w umc Kwg V Sc. Wc J E. L Uvy Mcg 1101 B v. b, MI 48109 734-647-0969 wc@umc.u, @umc.u Kyw: E Dc, Kwg V BSTRCT: Cmpu g c vmu p g mu, m vu -w pjc. Hv, uccu y mu uy pucxp um v. Uuy, cuy pcu m mg w ' v m vy c., c, b u -p, mpy. T qu um xp m g cy x m pmc um u vu v. W pp mc vp y yp v ' v um xp' v. T vy m c w c w g m. W c v ym u c mc yz c v. T u y v vw m c ' v xp ' v. ym g c xm y p u cg m uc y m xp k, u pvg c m v cmpx g. 1. uc Dvpm cmpu-g c () cu k. Mv, g xb cgy um-k v, k v pg vg v u pm up pcc cm y cmpx. ypc vpm m g w cqu. Dug p, um m xp v m uyg u gu v. g u m c ' b (KB) m ub uyg g c cu. p, ' m my cc, bu my c cu v pppy m u. V, pc mg w y m' x v m u' qum, mp ucv u [1] [5]. Dug v, m xp ypcy xm ' v um c y. Bcu pc b -p u, um ppc gy b. O uc, mg m cu um y. Uuy, yg wu c p m xp gw k cu v y v v. c, c cp mbguu cy pp uyg k g pm. T cmpxuug pbm c u w ccxmp. C b m p cmb p cpg my p y. y, xp p cup y cy. Oc my, b xp c u m cc gg my. Wxcug muv, v, gc c p u xp, v ug y b ucc g w my. F y, u b, c g v xp p u v ug c c. T pbm p m w C GF v xp v c, w c w cp c c v. mk c, my cy xm xp c, c x vm, g c mv pug pcu c. Uuy, wy xm
v m gy p m. T m pc mk cu wg : 1. Dc w quc c cy mpy. m p g y mu -w vm. Tvm v g p g c pc, z pc c, c k pbm v mup u. T m mp bv xp pm c (uc muvg p p),, ug m m w ccu. 2. C mg cc my cg ug pbm vg. Cmpx k qu vg my mp pbm. Ec ub-pbm my v k, uc, c u jug w cc my uqu w cp v pbm. F xmp, my p u my vy ump wggg my, bu xmy mp u b ( vc v). T m mu pb u um u. O, u vy m. 3. C mg cc my p g ccmp. m u, pmv c my wg v bc mg w pcu v cc. uc c, my mk m v xc mpm p pm vu b mv pmg c c, g. c p, xmp, gg my c ccy xcu g my y v ug xc quc c u ccmp g my xp xmp. 4. T cx k my c u ccpb. F xmp, my gc xby cg cc ggm w y m um p vv, bu ck p g, c, cc ccpb my c ppp u. T u ppy my c mv pmg c (.. v g) c mg w c w cc. 5. Oy c vb m cy m w ccu. cmpx, -w vm pc vy g. I w w, mu cy bc y m. u, y c m qu c w c u puu y gv p w vg pppy. Tu, vm gw m cmpx, cm m cu cu mu ccy u vm mp mg w vg ccy, u u g. 6. Pbm vg g my xb v. -mc vm, c my wy v c. u, pcu my uxpcy v ug cc g. w uc u cvy, ky xb v g ccmp k ug m. T cmpc cu m vy c v ( xmp, ug c c xp c) my vy c pmc w uxpc u. T cuuug umc c v vcm., my p b vp uu ym c p umuy cmpx, cv m my. N, c mk p w g yg cu ug k c u c my m y. ug, mv, umu ym, y puc g v y m c v v mpvm v cu v cqu. 2. R Wk Dcg w ccu mp um k v. c, um pbm g : umcc b, y m g' mmz um u g v y m xp.
