Pacific Journal of Mathematics

Pacific Journal of Mathematics HOMEOMORPHISM GROUPS OF DENDRONS BEVERLY L. BRECHNER Vol. 28, No. 2 April 1969

PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS Vol. 28, No. 2, 1969 HOMEOMORPHISM GROUPS OF DENDRONS BEVERLY L. BRECHNER Professor J. Dugundji has asked the following question. Is the space of homeomorphisms of a contractible, locally contractible, space necessarily locally contractible? In this paper we answer the question in the negative by showing that the spaces of homeomorphisms of certain dendrons are not locally contractible. Specifically, we will show that any "special" dendron (see Definition 2.3) has a zero dimensional, non-discrete, group of homeomorphisms. Conventions and notation. If X is a metric continuum, G(X) will denote the group of all homeomorphisms of X, with the following metric topology: d(g, h) = lub {d(g(x), h(x))}. xex The double arrow in f:a-»b means onto. By a dendron is meant a locally connected metric continuum containing no simple closed curves. See [3] and [41 for further discussion of dendrons. 2* Homeomorphisms between similar dendrons* DEFINITION 2.1. A set B is an order basis for a dendron D if and only if every point x of D has arbitrarily small neighborhoods U x, with boundaries in B, such that the number of points on Bd U x is less than or equal to the order of x [3, p. 277], DEFINITION 2.2. Let D be a dendron, B an order basis for D. Let c y/^\ W u, W n be a cover of D of mesh < ε with the following properties for each i: (1) Wi is a continuum which is the closure of an open set, (2) Bd Wi is a finite subset of B, and ( 3 ) Wi Π W s = Bd WiΓΊ Bd Wi for each j Φ i. Then W~ is called a regular ε-cover with respect to B. DEFINITION 2.3. Let S be a nonempty set, finite or infinite, of positive integers greater than or equal to three. Let 3f s be the class of all dendrons with a dense set of cut points of order n, for each ne S, and no cut points of order k ^ 3, if k g S. An element of & s for any such S is called a special dendron. Two special dendrons D % and D 2 are called similar if and only if there exists a class & s to 295

296 BEVERLY L. BRECHNER which they both belong. LEMMA 2.1. Let D be a dendron and let B be an order basis: for D containing all the cut points of order greater than or equal to three. Then for each ε > 0, there exists a regular e-cover with respect to B. Proof. See Lemma 4.1 of [2]. LEMMA 2.2. Let X and Y be dendrons and let e<» 0. Let {^}Γ=i and { ^1)7=1 be sequences of closed covers of X and Y respectively such that (1) ^i is a regular e^cover of X, (2) JΊ is a regular e r cover of Y, (3) ^ί+i is a refinement of ^ 5^+1 is a refinement of 5^, (4) ^ and ψ\ have the same number of elements, ( 5 ) The elements of ^ and ^ can be so named that U iά Π U ik Φφ if and only if V ij Π V i]c Φ φ, ( 6 ) U i+hj S U ith if and only if V i+lti S V i)k. Then X and Y are homeomorphic. Proof. Let xex. Then there exists a tower of sets {U itίχ }T=% such that x = f Γ=i U ifjχ. Let h(x) = Γϊΐ=i V i>jχ. It may be shown, by a standard argument, that h(x) is well-defined, and is a homeomorphism of X onto Y. (See, for example, Theorem 11 of [1].) LEMMA 2.3. Let D be a dendron and let ^: U ly U 2,, U n be a regular e-cover. Let P be the set of points of intersection of the various elements of the cover; that is, pe P if and only if there exist i, j such that Ui Π Uj = p. Then the elements of P can be so named that D {p^ has exactly one component which meets P {pj, if this set is not empty. Proof. Let p[ be any element of P. If there exist at least two components of D {p[} which contain elements of P {p[}, let V x be one of these components, and consider the points of P in V t. Let p' 2 be any such point of P. Now consider D {p' 2 }. One component of this set contains p[. If no other components contain points of P, then let p[ = p u and we are through. If there are other components containing points of P, let V 2 be such a component. We note that p[ V 2. Let p' ό be any element of P in V 2. Consider D {p' 3 }. We note that p[ and p 2 are in the same component of this set, since p 2 separates p[ from p 3. If this is the only component containing points of P, let Ps = p u and we are through. If there are other components containing points of P, we continue the above process. This process

