a) NGI involvement with CO 2 storage field sites, pilots and demos 1. In Salah CO2 storage In Salah is located in Krechba, central Algeria. Injection of CO 2 started in 2004 and halted in 2011. A total of about 3.5 million tonnes of CO 2 was injected into a 20 m thick sandstone formation through three long-reach horizontal wells. - Leader of the research project entitled Microseismic monitoring and geomechanical analysis of In Salah CO 2 storage site (MIMOSA) - Installation of microseismic monitoring array inside the wells. Data acquisition and interpretation, Geomechanical and microseismic interpretation, geomechanical integrity of storage site. Client: Gassnova, BP, Statoil, Sonatrach NGI Reference: 20100965 2. Sleipner CO 2 storage site Sleipner is located in offshore Norway, central North Sea. CO 2 injection was started 1996 and is on-going with an injection of about 0.85 million tonnes per year. As a member of the SUCCESS FME Centre, NGI had the following activities for Sleipner: Analysis of geophysical data (seismic, EM, gravity) Modelling of plume migration and stress change due to injection Client: SUCCESS industry partners (CGG, Dea, Dong Energy, ConocoPhillips, Lundin, Octio, Statoil, Store Norske) and the CLIMIT Program of the Research Council of Norway NGI Reference: 20120265 3. Snøhvit CO 2 storage site Snøhvit is a gas field in the Barents Sea, offshore Norway. CO 2 storage was started in 2008 and is on-going. The CO 2 is captured from the natural gas on the island of Melkøya, northern Norway. The captured CO 2 is transported via pipeline back to the Snøhvit field offshore where it is injected into an offshore storage reservoir. As a member of the SUCCESS FME Center, NGI had the following activities for Snøhvit: - Analysis of CO 2 injection data and injection scenarios for Tubåen formation - Geomechanical investigation and the risk of fault re-activation due to CO 2 injection Client: SUCCESS industry partners and the CLIMIT Program of the Research Council of Norway NGI Reference: 20120265
4. Longyearbyen CO 2 storage pilot Longyearbyen CO 2 storage site is a pilot on Svalbard, Arctic Norway. The vision is to make Longyearbyen CO 2 neutral by capturing 60 000 tonnes of CO 2 produced by a local coal-fired power plant and storing in a saline aquifer about 700-1000 meters underground. Standard and advanced rock testing program Analysis of water injection tests Geomechanical studies of reservoir, cap rock and the risk of containment breach Geophysical studies to develop CO2-related rock physics, including naturally-fractured rock Client: University Center at Svalbard, SUCCESS partners and the CLIMIT Program of the Research Council of Norway NGI references: 20120649, 20140696 5. Decatur CO 2 storage site The Illinois Basin Decatur Project (IBDP) aims to validate the capacity, injectivity and containment of the Mount Simon Sandstone, which represents the primary carbon storage resource in the Illinois Basin and the Midwestern United States. Carbon dioxide was captured from the ADM corn-to-ethanol plant in Illinois and injected in a nearby storage site from November 2011 to November 2014. Over this time period about 1 million tonnes of CO 2 was injected and stored. Post-injection monitoring under the responsibility of the Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (MGSC) will conclude in 2020. Interpretation of injection data Investigating mechanisms of microseismic events Client: Center for geologic storage of CO 2 (GSCO2), a US DOE Energy Frontier Research Center, USA. NGI has a contract through NORSAR. NGI reference: 20140193 6. Svelvik CO2FieldLab CO2FieldLab is a field laboratory established for monitoring CO 2 migration, situated at Svelvik Ridge, Drammensfjord, southern Oslo. Controlled injection of several tonnes of CO 2 at shallow depth of about 20 m and monitoring migration of CO 2 through sediments. Technical site coordinator and permit compliance (partners from Norway, UK, Germany and France) HSE coordinator Client: Research Council of Norway
NGI reference: 20100986 b) NGI CCS related Projects (Completed in 2018 or before) 7. SSC Ramore -Subsurface Storage of CO 2 - Risk Assessment, MOnitoring and Remediation To evaluate potential CO 2 leakage from subsurface storage, SSC-RAMORE focused on the geochemical interaction of CO 2 with caprocks and with engineered materials in wells, as well as with the corresponding changes in geo-mechanical properties. Furthermore, the project carried out simulations of injected CO 2 in reservoir models to improve monitoring of CO 2 reservoirs, and developed a methodology for risk assessments of CO 2 storage in the subsurface. - Flow of supercritical CO 2 in reservoir rocks and monitoring with CT scanner - Capillary entrance of supercritical CO 2 into shale samples - Investigating geochemical effects of CO 2 on cement and cap rocks Client: Research Council of Norway (CLIMIT Program) NGI reference: 20061337 8. Matmora II -Geological Storage of CO 2 : Mathematical Modelling and Risk Assessment The primary objective of the project was to develop methods for modelling and simulating leading-order effects of pertinent flow dynamics of CO 2 in appropriate geological formations for CO 2 storage. Secondary objectives were the quantification of thermal and mechanical effects and effect of pressure on reservoir/ caprock integrity. Tore Ingvald Bjørnarå completed his PhD study entitled "Model development for efficient simulation of CO 2 storage". The focus was on the development of a simplified mathematical model for efficient simulation of the essential processes, particularly two-phase fluid flow, temperature change and stress change, to evaluate suitability and integrity of the reservoir and the sealing formations. NGI reference: 20110653 9. CO2 bypass of reservoir-caprock systems An exhumed reservoirs in Utah, USA, showing evidence of CO 2 accumulation in geological history offer a unique possibility to supplement our knowledge on leakage processes observed along faults and fractures, and to understand the relevant spatial and temporal scales of CO 2 migration in order to support safe CO 2 injection operations.
