blackline Masters 99
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities Station Information: Station Information: Mitosis in an Onion Root Tip Eukaryotic G2 / M checkpoint se ha se pha IT se ap ha ap pro et m M an t o el cyt ph oki e nes is TE G0 RP PH IN E G1 S as AS IN TE G2 HA M IS RP E OS S HA Spindle checkpoint SE IN TE R G1 / S checkpoint checkpoint G Gap (growth) phase S Synthesis phase M Mitosis phase ow ce to gr al chan ll cell s fin A and ce irms DN erly cell conf s are prop nt compone ed duplicat ns of protei tration d concensechromosomes replicate increa cell growth continues DNA begins to replicate immediately after cell division chromosome number doubles concentration of proteins continues to increase cell grows in preparation for nts DNA replication ne po com to lar u l ate el pri n rac te s pro tio int plica ein ap lica re rot e p z p i re Cell of ell l s tcycle cel ppor ionhe c t a u s tr n t Cards Characteristics cen se i concrea in Plant and Animal Cell Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards Description of Stage Stage TheStage spindle fibers disperse anddescription cytokinesis of may also begin during Stage this stage. Spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell. Eukaryotic Examples The alignment line in the center of the cell is referred to as the animal cell plate. The organization plantofcell metaphase the chromosomes helps to Description of Stage Stage 100 Blackline Masters Description plant cell of Stage animalstage cell In plant cells, a rigid wall forms between the two daughter cells. Chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense and becomes chromosomes. The nucleolus disappears. Eukaryotic Examples Centrioles ends ofofthe cell and fibers animal cell begin moving to opposite plant cell Description Stage Stage extend from the centromeres. Some fibers cross the cell to form the mitotic spindle. The paired chromosomes separate at the kinetochores and move to opposite sides of the cell. Eukaryotic Examples animal cellof the chromosomes results plant from cell the kinetochore along Motion ANAPHASE PROPHASE Phases of Eukaryotic Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards ensure the each new nucleus will receive one copy of each In animal cells, this stage results when a ring composed of a protein chromosome. forms around the center of the cell. It contracts pinching the cell Eukaryotic Examples into two daughter cells, each with one nucleus. CYTOKINESIS METAPHASE TELOPHASE Chromotids arrive at opposite poles of the cell, and new membranes from around the daughter nuclei. the spindle fiber and the physical interaction of polar microtubules. Eukaryotic Examples animal cell plant cell
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities Eukaryotic G 2 / M checkpoint Spindle checkpoint INTERPHASE G 2 prophase M metaphase MITOSIS anaphase telophase cytokinesis INTERPHASE G 1 S G 0 INTERPHASE checkpoint G Gap (growth) phase S Synthesis phase M Mitosis phase G 1 / S checkpoint Blackline Masters 101
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities Characteristics 1 7 DNA begins to replicate immediately after cell division cell grows in preparation for DNA replication cancer cells cannot enter this phase and will repeat the cell cycle indefinitely intracellular components replicate cell size appropriate to support replication concentration of proteins increases in the cell 9 4 chromosomes become visible, the nucleolus disappears, the mitotic spindle forms, and the nuclear envelope disappears chromosomes replicated cell growth continues chromosome number doubles concentration of proteins continues to increase 3 8 chromosomes become arranged in the center of the cell and attach to the spindle fiber chromatids separate, and the daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles cell s final chance to grow cell confirms DNA, and cell components are properly duplicated concentration of proteins increases 6 2 chromosome sets assemble at opposite poles, and a nuclear envelope re-forms around each set cytokinesis completes 5 the absence of signals for mitosis but an active repression of the genes needed for mitosis 102 Blackline Masters
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities Phases of Eukaryotic Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards Stage Description of Stage Chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense and becomes chromosomes. The nucleolus disappears. PROPHASE Centrioles begin moving to opposite ends of the cell, and fibers extend from the centromeres. Some fibers cross the cell to form the mitotic spindle. animal cell Eukaryotic Examples plant cell Stage Description of Stage Spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell. METAPHASE The alignment line in the center of the cell is referred to as the metaphase plate. The organization of the chromosomes helps to ensure that each new nucleus will receive one copy of each chromosome. Eukaryotic Examples animal cell plant cell Blackline Masters 103
