APPLICATIONS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING TO CROP IMPROVEMENT

APPLICATIONS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING TO CROP IMPROVEMENT

ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Akazawa T., et ai., eds: The New Frontiers in Plant Biochemistry. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2829-0 Gottschalk W. and Muller H.P., eds: Seed Proteins: Biochemistry, Genetics, Nutritive Value. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2789-8 Marcelle. R., Clijsters H. and Van Poucke M., eds: Effects of Stress on Photosynthesis. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2799-5 Veeger C. and Newton W.E., eds: Advances in Nitrogen Fixation Research. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2906-8 Chinoy N.J., ed: The Role of Ascorbic Acid in Growth, Differentiation and Metabolism of Plants. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2908-4 Wit combe J.R. and Erskine W., eds: Genetic Resources and Their Exploitation - Chickpeas, Faba beans and Lentils. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2939-4 Sybesma C., ed: Advances in Photosynthesis Research. Vols. I-IV. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2946-7 Sironval C., and Brouers M., eds: Protochlorophyllide Reduction and Greening. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2954-8 Fuchs Y., and Chalutz E., eds: Ethylene: Biochemical, Physiological and Applied Aspects. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2984-X Collins G.B., and Petolino J.G., eds: Applications of Genetic Engineering to Crop Improvement. 1984. ISBN 90-247-3084-8

Applications of Genetic Engineering to Crop Improvement edited by GLENN B. COLLINS University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky USA JOSEPH G. PETOLINO United AgriSeeds Inc. Champaign, Illinois USA 1984 MARTINUS NIJHOFF/DR W. JUNK PUBLISHERS. a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LANCASTER

Distributors for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited, Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAI lrn, England for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6209-5 DO I: 10. 1007/978-94-009-6207-1 e-isbn-13: 978-94-009-6207-1 Copyright 1984 by Martinus NijhofflDr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1984 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus NijhofflDr W. Junk Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht The Netherlands.

v PREFACE The contributions of plant genetics to the production of higher yielding crops of superior quality are well documented. These successes have been realized through the application of plant breeding techniques to a diverse array of genetically controlled traits. Such highly effective breeding procedures will continue to be the primary method employed for the development of new crop cultivars; however, new techniques in cell and molecular biology will provide additional approaches for genetic modification. There has been considerable speculation recently concerning the potential impact of new techniques in cell and molecular biology on plant improvement. These genetic engineering techniques should offer unique opportunities to alter the genetic makeup of crops if applied to existing breeding procedures. Many questions must be answered in order to identify specific applications of these new technologies. This search for applications will require input from plant scientists working on various aspects of crop improvement. This volume is intended to assess the interrelationships between conventional plant breeding and genetic engineering. A major objective is to identify areas in crop improvement which lend themselves to cellular and molecular approaches by emphasizing those techniques which complement existing plant breeding procedures. Six such areas important to crop improvement are identified. Within each area, chapters are presented which represent whole plant, cellular, and molecular approaches. The authors have focused on the interrelationships among the different approaches for

VI genetically improving crops. We believe this volume makes a substantial contribution toward serious consideration of genetic engineering methods as adjunct tools to plant breeding and the eventual development of new and improved cultivars of the future. G. B. Collins J. F. Petolino

VII CONTENTS Preface I. Nitrogen Fixation 1. 2. Breeding Legumes for Improved N2-Fixation G. R. Smith and W. E. Knight... In vitro Systems for Studying Nitrogen Fixation M. R. Davey and G. W. O'Hara..... 25 1 3. Molecular Genetics of Nitrogen Fixation K. Dale Noel.... 53 II. Photosynthesis 4. Breeding for Improved C02 Fixation R. I. Buzzell and B. R. Buttery... 87 5. Aspects of Photosynthetic Plant Tissue Cultures Michael E. Horn and Jack M. Widholm 113 6. The Chloroplast Nuclear Photosynthesis Genes S. G. Bartlett............ 163 III. Seed Ouality 7. Breeding for Grain Quality W. D. Beversdorf and D. J. Hume 189 8. 9. Tissue Culture and Related Approaches for Grain Quality Improvement Burle Gengenbach......... Genetic Engineering of Genes Controlling Seed Quality Joseph C. Polacco 211 255

VIII IV. Stress Tolerance 10. Breeding Crops for Environmental Stress Tolerance Richard A. Jones and Calvin O. Qualset. 11. Cellular Approaches to Environmental Stress Resistance J. F. Petolino and G. B. Collins 12. Molecular Mechanisms of Heat Stress Tolerance Joseph P. Mascarenhas I! t! I! 305 341 391 V. Disease Resistance 13. Breeding for Disease Resistance P. S. Baenziger, J. H. Elgin, J. R. Stavely, and J. R. Tomerlin..,... 14. In vitro Approaches to Disease Resistance F. A. Hammerschlag..... 15. Genetic Engineering for Improved Crop Disease Resistance Jeffrey L. Bennetzen...,. 427 453 491 VI. Secondary Products 16. Conventional Breeding for Secondary Products Paul D. Legg........ 525 17. Secondary Products in Tissue Culture Y. Yamada and T. Hashimoto 561