This correlation table/matrix is a tool to show alignment with New Mexico s Content Standards, Benchmarks and and the proposed instructional material considered for adoption. The purpose is to demonstrate how your material can contribute to student achievement as measured against these Content Standards. Please submit this alignment analyses for each title you are submitting to the Instructional Material Bureau via e-mail to Marjorie Gillespie at mgillespie@ped.state.nm.us. Please do NOT send paper copies of this document. Title: Prentice Hall Earth Science 2006 (Tarbuck) ISBN: 0-13-125852-4 (SE) Geology Strand I: Scientific Thinking and Practice Standard I: Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and validating to think critically. Benchmark Use accepted scientific methods to collect, analyze, and interpret data and observations and to design and conduct scientific investigations and communicate results. 1. Describe the essential components of an investigation, including appropriate methodologies, proper equipment, and safety precautions. 23-24 Lab Checkup Analyzing Element of a Scientific Method 1 and 2 1
2. Design and conduct scientific investigations that include: testable hypotheses controls and variables methods to collect, analyze, and interpret data results that address hypotheses being investigated predictions based on results re-evaluation of hypotheses and additional experimentation as necessary error analysis. 23-24 Investigation 5 Some Factors That Affect Soil Erosion, 8B Designing and Building a Simple Seismograph, A Evaluating Precision, Performing an Experiment, Identifying Errors 2
3. Use appropriate technologies to collect, analyze, and communicate scientific data (e.g., computers, calculators, balances, microscopes). 23-24 Investigations: A Evaluating Precision, 17B Investigating Factors That Control Temperature, 19 Analyzing Pressure Systems, 22 Measuring the Angle of the Sun at Noon 3
4. Convey results of investigations using scientific concepts, methodologies, and expressions, including: scientific language and symbols diagrams, charts, and other data displays mathematical expressions and processes (e.g., mean, median, slope, proportionality) clear, logical, and concise communication reasoned argum 23-24 Investigations; 6A Rivers Shape the Land, 7 Continental Glaciers Chang e Earth s topography, 9 Modeling a Plate Boundary, 12 Modeling Radioactive decay, 13 Earth s History 4
5. Understand how scientific theories are used to explain and predict natural phenomena (e.g., plate tectonics, ocean currents, structure of atom). 35-39, 248-257, 448-454 7 2 Models of the Atom, 202 Surface Ocean Currents, 95 Reconstruction of Pangaea Investigations; 9 Modeling a Plate Boundary, 16 Shoreline Features Understand that scientific processes produce scientific knowledge that is continually evaluated, validated, revised, or rejected. 1. Understand how scientific processes produce valid, reliable results, including: consistency of explanations with data and observations openness to peer review full disclosure and examination of assumptions testability of hypotheses repeatability of experiments and reproducibility of results. 23-24 150-151, 356-357 Skills Check up 4, Explorations Lab; 5 Effect of Temperature of Chemical Weathering, 12 Fossil Occurrence and the Age of Rocks 5
2. Use scientific reasoning and valid logic to recognize: faulty logic cause and effect the difference between observation and unsubstantiated inferences and conclusions potential bias. 23-24, 615-616 118-119 Investigation 22 Measuring the Angle of the Sun at Noon, Exploration Lab 4 Finding the Product That Best Conserves Resources 3. Understand how new data and observations can result in new scientific knowledge. 6, 23-24 6
4. Critically analyze an accepted explanation by reviewing current scientific knowledge. 5. Examine investigations of current interest in science (e.g., superconductivity, molecular machines, age of the universe). 6, 248-257, 615-616, 715-721 95 Reconstruction of Pangaea, 96 Best Fit of South America and Africa, 97 Fossils of Mesosaurus as Evidence of Pangaea 701-714, 715-721 Investigations; 22 Measuring the Angle of Sun at Noon, 23 Exploring Orbits, 24 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun, Exploration Lab; 9 Paleomagnetism and the Ocean Floor Investigations; 22 Measuring the Angle of Sun at Noon, 23 Exploring Orbits, 24 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun 7