g ug ym, ym c umvc' v w cmp g m pcc. g c, ym p u pm k yg v cvg cc v. Gv ppcby um pbm c gc, mw upg c m. N, c cv c my cbu w v umg. T b vc v (V & V) cmmuy xp u jugg KB' cc. Vc, pc m g w ym' pcc cc, cv mjy w cmm uy. Muc wk cu v m wy u c vc (.g. [3], [7], [10], [11]) c pm umcy wu g ccu. Hv, v y wk cmmuy cu cmpmy pbm umc v [14]. W c ypcy ccumv pbm umcy cg -g k um m xp (.g. [5], [8]). umg pc p gcy ucg c, mkg g c p w v cgy. T pbm cg m y m cmmu. Kwg y m cc w pucg cc b m py. ug my m w V & V, cmmuy mpz umcy xg pbm y c. u, my b upg y mu v m m mg w ccu. ug m m mwk w m u pcc w cu (.g. [6 ]), m m mwk v uyg cmpx pbm., mwk mk m mg ump: u vy c, pp v cx p [2] [9]; k m cv pbmuc cc, w c c wu cmpg g p um v [2] [6] [9]. g ug ym (ITS), pbm w gy ump. cmmuy, g m w umvc pm k, uc mu cum ubc, ccy. W ug ym m um m, w mp pv m g w um v pbm ccy. T c mx ucc. g, ym v pm p c m w vy wy v pcu pbm, pb u ITS p u cm p. Fy, u ubjc uy b p g cg cmmu. by c, cg mwk m c quc ( puc um) mp m w g p y puug. P cg x m um ppc p cy v gg p b Bywk. T pcc pbm, b kg vg pp cvg v, g w c, ymc vm m m ypc ump p cg v. Ec c bv m pbm cg ' v. ug m wk xm mp v g pbm, umc pm m upc v m g. 3. E Dc M W xmg p mg, mk w m ump. T pm cmpg v pvuy c xp v. T ump cmm mg m ym cpv mm mu. T mj k mgy c y c y xp x mp pbm. Tu, cg xmpu u v gc mpc ccy v pc. Hv, g mk bc ump bu vby v xmp pbm m mu y up y k, k-p, m uc p v g vm b ck uc. ug uxp v pm v, cu w v c. P cg v v m pvu c (.g. [13]), u pg uu wk.
T c ump u ppc c vby pcu m xp v c. Tw mp u pvuy m p cg b qu xpc m bu quc c puu xp ug pbm vg. c ppcby cmp x ymc cv m, qu m bu quc cu xp ug pbm vg vb xpcy ucv m. my u, uc w xp c w cmpu mu, m bu w cu xp quc c y puu c y cpu cg m mu. 4. Bug Bck ED M Ec p ppc ccz um pp c w. g, m cp mg cu u y pbmc c w m v. T pcc pp cpu mgy mpc w mp u, u m u. ED1: [vby G ] cu pvuy, y c um v. Ty mu c, vy, xpc m bu w c xp pm, m ccy uc quc vm w cu. m, m c mg my y bu xp ' g c p pbm vg. I c, m mg Gv buc ug m c pcu. b w, - ppy ED1 c m bu xp g qu. T G c g v gv, c g v buc. ED2: [bc Exmp] Bcu xp v c c y g u p, my uu u bc v, g w, g. bc xp v my c, xmp, xp g k ucy quv g xm pc. bc my u c cuc u qucky u wy ucy quv. Dg bc w m g v xp v. T p cu pc v cc mg cc. E mpy bc w ppy ED2. E mk u bc w -. ED3: [Cmp M] m w ccu, ' v mu cmp g xp v m m. C wg mpxp c quc cmp ck k: m-p, mv,. Cmpg xp v v c w wy. T m u g cmp mpy cmp ( C ppy ED3 b w). Ug g m, c m xp v xpc cp m v. I g cp g v m, c. v ppc muc k cmp m c juy ( J b w). T ppc mp u b xp juy xp v c p v c. I, c xp by bu w g c ppp. I, c. Uk g mcmp, juy w g g m xp pc bu v c xp mg v. 5. Bc E Dc M By cmbg pp c bv, cuc v c. T, cmpg v w v pv p wk m p cg, u wg c. xmc m, yz w pc wg c: W m pc m xp g? W - m mxmzg u pv (c c ) ucg pv (c c ccpb v)? Hw m cmp cmk pv m p cg cmmu? W vm/ pp upp m? y c w u m yp u pcu m
