BIOLOGY 366 PLANT SYSTEMATICS EXAM 1 SPRING 2013 100 POINTS TOTAL (LECTURE 60, LAB PRACTICAL 40) SECTION 1 (Short answer; 40 points total): Be as precise as possible in your answers. 1. Name two synapomorphies for land plants (embryophytes). (4 points) 2. Stems and leaves sometimes are shaped by evolution to acquire novel appearances and/or functions. (A) Give examples of two specialized stem types and two specialized leaf types. (B) Describe how you would determine whether a particular part is homologous to a leaf or a stem. (8 points) 3. Define the terms gynoecium, carpel and pistil and explain how they are related to each other. (9 points) Page 1
4. In an angiosperm, what happens to the integuments of an ovule as it matures into a seed? What happens to the ovary wall as it matures into a fruit? (4 points) 5. Phylogenetic analysis (15 points total): The genus Yura contains 6 species (Y. messa, Y. obnoxia, Y. beatifica, Y. confusa, Y. foetida, Y. nerda). All of them share many character states that distinguish this genus from all closely related genera. The species differ from each other, however, as described below. All species in the sister genus, Ima, are upright plants with simple, alternate leaves, sweet-smelling flowers with yellow, free petals and 10 stamens, and follicles as the fruit type. Yura messa: Plant upright; leaves alternate, pinnately compound; petals red, free; stamens 10; flowers sweet-smelling; fruit a capsule. Yura obnoxia: Plant upright; leaves opposite, pinnately compound; petals red, free; stamens 5; flowers with a rotten meat smell; fruit a capsule. Yura beatifica: Plant upright; leaves alternate, simple; petals yellow, connate; stamens 10; flowers sweet-smelling; fruit a capsule. Yura confusa: Plant upright; leaves alternate, pinnately compound; petals purple, free; stamens 10; flowers with a rotten meat smell; fruit a capsule. Yura foetida: Plant vining; leaves alternate, pinnately compound; petals red, free; stamens 5; flowers with a rotten meat smell; fruit a capsule. Yura nerda: Plant upright; leaves opposite, simple; petals yellow, connate; stamens 10; flowers sweet-smelling; fruit a capsule Study the data matrix below, in which characters are coded according to whether character states are plesiomorphic (0) or apomorphic (1, 2). Character/ Species Habit Leaf position Leaf type Petal Color Petal fusion Stamen number Flower odor Fruit type Y. messa 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 Y. obnoxia 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Y. beatifica 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Y. confusa 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 Y. foetida 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 Y. nerda 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 Outgroup (Ima) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Page 2
Construct the most parsimonious cladogram from the data matrix. Indicate the evolution of all eight characters on the tree (that is, show all synapomorphies and any homoplasy or autapomorphies) as hash marks labeled with the appropriate character state. (10 points) What is the length of the tree? (1 point) Which character state(s) support(s) the monophyly of Yura in this analysis? (1 point) Within the genus Yura, give one example of a monophyletic group. (1 point) Which character state(s) is(are) autapomorphic, and for which species? (1 point) Which character state(s) appear(s) to be homoplasious, and in which species? (1 point) Page 3
SECTION 2 (Fill in the blank and true-false questions; 20 points total, 1 point per blank). Provide the appropriate term or phrase or circle true or false as appropriate. 1. If the cells of the leaves on a plant each contain 14 chromosomes, then each egg cell in the ovules within the ovaries and each cell of the pollen grains in the anthers of the same plant will contain chromosomes. 2. Fusion of petals to form a corolla tube involves ; fusion of sepals, petals and stamen filaments to form a hypanthium involves. 3. The is the stalk of a flower; the apex of this stalk, which bears all of the flower parts, is the. 4. In bryophytes, the green, leafy part of the life cycle is part of the generation; in seed plants, the green, leafy part of the life cycle is part of the generation. 5. A modified, usually reduced leaf often found associated with flowers but which can occur in other parts of the plant is known as a. 6. True or false: An aggregate fruit is derived from the gynoecia of several closely clustered flowers. 7. True or false: In a dichotomous key, the two leads of a couplet should describe contrasting states of the same characters in the same order. Page 4
8. A flattened, leaf-like photosynthetic stem is known as a. 9. A is an example of an inflorescence that can be either indeterminate or determinate. 10. An apple is an example of a (fruit type) and the edible fleshy part is mainly tissue. 11. True or false: Sepals and petals are homologous to leaves. 12. Roots developing from stems or leaves, not from the embryonic root or another root, are called. 13. True or false: A cyme is an example of an indeterminate inflorescence. 14. True or false: Among the major groups (phyla) of the plant kingdom, gymnosperms have the most species diversity by far. 15. True or false: In a dichotomous key, it is acceptable to use three equivalent key leads (a trichotomy) at any step in the key. 16. True or false: Vascular plants (ferns and their allies, gymnosperms and angiosperms) are an example of a paraphyletic group. Page 5
SECTION 3: LABORATORY PRACTICAL (40 PTS TOTAL; 2 PTS EACH) Answer as specifically as the evidence allows. 1. 11. 2. 12. 3. 13. 4. 14. 5. 15. 6. 16. 7. 17. 8. 18. 9. 19. 10. 20. Bonus points (3 points total): A) B) C) Page 6