6. Examine the scientific processes and logic used in investigations of past events (e.g., using data from crime scenes, fossils), investigations that can be planned in advance but are only done once (e.g., expensive or time-consuming experiments such as medical clinical trials), and investigations of phenomena that can be repeated easily and frequently. 336-342, 343-346, 347-350, 352-355 154 Overlapping Ranges of Fossils, 150 Cross-cutting Relationships, 152 Crosssection Through the Grand Canyon Investigations; 11 Interpreting a Geologic Map, 13 Determining Geologic Ages 8
Use mathematical concepts, principles, and expressions to analyze data, develop models, understand patterns and relationships, evaluate findings, and draw conclusions. 1. Create multiple displays of data to analyze and explain the relationships in scientific investigations. 23-24 Investigations; 17B Investigation factors That Control Temperature, 20A Analyzing Severe Weather Data, 20B Interpreting Weather Diagrams, 22 Measuring the Angle of the Sun at Noon 9
2. Use mathematical models to describe, explain, and predict natural phenomena. 23-24 Investigations; 1B Using a Topographic Map to Create a Landform, 4B Desalinization by Distillation, 7 Continental Glaciers Change Earth s Topography 3. Use technologies to quantify relationships in scientific hypotheses (e.g., calculators, computer spreadsheets and databases, graphing software, simulations, modeling). 23-24 Investigations; 8A Modeling Liquefaction, 8B Designing and building a Simple Seismograph, 12 Modeling Radioactive Decay 10
4. Identify and apply measurement techniques and consider possible effects of measurement errors. 23-24 Investigations; 1a The International System of Units, 1B Using a Topographic Map to Create a Landform, 2 Crystal Systems, 5 Some Factors That Affect So8il Erosion, 11 Interpreting a Geologic Map 5. Use mathematics to express and establish scientific relationships (e.g., scientific notation, vectors, dimensional analysis). 23-24 Investigations; 6A Modeling Liquefaction, 18 Recipe for a Cloud, 24 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun 11
Strand II: Content of Science Standard I (Physical Science): Understand the structure and properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy. Benchmark Understand the properties, underlying structure, and reactions of matter. Properties of Matter 1. Classify matter in a variety of ways (e.g., element, compound, mixture; solid, liquid, gas; acidic, basic, neutral). 22, 96, 129-130, 504-506 Transparency 243 Changes of State 150-151 Investigation 6b Modeling Cave Formation 12
2. Identify, measure, and use a variety of physical and chemical properties (e.g., electrical conductivity, density, viscosity, chemical reactivity, ph, melting point). 53, 129-130, 281, 425, 440-441, 483-484 218 Atmospheric Pressure Variation With Altitude, 219 Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere Investigation 21 Modeling the Greenhouse Effect 13
Understand the transformation and transmission of energy and how energy and matter interact. Structure of Matter 3. Understand that matter is made of atoms and that atoms are made of subatomic particles. Energy Transformation and Transfer 1. Identify different forms of energy, including kinetic, gravitational (potential), chemical, thermal, nuclear, and electromagnetic. 34-43 Transparency 7 Two Models of the Atom 103-107, 410-411, 483-485 Transparency 2277 Electromagnetic Spectrum 2. Explain how thermal energy (heat) consists of the random motion and vibrations of atoms and molecules and is measured by temperature. 483 TE: 484 14
3. Understand that energy can change from one form to another (e.g., changes in kinetic and potential energy in a gravitational field, heats of reaction, hydroelectric dams) and know that energy is conserved in these changes. 4. Understand how heat can be transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation, and how heat conduction differs in conductors and insulators. 103-107, 115, 118-119 TE: 105, 106 Transparency 23 US Capita Use of Mineral Energy Resources 483-485 TE: 484 Transparency 226 3 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer 15
5. Explain how heat flows in terms of the transfer of vibrational motion of atoms and molecules from hotter to colder regions. 483-485 TE: 484 Transparency 226 3 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer 6. Understand that the ability of energy to do something useful (work) tends to decrease (and never increases) as energy is converted from one form to another. Interactions of Energy and Matter 7. Understand that electromagnetic waves carry energy that can be transferred when they interact with matter. 115 484-485, 674-675, 681-682 Transparency 227 Electromagnetic Spectrum Investigation 21 Modeling the Greenhouse Effect 16
