Evidence of Magnetoacoustic Oscillations above the Brightened and Magnetically Active Quiet-Sun

J. Astrophys. Astr. (December 2017) 38:61 Indian Academy of Sciences https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-017-9488-z Evidence of Magnetoacoustic Oscillations above the Brightened and Magnetically Active Quiet-Sun A. K. SRIVASTAVA and B. N. DWIVEDI Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221 005, India. Corresponding author. E-mail: asrivastava.app@iitbhu.ac.in MS received 4 May 2016; accepted 6 June 2017; published online 23 November 2017 Abstract. We study the near photospheric Fe I 6302 Å (V-component) and chromospheric Ca II H 3968 Å radiance oscillations in the lower solar atmosphere above the four brightened and magnetically active regions of the quiet-sun as observed by the solar optical telescope onboard Hinode. At the chosen locations (L1, L3, L4), we obtain the statistically significant periods of 5.0 min both in Ca II H and Fe I fluxes, which is interpreted as the likely signature of the presence of 5.0 min magnetoacoustic oscillations. It is also found that the higher period (7.0 min) of magnetoacoustic waves, as observed at another location (L2), may be generated locally in the quiet-sun tube and leak to higher heights. We suggest that 5.0 min global acoustic oscillations are converted into magnetoacoustic one in the strongly magnetized quiet-sun fluxtubes. Noting that the magnetoacoustic waves in strongly magnetized regions can transfer energy twice compared to the acoustic waves in the non-magnetized regions, the directly observed these 5.0 min magnetoacoustic oscillations at photospheric and chromospheric heights above the strongly magnetized regions reveal the transfer of significant amount of energy to partially balance the localized energy losses. Keywords. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) sun: corona sun: chromosphere oscillations. 1. Introduction The inference of physical conditions and properties of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in the Sun s atmosphere is at the forefront of solar physics research today. The solar atmosphere is coupled from the photosphere to the corona in terms of prevalent magnetic fields and plasma dynamics, especially in the quiet-sun. The plane-parallel and structured localized atmosphere from the photosphere to the corona provide the channeling of MHD waves. Magnetic reconnection is considered as one of the major candidates for the solar atmospheric heating and the localized plasma dynamics. MHD waves in localized fluxtubes in the solar atmosphere (e.g., Alfvén, slow and fast magnetoacoustic waves) have been extensively studied during the last two decades using high resolution observations from TRACE, Hinode, STEREO, SDO, IRIS, and ground based observatories, as well as developing theoretical/numerical modeling. MHD waves can transfer energy of the photospheric motions into the TR/corona resulting in the plasma heating. This can also power the various transients and plasma motions in the solar atmosphere. Ground and space-based observations show the presence of transverse waves (e.g., Mathioudakis et al. 2013; Jess et al. 2009; Cirtain et al. 2007; Okamoto et al. 2007; O Shea et al. 2007; De Pontieu et al. 2007; Tomczyk et al. 2007; Erdélyi & Fedun 2007a, b; Van Doorsselaere et al. 2008; Srivastava et al. 2017 and references therein) and various magnetoacoustic waves (Srivastava 2010; Srivastava & Dwivedi 2010a; Wang et al. 2009; Srivastava et al. 2008a, b; Gruszecki et al. 2008; Ofman & Wang 2008; Erdélyi & Taroyan 2008; and references therein) in the magnetic fluxtubes at diverse spatio-temporal scales. The leakage and propagation of the acoustic oscillatory power around 5 min oscillations generated due to sub-photospheric powerful motions are important candidates as a driver of localized plasma ejecta (De Pontieu et al. 2004), and to heat the solar atmosphere locally (Srivastava & Dwivedi 2010b). Energy propagation related to the acoustic power of 5 min at the photosphere to the overlying atmosphere is still debated. It is now well established that the quasi-periodic and