- Fluid flow and geomechanics: - experimental investigation of fracture flow - changes in geomechanical properties due to fluid-rock interaction - Field mapping of faults and migration pathways - Microstructural analysis NGI reference: 20140446 10. Safe CO2-II Investigation of induced seismicity and aseismic deformation in response to CO2 injection and related pressure changes Direct shear tests on shale samples from Svalbard and analyses of in-situ injection tests to investigate induced seismicity and aseismic deformation in response to fluid injection at Svalbard pilot site, Arctic Norway. - Standard lab testing - Velocity stepping direct shear tests - Analysis of injection tests at the Longyearbyen pilot site NGI reference: 20130494 11. Criteria of fault geomechanical stability during a pressure build-up A review on fault mechanics and stability done for IEAGHG. The report is available free online: http://ieaghg.org/terms-of-use/49-publications/technical-reports/541-2015-04- criteria-of-fault-geomechanical-stability Client: International Energy Agency, Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG) NGI reference: 20130613 12. CO2 Sentrallager; Large-Scale Storage of CO 2 on the Norwegian shelf The project was a collaboration between the FME SUCCESS and FME BIGCCS. The objective was to address knowledge gaps in the CCS projects. The report is freely available at: http://www.fme-success.no/doc/reports/cmr-13-f75003-ra-1_large- Scale%20Storage%20of%20CO2%20on%20the%20Norwegian%20shelf.pdf - Responsible for "Geomechanical integrity of cap rock and faults for East Sognefjord Delta" Client: Gassnova
NGI reference: 20130902 13. COVERALL; Novel techniques for seabed monitoring of CO 2 leakage and monitoring campaigns based on reservoir, cap rock and overburden migration models The project investigated the use of metagenomics and bioinformatic for offshore post injection and long-term monitoring of CO 2 storage sites. DNA extracted from seafloor sediments exposed to in situ CO 2 was analysed and compared to existing CO 2 anomaly signatures from the North Sea. - Modelling migration of CO 2 to the seabed from a conceptual storage site through cap rock leakage, to be able to estimate the resolution and sampling frequency required for safe long term monitoring of CO 2 storage sites - Comparison between the estimated leakage with leakage from the natural analogues Client: Research Council of Norway (CLIMIT Program, FENCO-NET) NGI reference: 20140206 14. PROTECT, Protection of Caprock Integrity for Large-Scale CO2 Storage, The primary objective of the PROTECT is to understand the impact of geomechanics, flow and chemistry on caprock integrity in order to ensure injectivity, maximize storage capacity and protect against CO2 leakage from large-scale injection operations. NGI Contribution - Direct shear tests on Rurikfjellet shale samples (Svalbard); velocity stepping and impact of water on friction. Triaxial fracture flow tests with brine and CO2 and monitoring with acoustic and resistivity - Inversion of geophysical/gravity data. Investigate whether gravity data may be practically used, alone or in combination with seismic/em, to detect CO2 leaked from an injection plume. Synthetic-data-based sensitivity study to understand characteristics of CSEM data resulting from a shallow anomaly and its interaction with a deep resistivity anomaly. - Simulation of reservoir pressure build-up and surface heave from large scale CO2 injection in Utsira Formation, using vertically integrated models for coupled twophase flow developed at NGI (Bjørnarå et.al, 2016). Client: Research Council of Norway (CLIMIT Program) NGI reference: 20130614