Understand the motion of objects and waves, and the forces that cause them. 8. Explain how wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can be used to identify atoms, molecules, and the composition of stars. Motion 1. Describe relative motion using frames of reference. 2. Describe wave propagation using amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed. 674-677 Transparency 227 Electromagnetic Spectrum 312 455-457, 484-485 TE: 455 Transparency 20 Idealized Ocean Wave 17
3. Explain how the interactions of waves can result in interference, reflection, and refraction. 672, 678-680 TE: 679 207 Wave Refraction, 230 Reflection and Scattering, 228 Distribution of Incoming Solar Radiation 18
4. Describe how waves are used for practical purposes (e.g., seismic data, acoustic effects, Doppler effect). 222-225, 677, 718 TE: 223 TE: Transparencies 351 The Doppler Effect, 352 Measurement of Doppler Shifts Investigation 8 B Designing and building a Simple Seismograph 19
Strand II: Content of Science Standard III (Earth and Space Science): Understand the structure of Earth, the solar system, and the universe, the interconnections among them, and the processes and interactions of Earth s systems. Benchmark Examine the scientific theories of the origin, structure, contents, and evolution of the solar system and the universe, and their interconnections. Understand the scale and contents of the universe, including: range of structures from atoms through astronomical objects to the universe objects in the universe such as planets, stars, galaxies, and nebulae. 6, 715-721 TE: 701, 703, 718 367 Partial structure of the Milky Way Galaxy, 368 Raisin Bread Analogy, 369 Light Period and Absolute Magnitude 666, 699, 723 LM; Investigations; 23 Exploring Orbits, 24 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun, 25 Modeling the Rotation of Neutron Stars 20
Examine the scientific theories of the origin, structure, energy, and evolution of Earth and its atmosphere, and their interconnections. Characteristics and Evolution of Earth 1. Describe the characteristics and the evolution of Earth in terms of the geosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere. SE/TE3-5, 6, 7-9, 365-367, 372-373 TE: 8 1 Formation of the Solar System, 5 Formation of Stars and Galaxies, 2 Earth s Layered Structure 21
2. Recognize that radiometric data indicate that Earth is at least 4 billion years old and that Earth has changed during that period. 347-350, 352 155 Common Types of Radioactive Decay, 156 Decay of U-238, 157 Radioactive Decay Curve, 158 Production and Decay of Carbon-14 Investigation 12 Modeling Radioactive Decay 22
3. Describe the internal structure of Earth (e.g., core, mantle, crust) and the structure of Earth s plates. 9-10, 233-237, 254-257 TE: 234, 256 92 Earth s Layered Structure, 100 World Map of Plate Boundaries Investigation 9 Modeling a Plate Boundary 23
4. Understand the changes in Earth s past and the investigative methods used to determine geologic time, including: rock sequences, relative dating, fossil correlation, and radiometric dating geologic time scales, historic changes in life forms, and the evidence for absolute ages (e.g., radiometric methods, tree rings, paleomagnetism). 33-342, 343-346, 347-350, 352-355 150 Crosscutting Relationships, 151 Nonconformity 154 Overlapping Ranges of Fossils Investigations; 12 Modeling Radioactive decay, 13 Determining Geologic Ages 24
5. Explain plate tectonic theory and understand the evidence that supports it. 254, 265-268 TE: 266 110 Apparent Polar Wandering Paths, 111 Illus. of Paleomagnetism, 112, Time Scale of Earth s Magnetic Field, 114 Magnetic Reversals Record Sea- Floor Spreading 272-273 Investigation 9 Modeling a Plate Boundary 25
Energy in Earth s System 6. Know that Earth s systems are driven by internal (i.e., radioactive decay and gravitational energy) and external (i.e., the sun) sources of energy. 9-10, 19-20, 269-270, 644 117 Directions and Rates of Plate Motion, 118 Models of the Driving Force for Plate Tectonics 26
7. Describe convection as the mechanism for moving heat energy from deep within Earth to the surface and discuss how this process results in plate tectonics, including: geological manifestations (e.g., earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building) that occur at plate boundaries impact of plate motions on societies and the environment (e.g., earthquakes, volcanoes). 258-264, 269-270293-295 117 Directions and Rates of Plate Motion, 118 Models of the Driving Force for Plate Tectonics, 129 Location of Major Volcanoes, 130 Three Zones of Volcanism 300-301 Investigation 9 Modeling a Plate Boundary 27