61 Page 2 of 8 J. Astrophys. Astr. (December 2017) 38:61 spatially coherent photospheric motions have the largest power around 5 minutes in the photosphere. This can even be present at the chromospheric level, with a signature of damping most likely due to radiative cooling (Fossum & Carlsson 2006). Various observations of the presence of 5 min waves and oscillations in the chromosphere and corona have been reported in the literature (e.g., De Moortel et al. 2002; De Pontieu et al. 2003a, b, 2004; Marsh & Walsh 2006; Finsterle et al. 2008, and references cited therein). The numerical simulations of coupled fast and slow magnetoacoustic waves propagating from the photosphere to the corona have also been performed in greater details (Gudiksen & Nordlund 2002; Bogdan et al. 2003; Bogdan 2006; Hasan et al. 2005; Hansteen et al. 2006; Heggland et al. 2007; Erdélyi & Fedun 2007a, b; Hasan & van Ballegooijen 2008; Fedun et al. 2009; Erdélyi & Fedun 2010; Fedun et al. 2011, and references cited therein). In this paper, we study the chromospheric Ca II H 3968 Å and near photospheric Fe I 6302 Å radiance oscillations in the lower solar atmosphere above the quiet-sun small-scale regions. These are the regions of high magnetic field as evident in Fe I V-signals observed by Hinode 1 /SOT, as well as heated one as seen in the enhanced emissions of Ca II H. We find the evidence of magnetoacoustic oscillations around 5 min period present up to the chromospheric heights in the quiet-sun. The study of the presence of 5.0 min oscillations becomes very important in the magnetized regions, which are being considered in the present study. We have selected the cluster of bright-points (four brightened regions) localized in the QS to detect these oscillations. If the 5.0 minute oscillations are excited in such regions, they are converted into the magnetoacoustic waves that consist of the larger energy compared to the same in the weakly magnetized regions (Fedun et al. 2009). In such regions, the magnetoacoustic waves may serve very significantly in transporting the larger energy that may further be for the localized heating of the solar atmosphere. We present observational data and related results in section 2, and theoretical interpretations and discussions in section 3. 2. Observational data and results Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) onboard Hinode (Kosugi et al. 2007) observes the solar photosphere and 1 Hinode is a Japanese mission developed and launched by ISAS/JAXA, with NAOJ as domestic partner and NASA and STFC (UK) as international partners. It is operated by these agencies in co-operation with ESA and NSC (Norway). chromosphere at high resolutions. These observations are free from seeing, and therefore avoid the degradation of the images. The broad band filter imager (BFI) executes the imaging of active region and magnetic elements in the quiet chromosphere at the Ca II H 3968 Å wavelength. It also observes the same solar features at the photospheric level in the G-band, CN and CH bands. The narrow band filter imager (NFI) performs the imaging, and also obtains the Fe I 6302 Å Stokes V-signal from the magnetic regions at the photosphere. It is also capable of observing the Stokes V-signal and associated imaging in the chromosphere with Na I D 5896 Å (Ichimoto et al. 2008a, b). We have obtained the data from both BFI and NFI instruments. We also analyze the Ca II H 3968 Å time-series observations starting from 07:50:30 UT to 09:04:52 UT at a cadence of 11 s on 17 February 2007. We use Fe I 6302 Å Stokes V-signal temporal image data in shutterless mode for the same duration at a cadence of 11 s. We use standard SOT data-reduction procedures for our study. The subroutines used in the data analyses can be found in SSWIDL software tree 2. The obtained Ca II H data sets are dark subtracted, removed from the pixel-to-pixel gain variations, and also removed from the hot and dead pixels using the standard solar software routines. The pixel resolution is 0.054 which covers a small field-of-view of about 56 112. The Stokes V- signal images and time-series have been obtained in Fe I 6302 Å. The data is also dark subtracted and flat-fielded using the standard solar soft routines. These Stokes V- signal images have been obtained with a pixel size of 0.16 and a FoV of 31 164. Since both the Ca II K and Stokes V maps have different spatial resolution and FoV, we have first selected approximately the same FoV, aligned them after invoking interpolation and cross correlation methods. Since there is no procedure available to convert the Stokes V-signal into the magnetic field strength in the given data set (see also, Chae et al. 2007; Ravindra 2010), we have used the calibrated V- signal as obtained from the time-series keeping the view of its sensivity towards magnetic field. Stokes V-signal is considered proportional to the line-of-sight magnetic field strength (B = K c V/I ) in the weak field approximation (Jefferies et al. 1989). However, our selected MBPs are strongly magnetized regions, therefore we cannot set any direct proportionality of Fe I flux variations with the magnitude of line-of-sight magnetic field variations. However, qualitatively, we can suggest that Fe I flux variations may infer the variations in the magnetic field. 2 www.darts.isas.jaxa.jp/pub/solar/ssw/hinode/sot/.