HOMEOMORPHISM GROUPS OF DENDRONS 297 can be continued only a finite number of times, since P is finite. Therefore, at the last stage we have the required p x. LEMMA 2.4. Let X and Y be similar dendrons, and let ε > 0. Let A and B be order bases for X and Y respectively, each containing all the cut points of order greater than or equal to three. Then X and Y admit regular ε-covers %S and $^~ with respect to A and B respectively, such that: (1) ^ and ^ have the same number of elements, and ( 2 ) the elements of <2S and 5^ can be so named that U { f] U' ά Φ φ if and only if Vi Π V 5 Φ φ. Proof. Let ^": U[, Ui,, U' r be a regular ε-cover of X with respect to A. We may assume, without loss of generality, that the interiors of the elements of *%f' are connected. Let y 0 be an endpoint of Y, and let W 1 be a connected neighborhood of y Q, of diameter less than ε. Let y 1 be a point of order two in W λ. Then y 1 is a point of order two in Y, and one of the two components of Y {y^ is of diameter less than ε. Call this component W 2. Let W 2 be the other. We will put a copy of ^" in W 2 and a copy of a refinement of Wl in an appropriate element of Ήf* to obtain the isomorphic covers %f and ^ of the theorem. We do this in the following way. Let P be the set of points of X which are points of intersection of the elements of ^" that is, p e P if and only if there exists U- and U' ά such that U Π U' 3 = p. By Lemma 2.3, there exists p λ e P such that X {Pi} contains exactly one component meeting P ~ {p^. Let k λ be the order of p l9 Let q t be a point of W 2 of order k t. There are (n x 1) components of X {p^} which do not contain elements of P {p^}. Let φ 1 assign the closures of these in any one-to-one manner to the closures of the (n λ 1) components of W 2 {gj which do not contain y lm Let O ι and O[ be the remaining components of X {p t } and W 2 {qj respectively, and let φ γ assign O 1 to O[. We next break up O[ to match O 1# O ι is a dendron containing p x as an endpoint, and O[ is a dendron containing q λ as an endpoint. O 1 already has inherited a regular ε-cover by elements of *%"'. By Lemma 2.3, there exists p 2 ep such that O ι {p 2 } has exactly one component which contains points of P {p x, p 2 }, if this set is not empty. Let k 2 be the order of p 2. Let q 2 be a point of O[ of order k 2. Exactly one component of O 1 {p 2 } contains p lm Let φ 2 assign this component to the component of O[ {q 2 } which contains q lm Let φ 2 map the closures of the other components arbitrarily in a one-toone manner to the closures of the components of O[ {q 2 } which do not contain q lm We will call the component of O ί {p 2 } which con-

298 BEVERLY L. BRECHNER tains pointy of P {p 19 p 2 ) by the name 0 2, and we will call φ 2 (O 2 ) by the name 0 2. We note that 0 2 has at most two boundary points in P. We next break up O 2. By Lemma 2.3, there exists p s e0 2 such that O 2 - {p 3 } has exactly one component which meets P {p l9 p 2, p 3 }, if this set is not empty. Let k 3 be the order of p 3. We choose a point q 3 in O 2 such that (1) the order of q 3 is k 3, and (2) q i separates q ό from q k if and only if p t separates p ό from p k, i, j, k = 1, 2, 3. In case p 4 does not separate p ά from p /c, ΐ, j, k = 1,2, 3, let A x be the unique arc from p 1 to p 2, and let A[ be the unique arc from p 3 to A x. Let ^ be the order of point A ι Π A[. In this case, we additionally require that g 3 have the corresponding property; that is, if B t is the arc from g x to q 2 and B[ is the arc from q 3 to i?! then the order of the point B λ Π B[ is also &'. Now O 2 {Ps} has exactly one component which meets P {Pu P2> Pz}> if this set is not empty. Look at the boundary points of this component, and let φ 3 take this component to the component of O 2 {q z } with the corresponding boundary points. Let φ 3 map the closures of the remaining components arbitrarily to the closures of the remaining components of O 2 {q 3 }, except that if one of the components of O 2 {p 3 } has p x (or p 2 ) as an additional boundary point, let φ 3 take the closure of this component to the closure of the component of O 2 {q 3 } with q γ (or q 2 ) as an additional boundary point. We continue this process inductively, choosing q n so that q n separates q { from q if (i,j < n), if and only if p n separates Pi from p j9 Further, we ask that if the component of X {p lf p 2, ",p n _j} which contains p n has p { (i < n) as a boundary point, then the component of W 2 - {q 19 q 2 r" Qn-ii which contains q n has q t as a boundary point. We also require that the order of q n equal the order of p n. In case p n does not separate any pair pφ ά, 1 ^ i, j g n 1, let A n be the union of the arcs joining the pairs of points p iy p i for 1 <= i, j <: n ~ 1. Let A r be the arc joining p n n to A n. Let the order of the point A n Π A! n be k' n. In this case we additionally require that q n have the corresponding property; that is, if B n is the union of the arcs joining q { and q j9 1 ^ i, j ^ n - 1, and if S; is the arc from q n to β %. Then (a) the order of the point B n Π B f is fc;, and (b) A n n and β; are isomorphic trees, the isomorphism determined by Pi-^qi. We define φ n from the set of closures of components of O n _ x {p n } to the set of closures of components of 0 n^ {q n } so that if φ n (O) = O f and p i is a boundary point of 0, then g^ is a boundary point of 0'. After a finite number of steps, we use the last p t in P. Let φ be the one-to-one function determined by φ l9 φ 2,... 9 φ kf where k is the number of points in P, and φ(u') = φj(u') for some i such that Z7' contains no points of P in the jth step of the above process, and where U'e^'.