8. Describe the patterns and relationships in the circulation of air and water driven by the sun s radiant energy, including: patterns in weather systems related to the transfer of energy differences between climate and weather global climate, global warming, and the greenhouse effect El Niño, La Niña, and other climatic trends. 476-482, 483-487, 488-493504-509, 510-516, 517-522, 532-536, 537-542, 543-548, 558-563, 564-570, 571-577, 588-591, 592-599, 600-603 219 Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere, 377 Relative Humidity, 251 Four Processes the Lift Air, 269 Upper Air Winds, 283 Tracking El Nino From Space Investigations; 17A Determining How Temperature Changes with Altitude, 17B Investigating Factors That Control Temperature, 18 Recipe for a Cloud, 19 Analyzing Pressure Systems, 20A Analyzing Severe weather Data, 20 B Interpreting Weather Diagrams 28
(Continued) 8. Describe the patterns and relationships in the circulation of air and water driven by the sun s radiant energy, including: patterns in weather systems related to the transfer of energy differences between climate and weather global climate, global warming, and the greenhouse effect El Niño, La Niña, and other climatic trends. (Continued) 20 C Creating a Weather Station, 21 Modeling the Greenhouse Effect 29
Geochemical Cycles 5. Know that Earth s system contains a fixed amount of natural resources that cycle among land, water, the atmosphere, and living things (e.g., carbon and nitrogen cycles, rock cycle, water cycle, ground water, aquifers). 94-101, 102-107, 108-112, 113-116, 158-163 23 US per Capita Use of Mineral and energy Resources, 36 Distribution of Earth s Water, 37 Earth s Water Balance, 22 The Carbon Cycle Investigations; 4A Recovering Oil, 4B Desalinization by Distillation 30
6. Describe the composition and structure of Earth s materials, including: the major rock types (i.e., sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic) and their formation natural resources (e.g., minerals, petroleum) and their formation. Explain how layers of the atmosphere (e.g., ozone, ionosphere) change naturally and artificially. 44-49, 66-69, 70-74, 75-79, 80-8494-101, 102-107, 108-112, 113-116, 600-603 23 US per Capita Use of Mineral and energy Resources, 14 Rock Cycle, 17 Classification of Igneous Rocks, 18 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks, 21 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks 606-607 Investigations; 4A Recovering Oil, 4B Desalinization by Distillation, 3 Classifying Rocks Using a Key 31
11. Explain how the availability of ground water through aquifers can fluctuate based on multiple factors (i.e., rate of use, rate of replenishment, surface changes, and changes in temperature). 158-163, 164-170, 171-179 TE: 159, 160, 166, 167, 172 157, 181 Investigations; 6A Rivers That Shape the Land, 6B Modeling Cavern Formation 32
Strand III: Science and Society Standard I: Understand how scientific discoveries, inventions, practices, and knowledge influence, and are influenced by, individuals and societies. Benchmark Examine and analyze how scientific discoveries and their applications affect the world, and explain how societies influence scientific investigations and applications. Science and Technology 1. Know how science enables technology but also constrains it, and recognize the difference between real technology and science fiction (e.g., rockets vs. antigravity machines; nuclear reactors vs. perpetual-motion machines; medical X-rays vs. Star-Trek tricorders). 16-17, 406, 549, 587, 699, 722 217 33
2. Understand how advances in technology enable further advances in science (e.g., microscopes and cellular structure; telescopes and understanding of the universe). 16-17, 677, 678-683 TE: 676, 679 351 The Doppler Effect, 352 Measurement of Doppler Shifts, 353 Simple Refracting Telescope, 354 Viewing Methods, 355 Light Gathering Ability of Two Lenses 692-693 Investigation 24 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun 34