J. Astrophys. Astr. (December 2017) 38:61 Page 3 of 8 61 Figure 1. Left: Hinode/SOT Ca II H 3968 Å image. Right: the corresponding Fe I 6302 Å V-signal image is displayed. The four brightened regions are evident in the Ca II H snapshot, which are also associated with the enhanced V-signals. Figure 2. The co-spatial Fe I 6302 Å V-signal contours have been over-plotted above Ca II H image map (left-panel). The positive flux is represented by the white contours, while the negative flux with orange contours. The co-spatial Fe I 6302 Å V-signal contours are also over-plotted above the G- band snapshot (right-panel). We have observed the diffused magnetically active and brightened regions in the quiet-sun. The magnetic activity appearing in the Fe I 6302 Å V-signal images is directly associated with the enhanced brightening as evident in Ca II 3968 Å chromospheric images (Figures 1 2). The rest of the quiet-sun seems to be normal as evident in Ca II H and Fe I 6302 emissions. We have extracted the temporally varying counts of Ca II H 3968 Å from these brightened locations (L1-L4) by choosing 200 200 pixel 2 boxes. This size is approximately equal to the 10 10 arcsec 2 field of view above each chosen brightened and magnetically active regions. Each location is basically the cluster of smallscale magnetic bright points (MBPs) that collectively serve as strongly magnetized and heated footpoint of the quiet-sun magnetic fluxtube. We have also extracted the time-series of the Fe I 6302 Å V-signal from these brightened locations (L1-L4) of the quiet-sun by choosing 70 70 pixel 2 co-spatial boxes. The box size is approximately equal to the 10 10 arcsec 2 field-ofview. However, partial field-of-view of the first location (L1) as visible in the Ca II H image is not covered cospatially by Fe I image data. Therefore, we choose the half width of the box to extract the maximum counts of V-signal from this location. We have extracted the maximum counts from the boxes associated with the chosen locations (L1-L4). It is, therefore, independent of the box-size variations. Extracting the maximum signal variation with time is also justified in order to probe the strongly magnetized regions vis-a-vis enhanced brightening in the quiet-sun chromosphere. Time series of the G-band/SOT is not avialable for searching the intensity oscillations at the photopshere. However, we have Fe I 6302 Å image data which is sensitive to the normal component of the localized photospheric magnetic fields at these locations. We display the location of these quiet- Sun regions which are co-spatial in G-band, Ca II H, and Fe I formed at different heights covering near photosphere to the chromosphere (Fig. 2). We have performed the wavelet (Linnell Nemec & Nemec 1985; O Shea et al. 2001; Torrence & Compo 1998) and periodogram (Scargle 1982) analyses of the light curves of Ca II H 3698 Å and Fe I 6302 Å derived from four (L1-L4) brightened and magnetically active locations of the quiet-sun. The maximum allowed periods from cone-of-influence (COI) are 1343 s and 1625 s for the time-series data of Ca II H 3698 Å and Fe I 6302 Å respectively, where the edge effect is stronger. Therefore, we consider the statistically significant periods only outside the COI regions in derived wavelet power spectra. We have first fitted the long term trends of the light curves by a running average of the scalar window of 10, which is then subtracted from the original time series. We have carried out wavelet and periodogram analyses on these running-averaged light curves, and obtained the statistically significant and globally distributed (>3 cycle) periodicity of 5 7 min in intensity as well as magnetic field sensitive flux of Fe I. Figure 3 shows a periodicity of 311 s with the probability of 99 100 % in the time series of Ca II H derived

61 Page 4 of 8 J. Astrophys. Astr. (December 2017) 38:61 Figure 3. Wavelet results: Ca II H 3968 Å (top-left) and Fe I 6302 Å (top-right) time series data from L1 location. The bottom-left and bottom-right panels demonstrate the periodogram results of the same. from L1 location in the quiet-sun. The 311 s period dominates over full span of the observations. Hence, the presence of >4 cycles of oscillations of the periodicity 311 s with a probability of 99 100%, is considered as a statistically significant and global periodicity presence in time series data. We obtain the periodicity of 310 s in the Fe I 6302 Å light curve with the global distribution and the probability of 99 100%, which matches well with the oscillatory period in Ca II H light curve derived from the same location. These wavelet results are also consistent with their corressponding periodograms, and collectively exhibit the signature of oscillations around 5 min both in the Ca II H and the magnetic field sensitive Fe I fluxes. Figure 4 shows a periodicity of 440 s with the probability of 99 100 % in the time series of Ca II H derived from L2 location in the quiet-sun. The 340 s period dominates over half-span of the observations. Hence, the presence of >4 cycles of oscillations of the periodicity 440 s with a probability of 99 100%, is considered as statistically significant and global periodicity presence in the time series data. We obtain the periodicity of 403 s in the Fe I 6302 Å light curve with the global distribution as well as with the probability of 99 100%, which matches well with the oscillatory period in Ca II H light curve derived from the same location. These wavelet results are also consistent with their corressponding periodograms (see bottom panels of Fig. 4), and collectively exhibit the signature of oscillations around 7 min both in Ca II H and magnetic field sensitive Fe I fluxes. Figure 5 shows a periodicity of 311 s with the probability of 99 100% in the time series of Ca II H derived from L3 location in the quiet-sun. The 311 s period dominates over >4 cycles of oscillations. Therefore, the periodicity 311 s with a probability of 99 100%, is considered as a statistically significant and global periodicity presence in the time series data. We obtain the periodicity of 338 s in the Fe I 6302 Å light curve with the global distribution as well as with the probability of 99 100%, which matches well with the oscillatory period in Ca II H light curve derived from the same location. These wavelet results are also consistent with their periodograms, and collectively exhibit the signature of oscillations around 5 min both in Ca II H and magnetic field sensitive Fe I fluxes. Figure 6 shows a periodicity of 311 s with the probability of 99 100% in the time series of Ca II H light curve derived from L4 location in the quiet-sun. The 311 s period dominates over >3 cycles of oscillations.