u, u cv. 5.1 Sc Mcg ED1 ED2 ED3 - - C Tb 1: Pp Sc Mcg Sc mcg (SM) u puu m c xp w c w cmm u. T cmk ppc m cmmuy u m vw w cu cv, cc yp k. Sc mc g mp c w m u p. Rug u pvu -cmb xmp, c mcg u xp pm m c vm m (cug w p muvug xcu pcc cc, p u p p g). c mcg, xp v bc y m, c y m ' v v xp' (Tb 1 c bc pp SM). I c mcg pm -, ug cpu c xp v, c v g mcg pbm. T w c xc mcg gm u c w k pc. vy, ppxm g mcg gm cu u c w m y ( m,, ubu) c cu ' v. Pp g vg c mcg c qu upp m xp kw g g. T m c pp ug y bv quc c cu puuug pbm vg. Bcu mgy vy c m w cu, mxmz u pv, bu uc pv. u, ky w pbm u u c vu pc c xbg cc v. m pv gg u pcc u, xmy ky m xp u m, u u g c um ucg ppc. Sc mcg m my c qum u Sc 5. Hv, cu gy m, pcuy u cmpx vm w my g. Mv, cu v CG F mu muxp v ccg pp c, m vm w v y v vu. O, c m cg' by mxmz u pv c u u m w vb c w g c u. m u, uc pc v xc, ppy my ug c c. 5.2 Juc B Dc ED1 ED2 ED3 - - J Tb 2: Pp Juc B Dc Juc b mp u c xp xp c p m ( Tb 2). Tc cmk ppc p cg, w g mpy u mv. Juc b qu CFG xp b g by cmm, bu w gc g xby u. T m w puu w u p w ug b puc ( pcp) gu cc v. I mp juc b cy vw cu v., pm mpy kg xp c xp c. Rug -cmb xmp, m g cu juy xp ggg my, mpyg c muv, ug b gv p u, c. Uuy, mgy ky v m ' u. T m ug my u xp v, pcc my pm m c xp v. w cmk ppc (SM), m vg juc b c u wu y c y v xmp pbm, u ucg um vv u. Uk c m cg, pmm m w g g m puu w m pbm vg uc gv. m m, v, pmm ky m uc um c. Sm c mcg, juc b c m my c. T ppc u vm w g pc, y u ' cmp xp'. vm w g
g pc, v, cgy ky my b juy xp v v u mk juc c c. T my ccu w g c w pcu c quc CG F xp. O, m p upp v vy wg pu u w u. N, pmm JBD ky vg w g c u cu c mk ug xcu my kw ug v. 5.3 Gz Squc Mcg ED1 ED2 ED3 - C Tb 3: Pp Gz Squc Mcg Gz quc mcg (GSM) k c mcg ppc, bu w xp c v bcy ( Tb 3). Sc mcg u bv xp' c mp up ' v mu mc. Ec c qu c ky c w pm m y ( mx) c vm. GSM x ppc g w c my b ubu. T w m g m v w v. Ug m gy -cmb xmp, cu xpcy m ym w p u cc cmp ( k yg ) y-p c, w y u c pcc g vu. T m qu y mm p m xp. B v b g, bc p (uc quvc c, xm, v umc g) mu. T p ky ub uu v g y p m m. Mv, qu c bc p um xmp uug v um u u c ' v. T cvg gz quc mcg (GSM) mw cmk m, SM JBD. m c u, GSM u cmpx vm cu by w vy cp c ' xp' v, w m m vg by xpcy w muc w v v. N upgy, xpc m u pm vy vm v vb c g c u. ug py m pm c SM, GSM c