3. Evaluate the influences of technology on society (e.g., communications, petroleum, transportation, nuclear energy, computers, medicine, genetic engineering) including both desired and undesired effects, and including some historical examples (e.g., the wheel, the plow, the printing press, the lightning rod). 4. Understand the scientific foundations of common technologies (e.g., kitchen appliances, radio, television, aircraft, rockets, computers, medical X- rays, selective breeding, fertilizers and pesticides, agricultural equipment). 5. Understand that applications of genetics can meet human needs and can create new problems (e.g., agriculture, medicine, cloning). 6. Analyze the impact of digital technologies on the availability, creation, and dissemination of information. 16-17, 94-101, 102-107 TE: 105 16-17, 677 351 The Doppler Effect, 352 Measurement of Doppler Shifts 16-17, 677 Investigations; 4A Recovering Oil, 4 Desalinization by Distillation 35
7. Describe how human activities have affected ozone in the upper atmosphere and how it affects health and the environment. 21-22, 110-111, 495 25 8. Describe uses of radioactivity (e.g., nuclear power, nuclear medicine, radiometric dating). 103-104, 347-350 TE: 350 155 Common Types of Radioactive Decay, 156 Decay of U- 238, 157 Radioactive Decay Curve, 158 Production and Decay of Carbon-14 Investigation 12 Modeling Radioactive Decay 36
Science and Society 9. Describe how scientific knowledge helps decision makers with local, national, and global challenges (e.g., Waste Isolation Pilot Project [WIPP], mining, drought, population growth, alternative energy, climate change). 102-107, 113-116, 117, 600-603 US per Capita Use of Mineral and Energy Resources, 312 Energy Consumption in the US, 313 Carbon dioxide Concentration, 314 Global Temperature Variations 118-119, 606-607 Investigations; 4A Recovering Oil, 4B Desalinization by Distillation, Application Lab; 4 Finding the Product that Best Conserves Resources 37
10. Describe major historical changes in scientific perspectives (e.g., atomic theory, germs, cosmology, relativity, plate tectonics, evolution) and the experimental observations that triggered them. 248-257, 614-621, 699, 715-721 TE: 701, 703 100-101 World maps Plate Boundaries, 316 Eratosthene s Experiment, 316 Ptolemy s Model, 320 Kepler s Law, 367 Partial Structure of the Milky Way Galaxy Investigations; 9 Modeling a Plate Boundary, 23 Exploring Orbits, 24 Measuring the Diameter of the Sun, 25 Modeling the Rotation of Neutron Stars 38
11. Know that societal factors can promote or constrain scientific discovery (e.g., government funding, laws and regulations about human cloning and genetically modified organisms, gender and ethnic bias, AIDS research, alternative-energy research). 102-107 US per Capita Use of Mineral and Energy Resources, 312 Energy Consumption in the US, LM; Investigation 4B Desalinization by Distillation 39
12. Explain how societies can change ecosystems and how these changes can be reversible or irreversible. 108-116, 600-603, 606-607 313 Carbon dioxide Concentrations, 314 Global Temperature Variations Investigations; 4A Recovering Oil, 4B Desalinization by Distillation, 21 Modeling The Greenhouse Effect, Exploration Lab; 21 Human Impact of Weather and Climate 13. Describe how environmental, economic, and political interests impact resource management and use in New Mexico. 103-104 Investigation 12 Modeling Radioactive Decay 40
14. Describe New Mexico s role in nuclear science (e.g., Manhattan Project, WIPP, national laboratories). 103-104 Investigation 12 Modeling Radioactive Decay Science and Individuals 15. Identify how science has produced knowledge that is relevant to individual health and material prosperity. 16. Understand that reasonable people may disagree about some issues that are of interest to both science and religion (e.g., the origin of life on Earth, the cause of the Big Bang, the future of Earth). 17. Identify important questions that science cannot answer (e.g., questions that are beyond today s science, decisions that science can only help to make, questions that are inherently outside of the realm of science). 180, 325, 333, 523, 549 4, 614-616, 617-621, 722 4, 25, 338, 351, 385, 406 118, 692 41
18. Understand that scientists have characteristics in common with other individuals (e.g., employment and career needs, curiosity, desire to perform public service, greed, preconceptions and biases, temptation to be unethical, core values including honesty and openness). 19. Know that science plays a role in many different kinds of careers and activities (e.g., public service, volunteers, public office holders, researchers, teachers, doctors, nurses, technicians, farmers, ranchers). 248-253, 614-616, 617-621 25, 56, 117, 271, 338, 385, 406, 549, 722 42