J. Astrophys. Astr. (December 2017) 38:61 Page 5 of 8 61 Figure 4. Wavelet results: Ca II H 3968 Å (top-left) and Fe I 6302 Å (top-right) time series data from L2 location. The bottom-left and bottom-right panels demonstrate the periodogram results of the same. Figure 5. Wavelet results: Ca II H 3968 Å (top-left) and Fe I 6302 Å (top-right) time series data from L3 location. The bottom-left and bottom-right panels demonstrate the periodogram results of the same.

61 Page 6 of 8 J. Astrophys. Astr. (December 2017) 38:61 Figure 6. Wavelet results: Ca II H 3968 Å (top-left) and Fe I 6302 Å (top-right) time series data from L4 location. The bottom-left and bottom-right panels demonstrate the periodogram results of the same. Therefore, the periodicity 311 s with a probability of 99 100%, is considered as statistically significant and global periodicity presence in time series data. We obtain the periodicity of 310 s in the Fe I 6302 Å light curve with the global distribution as well as with the probability of 99 100%, which matches well with the oscillatory period in Ca II H light curve derived from the same location. These wavelet results are also consistent with their corressponding periodograms, and collectively exhibit the signature of oscillations around 5 min both in Ca II H and magnetic field sensitive Fe I fluxes. In conclusion, the three brightened and magnetically active regions (L1, L3, L4) show the intensity and magnetic flux oscillations around 5 min period constantly. The L2 region shows the oscillations around 7 min which lie at a higher side of 5.0 min global acoustic oscillations period of the Sun. 3. Theoretical interpretation The wavelet and periodogram analyses of the light curves of Ca II H 3968 Å and magnetic field sensitive Fe I 6302 Å consistently show the presence of 5 7 min oscillations in both the fluxes. Therefore, the co-spatial 5 7 min Ca II H 3698 Å intensity oscillations along with the Fe I 6302 Å flux oscillations on the chosen locations show the signature of the presence of magnetoacoustic waves. The magnetoacoustic waves of 5 min period as evident on L1, L3, L4 locations, and the same of the period 7 min as evident on L2 location, may seem to be generated respectively from the global and local photospheric drivers. It is difficult to explain the leakage 5 min or greater period acoustic oscillations from photosphere to the upper solar atmosphere because in normal conditions the acoustic cut-off period is comparatively lower which does not allow their propagation upwards. However, the geometry and strength of the magnetic field (De Pontieu et al. 2004; Hansteen et al. 1999) or the radiative cooling (Ulmschneider et al. 1991; Srivastava et al. 2017) may elevate the cut-off and 5 7 min oscillations may leak into the upper atmosphere in the form of the magnetoaocustic waves. Another possibility of the generation of the longer period oscillations (7 min) is the insitu periodic reconnection in the chromosphere that may further result the magnetoacoustic waves propagating in the higher atmosphere (Tian & Xia 2008). Fedun et al. (2009) have carried out a realistic 3- D numerical model of the wave propagation in the solar atmosphere due to a 5 min acoustic driver at

J. Astrophys. Astr. (December 2017) 38:61 Page 7 of 8 61 the photosphere. They have reported the coupled fast and slow magnetoacoustic wave modes excited isotropically in the magnetized lower solar atmosphere. Most of the energy generated at the photopshere can be carried out by the slow component of the magnetoacoustic waves while the remaining can be transmitted by the fast magnetoacoustic waves. Our observational results show the propagation of photospehere driven acoustic waves as collectively evident in Fe I and Ca II H fluxes, which convert into the magnetoacoustic waves when propagate/leak upwards. However, our observational base-line does not differentiate within the fast or slow waves. The granular buffeting may generate global 5 min acoustic drivers at the photopshere which can excite the magnetoacoustic waves as