Week 1: 1. The Heart Science Year 10 Unit 1 Biology RAG 2. Artery Takes oxygenated blood away from the heart. Thick, muscular walls to withstand pressure. 3. Vein Takes deoxygenated blood towards the heart. Usually has valves to prevent backflow of blood and thin walls. 4. Capillary Network of tiny vessels linking the arteries and the veins. 5. Blood A tissue based on a liquid called plasma. 6. Double circulatory system Week 2: Pumps blood simultaneously towards and away from the heart. 7. Plasma Liquid part of the blood. Transports blood cells as well as carbon dioxide, proteins, glucose, hormones and urea. 8. Red Blood Cells Carries oxygen. Packed with haemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen. No nucleus to create extra space for haemoglobin. Biconcave shape to give a large surface area. 9. White Blood Destroy pathogens. Some can produce antibodies. Cells 10. Platelet Cell fragments that help to clot wounds. 11. Statin Drug that reduces cholesterol. Reduces fat being deposited in arteries. Side effects e.g. liver damage. 12. Stent Wire mesh that opens up a blocked artery. It keeps artery open and is low-risk surgery. but fatty material can rebuild. 13. Pacemaker cells Group of cells in the right atrium that controls resting heart rate. 14. Alveoli Small sacs where gas exchange occurs. Surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the capillaries, carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries into the alveoli Week 3: 15. Leaf Cross Section
16. Leaf Features 17. Xylem Carries water and minerals from the roots around the plant. Vessels are strengthened by lignin to withstand pressure. Cell walls are waterproof. 18. Phloem Carries dissolved sugars made through photosynthesis around the plant. End of cells contain pores to allow dissolved sugars to move between cells. 19. Transpiration The loss of water vapour from the leaves by evaporation from cells and then out through the stomata. 20. Translocation The movement of dissolved sugars around the plant. 21. Guard Cells and Stoma 22. Palisade Mesophyll 23. Spongy Mesophyll Week 4: 24. Photosynthesis Equation Guard cells can open the stoma to allow gas exchange by diffusion or close to prevent water loss. Where most photosynthesis takes place. Cells contain many chloroplasts and absorb light. Some photosynthesis. Has air spaces for diffusion of CO 2 and O 2. 25. Limiting Factor The factor that stops the rate of photosynthesis from increasing; could be light intensity, CO 2 concentration, temperature or amount of chlorophyll. 26. Uses of glucose, converted into starch and fats/oils for storage, produces cellulose to build cell walls, produces amino acids to build proteins. 27. Aerobic Aerobic respiration provides energy. It requires oxygen. It is an exothermic reaction (produces heat). In mitochondria. 28. Anaerobic Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O No oxygen needed. Provides less energy than aerobic respiration as glucose not fully oxidised. Occurs during intensive exercise. In cytoplasm. 29. Anaerobic (plant/yeast cells) Glucose lactic acid In yeast cells it is called fermentation economically important for manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks. In cytoplasm. Glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide 30. Lactic Acid Produced in anaerobic respiration in muscles. Build up causes fatigue. Lactic acid must be taken to the liver by the blood so that it can be oxidised back to glucose. 31. Oxygen Debt The amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the lactic acid and remove it. 32. Metabolism The sum of all the reactions in a cell or body. 33. Metabolic Reactions Conversion of starch, formation of lipids, respiration, breakdown of proteins to urea, formation of amino acids (plants only).
Week 5: Science Year 10 Unit 1 Chemistry 34. Mass Number The number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. 35. Atomic Number The number of protons (which also equals the number of electrons) in an atom. 36. Diatomic element An element that is naturally found as more than one atom, e.g. Cl 2 (and all halogens), O 2, H 2 37. Relative Atomic The mass number of an element. Mass (Ar) 38. Relative The sum of all of the mass numbers for elements in a compound. Formula Mass (Mr) 39. Mole moles = mass (g) / Ar or Mr 40. Avogadro The number of atoms in 1 mole of a substance, 6.02x10 23. Constant 41. Law of conservation of mass Mass cannot be created or destroyed, it is conserved during a chemical reaction. Mass of reactants = mass of products. 42. Concentration concentration = moles / volume (dm 3 ) 43. dm 3 Decimetre cubed - equivalent to 1 litre. Week 6: 44. Endothermic Reactions that transfer energy from the surrounding to the reacting chemicals. Reaction 45. Exothermic Reactions that transfer energy to the surroundings from the reacting chemicals. Reaction 46. Bond Energy The energy contained within a chemical bond. 47. Activation Energy 48. Reaction Profiles The energy required to break the bonds in reactants. 49. Total Energy Change sum of all bond energies in products - sum of all bond energies in reactants Negative total = exothermic reaction Positive total = endothermic reaction Science Year 10 Unit 1 Physics Week 7: 50. Melting State change from solid to liquid. 51. Freezing State change from liquid to solid. 52. Evaporating State change from liquid to gas without reaching boiling point. 53. Sublimating State change directly from solid to gas. 54. Boiling State change from liquid to gas at boiling point. (Also called vapourisation). 55. Condensing State change from gas to liquid. 56. Density The amount of substance per unit volume (kg/m 3 ).
57. Kinetic Energy Movement energy in the particles in a substance (gases have the most because particles move fastest) 58. Potential Energy Stored energy in the particles in a substance (gases have the most because particles are furthest away) 59. Internal energy Total kinetic and potential energy in a substance. Week 8: 60. Specific Latent Heat 61. Temperature and changing state The energy required to make a 1kg of a substance change state. thermal energy for change of state (J) = mass (kg) specific latent heat (J/kg) 62. Gas Pressure Caused by the force exerted when particles collide with their container. 63. Volume and pressure 64. Temperature and pressure 65. Cooling by evaporation Halving the volume of a container will double the pressure of the gas because the particles will hit the sides more often (if the temperature is constant). (Pressure x Volume = constant). Increasing the temperature increases kinetic energy of the particles and therefore the amount of collisions which increases pressure. Particles with enough kinetic energy can escape a liquid and become a gas. This reduced the average kinetic energy of the liquid.
Week 9: 66. Alpha (α) A helium nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons). Highly ionising, <5cm range in air, low penetration. 67. Beta (β) A high energy electron. Low ionisation, ~30cm range in air, medium penetration. 68. Gamma (γ) High energy electromagnetic wave. Very low ionisation, long range in air, very high penetration. 69. Decay When an unstable nucleus releases radiation. 70. Activity The rate at which a radioactive isotope decays. 71. Radioactive The unwanted presence of materials containing radioactive atoms on other materials. contamination 72. Irradiation The process of exposing an object to nuclear radiation. The irradiated object does not become radioactive. 73. Becquerel (Bq) The unit of radioactivity. 1Bq is 1 decay per second. 74. Half-life The time it takes for the number of in a sample to halve OR the time it takes for the count rate (or activity) from a sample to halve. 75. Calculating Half-life from a graph Halve the initial activity or count rate (y-axis) Draw a line across on the graph until you hit the curve Draw a line down onto the x-axis.