HOMEOMORPHISM GROUPS OF DENDRONS 299 Let φ(uί) = V- in W 2, and call this cover of W 2 by the name 5^\ Let Vs be the element of 3^' which contains y x. Consider φ-\v' a ) = /,'. If?/ is an "end element" of <%", that is, the boundary of U' s contains exactly one point in P, let x x be any point of order two in UI, and let W" be the component of X {x λ } which does not contain the points of P. If Us is not an end element, let Q = {q t \ q t corresponds to Pi in P}, and let B the finite tree which is the union of arcs joining the points of Q on the boundary of V7, and let B r be the arc joining y t to B. Let y = B Π B' and let k be the order of y. Note that k ^ 3. Now let A be the finite tree which is the union of the arcs joining the points of P on the boundary of U' a. A is isomorphic to B. Choose a point xea, of order k, such that x separates p t from p 5 in A if and only if y separates q { from q d in B. Let x t be any point of order 2 of a component of A {x} whose only boundary point is x. Let Wz' be the component of X {x λ } which does not contain points of P. Now let g?' be a regular ε-cover of Wί. Let g 7 " be a copy of g 7 ' in TF 2 ", using the same procedure as above, and making sure in the first step that the component in Wϊ which contains y x corresponds to the component in W 2 " which contains x lm i?" is obtained in a finite number of steps. Let τ/r:g"-»if" be the one-to-one function obtained. The subdivisions ^ and 5^ of X and Y obtained in this manner are regular ε-covers of X and Y respectively, and are isomorphic; that is, there is a one-to-one function /: ^/ -» 3*~ such that Ϊ7 { Π U ό Φ φ if and only if /( /*) Πf(U s ) Φ φ. This completes the proof. THEOREM 2.1. Lei X and Y be two similar dendrons containing endpoints {a, b} and {c, d} respectively. Then there exists a homeomorphism h, h: X-» Y such that h(a) = c and h(b) = d. Proof. Let ε > 0. We show that there exist regular ε-covers ^ and y for X and Y respectively, and a one-to-one function φ from <2S onto y such that (1) Ui Π U ά Φ φ if and only if φ(u { ) f] φ(uj) Φ φ, and (2) φ takes the element of ^ containing "a" to the element of 3^ containing 4< c," and the element of <%s containing "b" to the element of p~ containing "d." Let x ± be a point of order two separating a from δ in X, and let A x and B x be the two components of X {xj. Let y t be a point of order two separating c from d in F, and let CΊ and Z^ be the two components of Γ {y x }. Let ^' be a regular ε-cover of X which is