observed on L1, L3, L4 locations. It is also likely that the other higher-period (7.0 min) wave at location L2 may be generated locally at the Quiet-Sun photosphere and leaks onto higher heights (Kuridze et al. 2008; Srivastava et al. 2008a, b, and references cited there). The G-band and Ca II H images (cf. Fig. 2) show that the near photopsheric regions are compact brightened regions, while the area of the brightened region increases in the chromosphere. This means that the heating spread isotopically when the wave propagates upward in the chromosphere. This may well be the fact that the coupled fast and slow magnetoacoustic waves, having the vertical and horizontal velocity components, are generated and propagated in those particular quiet-sun regions where both magnetic field strength and heating are dominant. We, therefore, find that the observed magnetoacoustic oscillations are the coupled fast and slow magnetoacoustic waves, which leave their collective signatures in the form of radiance oscillations of chromospheric Ca II H as well as magnetic field sensitive photospheric Fe I emissions. We find that the observational signature of the magnetoaocustic waves in the lower solar atmosphere can be very significant for the localized chromospheric heating. There exists several reports about the photospheric acoustic waves and related significant powers (Jess et al. 2015; Fossum & Carlsson 2006; De Pontieu et al. 2004). However, it is still debated on where and how the acoustic waves are converted into the magnetoacoustic waves (Bogdan et al. 2003; Bogdan 2006; Fedun et al. 2009). Is it β = 1 region or something else? Fedun et al. (2009) have reported that the 5 min photospheric driver may generate the magnetoacoustic waves and can transfer the energy twice compared to the same in the non-magnetized regions. This indicates the importance of magnetoacoustic waves and their role in the localized chromospheric heating compared to the pure acoustic waves. Therefore, our finding provides an observational evidence of the presence of magnetic field sensitive flux as well as intensity oscillations in the brightened chromospheric locations, which in turn show the evidence of magnetoacoustic waves in the chromosphere. Fossum & Carlsson (2006) have described the presence of magnetoacoustic wave related powers at the chromospheric level. It is, therefore, concluded that the strongly magnetized regions in the photosphere and chromosphere are capable of converting and channelling the magnetoacoustic waves with enhanced power to the overlying solar atmosphere. 4. Conclusions In conclusion, we suggest that 5.0 7.0 min global acoustic oscillations are converted into magnetoacoustic one in the strongly magnetized quiet-sun fluxtubes in the lower solar atmosphere. Directly observed, these 5.0 7.0 min magnetoacoustic oscillations at photospheric and chromospheric heights above the strongly magnetized regions reveal the transfer of enhanced amount of energy to partially balance the localized energy losses. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the referees for their constructive suggestions. AKS and BND acknowledge the ISRO/RESPOND project for the support of this research work. AKS acknowledges the SERB-DST Young Scientist Project for the work, and also thanks R. Erdélyi, V. Fedun, B. Ravindra, R. Morton for their fruitful initial discussions on science case. References Bogdan, T. J. et al. 2003, Astrophys. J., 599, 626. Bogdan, T. J. 2006, Astrophys. J., 643, 532. Chae, J. et al. 2007, Pac. Astron. Soc. Jpn., 59, 619. Cirtain, J. W. et al. 2007, Science, 318, 1580. Fossum, A., Carlsson, M. 2006, Astrophys. J., 646, 579. De Moortel, I., Ireland, J., Hood, A.W., Walsh, R.W. 2002, Astron. Astrophys., 387, L13. De Pontieu, B., Erdélyi, R., de Wijn, A. G. 2003, Astrophys. J., 595, L63. De Pontieu, B., Tarbell, T., Erdélyi, R. 2003, Astrophys. J., 590, 502. De Pontieu, B., Erdélyi, R., James, S. P. 2004, Nature, 430, 536. De Pontieu, B., et al. 2007, Science, 318, 1574.

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