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities Stage Description of Stage The paired chromosomes separate at the kinetochores and move to opposite sides of the cell. ANAPHASE Motion of the chromosomes results from the kinetochore along the spindle fiber and the physical interaction of polar microtubules. animal cell Eukaryotic Examples plant cell Stage Description of Stage Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of the cell, and new membranes form around the daughter nuclei. TELOPHASE The spindle fibers disperse; cytokinesis may also begin during this stage. animal cell Eukaryotic Examples plant cell 104 Blackline Masters
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities Stage Description of Stage In animal cells, this stage results when a ring composed of a protein forms around the center of the cell. The ring then contracts, pinching the cell into two daughter cells, each with one nucleus. CYTOKINESIS In plant cells, a rigid wall forms between the two daughter cells. Eukaryotic Examples animal cell plant cell Blackline Masters 105
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities Plant and Animal Cell Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards Photographs by Paul Schwartz, Dr. Lawrence Altman, and Dr. Joseph Faryniarz, Naugatuck Valley Community College. 106 Blackline Masters
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities Mitosis in an Onion Root Tip Mitosis in an Onion Root Tip istockphoto Blackline Masters 107
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities 108 Blackline Masters
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities Cells Structure and Function Student Pages Purpose The purpose of this station is to reinforce your understanding of the cell cycle, the importance of the cell cycle in the growth of organisms, the role DNA replication and mitosis play in the cell cycle process, and diseases related to cell cycle disruption. Before You Begin Check to see that all the items are present and organized according to the Station Information sheet. If you notice a problem, notify your teacher immediately. Materials Station Information sheet Eukaryotic sheet Characteristics Cards Phases of Eukaryotic Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards Plant and Animal Cell Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards Mitosis in an Onion Root Tip sheet Activities and Questions Essential Question What happens to a eukaryotic cell that does not complete all stages in the cell cycle? Discuss the essential question with your teammate(s) and record your answer. 1. Locate the Eukaryotic sheet and review the information on the sheet. Remove the Characteristics Cards from the envelope. Place each card on the part of the cell cycle that corresponds to the information on the card. Student Pages 109
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities 2. What must happen to a eukaryotic cell before it can go from the G 1 phase to the S phase? 3. What happens to a cell in the G 0 phase? 4. What happens at the G 1 /S and the G 2 /M checkpoints? 110 Student Pages
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities 5. Arrange the Phases of Eukaryotic Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cards in the order they follow during cell division. Then remove the Plant and Animal Cell Mitosis and Cytokinesis cards from their envelope and place each one on the phase card to which it corresponds. 6. Locate the Mitosis in an Onion Root Tip sheet. This sheet shows cells in various stages of mitosis. Count the number of cells in each phase of mitosis and enter the numbers in the table below. Phase of Mitosis Number of Cells in the Phase Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 7. Which phase shows the largest number of active cells? Explain why this phase, of all the phases, would most likely have the most abundant number of active cells. 8. Were some of the cells difficult to classify into a particular stage of mitosis? Explain why or why not. Student Pages 111
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities 9. Cancer can occur in any of the more than 200 types of cells in the human body. During which phase(s) of the cell cycle is a cancer cell most likely develop? 10. Explain what can happen to a cell that can cause it to become a cancer cell. 11. What is the relationship between mitosis and growth in an organism? 12. Now that you have completed these questions, return to the Essential Question. Would you like to modify your answer? Write any modifications below. Note: Because other students are going to do the activity after you, be sure to put all the materials at the station back as you found them. Sometimes there will be materials that need to be renewed or replaced. If you need assistance or have any questions, ask your teacher. 112 Student Pages
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities I Need to Remember... Complete this part after class discussion of this station. I need to remember... Student Pages 113
STAAR Biology: Assessment Activities Glossary Cell division Cell division is the process that forms all of the cells necessary for the growth and development of a multicellular organism. Cytokinesis Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane following the division of the nucleus. This results in two cells, each having its own nucleus and cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane. Checkpoints Checkpoints in the cell cycle are there to monitor various stages of the cycle. The checkpoints help monitor for DNA damage and for the proper alignment of the chromosomes during metaphase. 114 Student Pages