ccpb bc v by w cv m b - w um pv g um u pv. 5.4 bc G B Mcg ED1 ED2 ED3 G - C Tb 4: Pp bc G B Mcg bc g b mcg (GBM) mk mw x c mcg. I cqu, xp g, pp vu c, cmp. GBM u v xmp pbm cmp xp' upp g ' upp g c p m ( Tb 4). Ug m v v w c ym vy b xp p uu cv m g, v v c ( p m v g) gcy. cmb m, mk y y b xp ccy cmp gg k g w my, bu mg mk y w pcc muv pm. w c mcg, cg c w v p xp v p cu v g mcg pbm pm -. T c g cmp g pp pmv c xpcy vb v c. bc G B Mcg (GBM) qu xp pbm u. Lk G SM, um vv ky p um u u c '., pp um v pbm u v. T cvg GBM mw u v pvuy cu, cu c quc xp v xpcy cmp. T m yp wb c quc v y v g y c cv ppp g. Bcu GBM y cgz m g-v g, cu y u pm uc cy, u c z g pc xp. GBM ' by w vm c
c y jug qu v cpc ' xp' g. cupg vvg pp p w y g cy w m xby g cupg qu cpc p g ck. N upgy, g cupg gc mpc uby m vm w vb c g c u. Tvm, v, g cupg w ' g pc my ucv c v k. 5.5 Gu Vby Mcg ED1 ED2 ED3 G C Tb 5: Pp Gu Vby Mcg m v GBM, gu vby mcg (GVM) wk u b xp puu m g. T m wk bm up m GSM ( Tb 5) kg ccu w pmv c g m w cx cu g ck. Ru g -cmb xmp, ug GVM b xpcy m ym u p cc cmp y-p c w g u--b, bu cmp vy ump ccumc. w GBM, xp mu xmp pbm w g g puu c p m. Cmp ' xp' g k pc w p-pc v u ' v cc mv c. T bm g cy wb pmv c. Cmp ' c wb c u puug g ccpb. T my xc v vw w m xp, bu pbby m b xc bvg xp pm k mup m [12]. Cmp vxm, GVM pu vy g m m xp. N y mu g p xpcy p bm u ( GBM) m qu bvg py g mu xp v g m bu w pmv c w pccx. GVM p pvg cvg GBM. Txc c ky gcy uc m. Cmp w cmk m (SM) p cg (JBD ), GVM ky muc, bu c c um. m mg c mgy, GVM pmmy GBM. I u vm w my p, ug cu mu kp mv c, my ccy cc vm w vy g um wb c. GBM, g cupg c by m w vm v c vb c g c u. mx, v, v y - mg c c g cx c w wb pmv c. T m v w vy cup g, g pby pvg u. 5.6 Dcu Bc M Nm ED1 ED2 ED3 SM - - C JBD - - J GSM - C GBM G - C GVM G C Tb 6: Summy Bc E Dc M Tb 6 u pp v b c v p. g, y p gc p cp p mg. Hv, cu um p v u. T c c w gup pc Tb 7. Nm ED1 ED2 ED3 Juc Tcqu * * J Bc bucv Tcqu * C Tb 7: Uxp E Dc M Juc cqu p u juc bu mp juy bc xp' c quc ( gv v xmp pbm) mp juy y x p' g v g. b c, c u juy bc p xp' v, u mkg m g JBD. Hv, pvuy m, JBD y vy pmc m
ky w vy g um u p v g uc. Bcu mg juc cqu c y ub JBD, uky w p vg. Bc bucv cquu m pb m. bucv cqu mp u ' y w g xp puug w vg xmp pbm. Cc c xp' g w c pm m bc v p b cmpg pmv c quc. Ty uu cu y c cv m g xp, bu w m m pmv c u cvc g. Hv, w buc u wu kw g c, xp' g c y m b y xmg pmv c quc vb v xmp pbm. Bcu buc ' b m xp' g, y ky uccu v pbm ug pmv c quc v y m u xp. Cy, c um m p bucv cqu y c u c cv m g xp w wg m uyg pmv c quc. T v m bc bucv cqu y m xp' v