300 BEVERLY L. BRECHNER the union of a regular ε-cover of A x and a regular ε-cover of 2? 1# Let y' be a regular ε-cover of Y such that y f is the union of a regular ε-cover of d and a regular ε-cover of D λ and such that there exists a one-to-one function φ: ^f f 3^"', constructed with care as in Lemma 2.4, so that: (1) φ takes each element containing x 1 to an element containing Vύ (2) φ takes each element which is a subset of A x to an element which is a subset of d, and each element which is a subset of B 1 to an element which is a subset of D u and ( 3 ) < > takes the element containing "a" to the element containing "c," and the element containing "6" to the element containing "d." Now let Si *0. For each ε< we construct isomorphic covers ^ and 5*ί with properties of ^ and 5^~ above, and such that (1) ^ is a refinement of ^^ and 5^* is a refinement of 5^_!, and (2) U i3 g Z/i-ijfc if and only if F^gF^jt. Clearly this may be done by using the care used in the construction of the isomorphic covers of Lemma 2.4, and applying this to each element of ^_i, when constructing ^. Then it follows from Lemma 2.2 that there is a homeomorphism h r h: X-» Y such that Λ,(a) = 6 and h(c) = d. 3. The main theorem* In this section we show that the space of homeomorphisms of a special dendron is zero dimensional and nowhere discrete. Thus it is not locally contractible. DEFINITION 3.1. A topological space is called contractible if and only if there exists a continuous function F: X x I >X such that (1) F(x, 0) = x, and ( 2 ) F(x, 1) is constant, for all xex. DEFINITION 3.2. X is called locally contractible if and only if for each x X and neighborhood U of x, there are a neighborhood V of x and a continuous function F: V x I + U such that (1) F(v, 0) = v, and (2) F(t;, 1) is constant, for some constant in U, all ve V. REMARK. A dendron is a locally connected continuum. Therefore a component V of any open set U is also open. Further, its closure is again a dendron. It is well-known that a dendron is contractible (See [3]), and thus it is also locally contractible. Then G(X) is no- THEOREM 3.1 Let X be a special dendron. where discrete.

HOMEOMORPHISM GROUPS OF DENDRONS 301 Proof. It is sufficient to show that the identity is not isolated. Let ε > 0. We show there exists an heg(x), hφe, such that d(h, e) < ε. Let α, b be two endpoints of X, and let U be a connected neighborhood of b of diameter less than ε. Let p ly p 2, p 3, p ά be points of U of order two such that p ι separates a from b, p 2 separates p 1 from b, p 2 separates p 2 from b, and p 4 separates p 3 from b. Thus the unique arc from a to b contains these points in the order α Vi Ί>2 Vz Pi b. Exactly one component of X {p 19 > 3 } contains p 2. Call the closure of this component A. Exactly one component of X {p u p 4 } contains p 2 (and p. d ). Call the closure of this component A'. Exactly one component of X {p 3 } contains p 4 (and 6). Call the closure of this component S. Exactly one component of X {p 4 } contains 6. Call the closure of this component B r. Let h be a homeomorphism of X onto itself which carries A onto A! so that h(p ί ) = p λ and h(p ) = p, and which carries B to d 4 Br so that h(p 3 ) = p± and h(b) = b. Let h be the identity on X - (A U B). By Theorem 2.1, such a homeomorphism exists. Since h moves only points of A U B, and A U Bξ^U, and diam Z7 < ε, we know that d(a, β) < ε. THEOREM 3.2. Lβί X be a special dendron. dimensional and is not locally contractible. Then G(X) is zero Proof. Since X is special, the cut points of order greater than two are dense in X. Thus it follows from Theorem 4.1 of [2] that G(X) is zero dimensional, and therefore no arcs exist in G(X). But if G(X) were locally contractible, there would exist a continuous function F: U x I > G(X) which is not constant on {g} x /, for some g e U, where U is some open set in G(X). But F\{g} x I is a nonconstant continuous function from an arc into G(X), and therefore must contain an arc. This is a contradiction. It follows that G(X) is not locally contractible. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. R. H. Bing, A homogeneous indecomposable plane continuum. Duke Math. J. 15, (1948), 729-742. 2. B. Brechner, On the dimensions of certain spaces of homeomorphisms. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 121 (1966), 516-48. 3. Karl Menger, Kurventheorie. Teubner, Leipzig and Berlin, 1932. 4. G. T. Whyburn, Analytic topology. AMS colloquium Publications, Vol. 28, Amer. Math. Society, Providence, R. I, 1942; reprint 1955. Received January 30, 1968, and in revised form June 3, 1968. UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA

PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS EDITORS H. ROYDEN J. DUGUNDJI Stanford University Department of Mathematics Stanford, California University of Southern California Los Angeles, California 90007 R. R PHELPS RICHARD ARENS University of Washington University of California Seattle, Washington 98105 Los Angeles, California 90024 ASSOCIATE EDITORS E. F. BECKENBACH B. H. NEUMANN F. WOLF K. YOSIDA SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA STANFORD UNIVERSITY CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UNIVERSITY OF UTAH MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY * * * OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY UNIVERSITY OF OREGON CHEVRON RESEARCH CORPORATION OSAKA UNIVERSITY TRW SYSTEMS UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA NAVAL WEAPONS CENTER The Supporting Institutions listed above contribute to the cost of publication of this Journal, but they are not owners or publishers and have no responsibility for its content or policies. Mathematical papers intended for publication in the Pacific Journal of Mathematics should be in typed form or offset-reproduced, double spaced with large margins. Underline Greek letters in red, German in green, and script in blue. The first paragraph or two must be capable of being used separately as a synopsis of the entire paper. It should not contain references to the bibliography. Manuscripts, in duplicate if possible, may be sent to any one of the four editors. Please classify according to the scheme of Math. Rev. 36, 1539-1546. All other communications to the editors should be addressed to the managing editor, Richard Arens, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90024. 50 reprints are provided free for each article; additional copies may be obtained at cost in multiples of 50. The Pacific Journal of Mathematics is published monthly. Effective with Volume 16 the price per volume (3 numbers) is $ 8.00; single issues, $ 3.00. Special price for current issues to individual faculty members of supporting institutions and to individual members of the American Mathematical Society: $4.00 per volume; single issues $1.50. Back numbers are available. Subscriptions, orders for back numbers, and changes of address should be sent to Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 103 Highland Boulevard, Berkeley, California, 94708. PUBLISHED BY PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS, A NON-PROFIT CORPORATION Printed at Kokusai Bunken Insatsusha (International Academic Printing Co., Ltd.), 7-17, Fujimi 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Pacific Journal of Mathematics Vol. 28, No. 2 April, 1969 Richard Arens and Donald George Babbitt, The geometry of relativistic n-particle interactions............................................ 243 Kirby Alan Baker, Hypotopological spaces and their embeddings in lattices with Birkhoff interval topology.................................... 275 J. Lennart (John) Berggren, Finite groups in which every element is conjugate to its inverse........................................... 289 Beverly L. Brechner, Homeomorphism groups of dendrons................ 295 Robert Ray Colby and Edgar Andrews Rutter, QF 3 rings with zero singular ideal.................................................... 303 Stephen Daniel Comer, Classes without the amalgamation property........ 309 Stephen D. Fisher, Bounded approximation by rational functions.......... 319 Robert Gaines, Continuous dependence for two-point boundary value problems........................................................ 327 Bernard Russel Gelbaum, Banach algebra bundles....................... 337 Moses Glasner and Richard Emanuel Katz, Function-theoretic degeneracy criteria for Riemannian manifolds................................. 351 Fletcher Gross, Fixed-point-free operator groups of order 8............... 357 Sav Roman Harasymiv, On approximation by dilations of distributions..... 363 Cheong Seng Hoo, Nilpotency class of a map and Stasheff s criterion...... 375 Richard Emanuel Katz, A note on extremal length and modulus............ 381 H. L. Krall and I. M. Sheffer, Difference equations for some orthogonal polynomials..................................................... 383 Yu-Lee Lee, On the construction of lower radical properties.............. 393 Robert Phillips, Liouville s theorem..................................... 397 Yum-Tong Siu, Analytic sheaf cohomology groups of dimension n of n-dimensional noncompact complex manifolds...................... 407 Michael Samuel Skaff, Vector valued Orlicz spaces. II.................... 413 James DeWitt Stein, Homomorphisms of B -algebras.................... 431 Mark Lawrence Teply, Torsionfree injective modules..................... 441 Richard R. Tucker, The δ 2 -process and related topics. II.................. 455 David William Walkup and Roger Jean-Baptiste Robert Wets, Lifting projections of convex polyhedra.................................... 465 Thomas Paul Whaley, Large sublattices of a lattice....................... 477