c uy w u vg. 6. By Bc M Ec bc u pvuc c u m bu k m. O uc c m c m cg pck xp v m. B v cmp xp v, c mu m w w p ck m u yz. T m ppp cc u uc pp k m. S c w -m vm u g vu w-c ck m cg w pck v cmp. O, p u b mu my v qum. c, my uc mpy cmp c y ccu, g m p w uccv c. Txmp bv u ju xmp w m cu u mpv pc. vg cu xpc b y g cmp c u cjuc w puc y m pcu m. 7. Sym Dg O pmy g g c ym by c ug bc mwk u gw. u, v vp mu mwk w u p pc pc. C 1 Squc Bv Sm Bv Sm C p, v v mwk w g cmp. T cmp qucg vvcg ppp pck xp v cmp, c Sc 6. T c cmp cc vv ppyg m bc c mc (c Sc 5) pck v c quc. Bcu cmp g, g mxm xby ym: c w cmp u cmb c um p wy w c y. T p ug y m g m xp xm pp vm m m ub k. c, m pckg u m cmp pm k. O c, w v m, xp u pu ym. ym xm w m, puc cp w
v uy puc xp v, w m. Ug m, m xp g c xm g c, qucky g w w v ccu, gcy ucg c v pc. 9. Fuu Wk Ou c pv wy b vg vg cy. Ou m g xm pmc bc c. xm mp bjc v m ccmp umb g-v guc p-u, v, bjc. T m c ppxmy 20 pmv c 10 c g cg vy g pc p v. xpm w m mu, cu yg w cc p. T p xm upu m mpc m mpvg ccy v. ug p w u pmz. T c p xm pp g cv pcu c m. p ug p w -gu cc c u pp pcu pbm. g m, cu cg wy c mpv ym by c xpg w c. W cu gz c g m u mwk. T w u k vg cmb gw w ccu c m w c c mwk. 10. Rc [1] Dv J. Bwcm: cmp Hg Mgy V By Kwg B. M T: Fc u Tcgy, 1997. [2] Su Cw, D. Sm: umg Rm Kwg-B Sym. Pcg ECI90 Cc, 167-172, 1990 [3] Y G, Ec Mz: Expc Rp Pbm-Svg Sg Supp Kwg cqu. Pcg T N Cc c gc, 469-476, 1996. [4] Rp M. J, J E. L, Pu E. N, K J. Cu, Pck Ky, Fk V. K: um g P Cmb Fg Smu. I Mgz, V. 20, 27-42, 1999. [5] Byg H Kg, Wy Gm, Pu Cmp: Vc V w Rpp-Dw Ru. J Hum Cmpu Su, V. 44(2), 257-269, 1997. [6] Pck M. Mupy, Mc J. Pzz: "Rv puc ym u-b". Pc. 11 Cc Mc Lg, 199-207, 1994. [7] T. Nguy, W. Pk, Tm J. Ly, D Pc: Kwg B Vc. I Mgz, V. 8, pp 69-75, 1987. [8] R M. O'K, Om Bc, Ec P. Sm: Vg Exp Sym Pmc. IEEE Exp, V. 2(4), pp 81-90, 1987. [9] Dug P: Lg Pcu Pg Kwg Cmpx Evm. P.D. T: Uvy Mcg, 1996. [10] u D. Pc, Rjj Sg, Bk : Vyg Exp Sym: Lgc Fmwk Pcc. Exp Sym W ppc, V. 5, 421-436, 1992 [11] Mc T: Scp-B ppc Myg Kwg-B Sym. J Hum-Cmpu Su, [12] Mc v L: Lg Tk-Pmc Kwg Tug Obv. P.D. T. Uvy Mcg, 2000. [13] Nm Wug, Su Cw: m Sc Tg Exmp Kwg Rm. Pcg 12 Eup Kwg cqu Wkp, 233-248, 2000. [14] N Zv, u Pc: S um V Kwg-B Sym. Exp Sym W ppc, V. 7(2), 151-167, 1994. u Bgp SCOTT WLLCE P.D. c Uvy Mcg Cmpu Scc pgm. H c cumpc y.i. ccu, gg. H c v
B.S. Pyc Mmc Uv y Mcg 1996. JOHN LIRD P Ecc Egg Cmpu Scc Uvy Mcg. H cv B.S. Uvy Mcg 1975 P.D. Cg M Uvy 19 83. H g vp S ccu cuvpm vu. Fm 1992-1997, vpm Tc-S, -mxp ym w U.S. x-wg m STOW-97.