Introduction 固体化学导论 Introduction of Solid State Chemistry http://staff.ustc.edu.cn/~ychzhu/ 1976 年中科院要求各教研室讨论研究方向上海硅酸盐所 福州物质所 新晶体材料 陶瓷材料长春应化所稀土发光中科大无机化学 固体化学 Introduction of Solid State Chemistry Its former title : Structures and of Inorganic Materials Principles of Solid State Chemistry Textbooks and References 赵新华 固体无机化学基础及新材料的设计合成 苏勉曾 固体化学导论 ( 基础 ) 钱逸泰 结晶化学 林建华, 荆西平 无机材料化学 A. Wold Solid State Chemistry A. R. West Solid State Chemistry B. G. Hyde and Sten Andersson Inorganic Crystal Structures, 1989, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Weller, M.T. Inorganic Materials Chemistry, 1994, Oxford Univ. Press. A. F. Wells Structure Inorganic Chemistry, 1984, Clarendon Press. Oxford Mission of Solid State Chemistry Solid state chemistry is the science which studies the preparation, composition, structure and properties of solid state matters (including materials). The field of solid state chemistry is very wide. As an example, the paper scopes of J. Solid State Chem. involve chemistry of solid, structures, microstructures, properties and process of thermodynamics, electronics, magnetism, and optics, including theoretical and experimental studies. Modern Solid State Science and Technology Modern Solid State Science and Technology Solid State Chemistry 研究实际固体物质的化学反应 合成方法 晶体生长 化学组成和晶体结构 ; 研究固体中缺陷及其对物质的物理及化学性质的影响等 ; 探索固体物质作为材料实际应用的可能性 Solid State Physics 研究构成固体物质的原子 离子及电子的运动和相互作用, 提出各种模型和理论, 以阐明固体的结构和物性 Materials Engineering 解决如何将固体物质制成可以实际使用的结构和功能材料或器件 1
化学 物理 材料交叉的重要性 超导材料 : MgB 2 J.Am.Chem.Soc.,76,1434,(1954) Nature,410,63,(2001) La 2 CuO 4 Private Communication(1965), (La,Ba) 2 CuO 4 Z.Phys.B,76,189,(1986) 半导体材料 :GaN J.Phys.Chem.36,2501,(1932) RCA Rev.32,383,(1971) 蓝色发光二极管 巨磁阻材料 :LaMnO 3 Fiz.Tverd.Tela,14,3444(1972) (La,Ca)MnO 3 Appl.Phys.Lett,63,1990,(1993) 热电材料 : Bi 2 Te 3 Am.Mineral.,27,63,(1942) Can.Appl.,(1970) 非线性光学材料 :LiB 3 O 5 J.Am.Chem.Soc.,41,7,(1958) 吴以成 陈创天 J.Opt.Soc.Am.,B6,616,(1989)( 中国 ) -BaB 2 O 4 J.Res.Natl.Bur.Stand.,42,131,(1949) Sci.Sin.,B18,235,(1985)( 中国 ) Phases of Matter solid (well defined shape and volume) liquid (only well defined volume) gas (no defined shape or volume) plasma (an overall neutral collection of charged and neutral particles) Classification of Solids There are several forms solid state materials can adapt: Single Crystal Preferred for characterization of structure and properties. Polycrystalline Powder (Highly crystalline) Used for characterization when single crystal can not be easily obtained, preferred for industrial production and certain applications. Polycrystalline Powder (Large Surface Area) Desirable for further reactivity and certain applications such as catalysis and electrode materials Amorphous (Glass) No long range translational order Thin Film Widespread use in microelectronics, telecommunications, optical applications, coatings, etc. Overview of Materials Metals Ferrous steels and cast iron Nonferrous aluminum, titanium, nickel Ceramics Compounds of metallic (semimetallic) and nonmetallic Polymers Thermoplastic Composites Metals Thermosetting Elastomers Ceramics Polymers Composites Matrix and Second phase Mission of Chemistry Research Scopes of Inorganic Chemistry Synthesis Applications New materials Structures Coordination Chemistry its development accelerate bioinorganic chemistry and metal organic chemistry Bioinorganic Chemistry Molecular Polyhedron Chemistry such as boron alkyl polyhedron Metal-organic Chemistry Nano Cluster Chemistry Inorganic Solid State Chemistry 2
Annealing of a polycrystalline grain structure 2D simulation using Monte Carlo Potts model. 2D simulations involve 40,000 sites and takes a day to run on a fast workstation, 3D simulations involve 64 million sites, runs on 1000 processors of ASCI-Red. Solid State Chemistry Structure Synthesis Reaction Structure, Composition Analysis Structure Subatomic level Electronic structure of individual atoms that defines interaction among atoms (interatomic bonding). Atomic level Arrangement of atoms in materials (for the same atoms can have different properties, e.g. two forms of carbon: graphite and diamond) Product characterization, computation, experimental conditions, theoretical explanation Thermal G H Practical applications dynamics K Theoretical explanation Microscopic structure Arrangement of small grains of material that can be identified by microscopy. Macroscopic structure Structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye. are the way the material responds to the environment and external forces. Mechanical properties response to mechanical forces, strength, etc. Electrical and magnetic properties response electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc. Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat capacity. Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and scattering of light. Chemical stability in contact with the environment - corrosion resistance. Landmarks in the Synthesis of Inorganic Solid State Materials ZrO 2 (Y 2 O 3 ), 1900, oxide conductor InP,1910, III V semiconductor Bi 2 (MoO 4 ) 3, 1915, oxide catalyst -Al 2 O 3 (Mg,Ca)Na, 1916, solid state electrode BaTiO 3, 1926, ferroelectric materials ZrO 2 (CaO), 1929, O 2 sensor LiNbO 3, 1937, nonlinear optical materials BaFe 12 O 19, 1938, memory materials V 3 Si,1939, high temperature superconductor (Zn,Cd)S,1940, anode radical luminescence monitor LaNi 5, 1943, super magnetic field materials, hydrogen storage materials Amorphous Si, 1944, solar cells Landmarks in the Synthesis of Inorganic Solid State Materials Zeolite,1948, catalyst K 0.5 MoS 2, 1959, electrode materials Li x TiS 2, 1959, electrode materials SnMo 6 O 8, 1967, superconducting materials Y 2 O 2 S:Eu 2+, 1969, color TV PdSi, 1977, soft magnetic materials Li 3 N, 1979, ion conductors Nd 2 Fe 14 B, 1984, permanent magnetic materials Ba x La 5-x Cu 5 O 5(3-y), 1986, high temperature superconductor Multicomponent fluorides glass, 1986, intercontinental optical fibers communication C nanotubes, 1991, potential applications in many fields WS 2,1992, multilayer tubes Examples of High Technological Materials Ferrites: (Cd, Mg, Mn ) Fe 2 O 4 used in computer memories Lasers: ruby, YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet), Na 3 Nd(PO 4 ) 2 Thermistors: mixed oxides that can be used as detectors Light emitting diodes: (LED) GaAsP (numeric readout on calculators) Optical Fibers: for communication and data transmission Semiconductors: Si or Ge doped with P or B or compound semiconductors such as CuFeS 2 3
Examples of High Technological Materials Piezoelectric materials: as sound detectors or sensors in electronic balances (BaTiO 3 ) Nitride ceramics: Si 3 N 4 replaces metals in gas turbines and automobile engines Bioceramics: tetracalcium phosphate (Ca 4 P 2 O 9 ), apatite (Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH) Superconductors: yttrium barium copper oxide (YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x ) Composites: polymers + ceramics + metals or other matrices with reinforcing fillers Carbides: boron carbide (BC), silicon carbides (SiC) Course Organization 5 Lectures Fundamental Principles, Basic Concepts Solid State materials Contents 1. Introduction 2. Review of Crystallography 3. Characteristics of Solids 4. Functional Solid Materials 5. Solid State Synthesis (Single Crystal Growth) Review of Crystallography 1 Crystal Basics;2 Symmetry;3 Crystal Structure Analysis;4 Crystal Chemistry;5 Some Important Crystal Structures Characteristics of Solids 1Bonding;2 Electrons in Solids;3 Band Theory;4 Defects Functional Solid State Materials 1 Electrical ;2 Optical ;3 Mechanical properties Solid State Synthesis Methods 1. Solid State Reaction Processing; 2. Ceramics From Solid State Reactions; 3. Important Methods for Solid State Materials How to Teach and Learn? Mainly lectures, welcome you join in discussions Three ways to Knowledge: Books References Meetings, Reports, Seminar Reading references is very important, you can trace the latest research results and trends all over the world from the journals Arrange some reference reviewing This course involves a lot of chemical reactions, chemical routes, which should be gathered in the experimental processes and reference reviewing How to test? Previous Ways: simulative fund application, presentations, reports Writing Test: mainly on of fundamental principles, basic concepts Examination: make a review in both ppt format and doc format based on reading references of solid state materials chemistry and solid state synthesis 4
Why Test? ending and making a conclusion Research Cycle The aim of test is not for teaching and learning. It is training you of arrangement of research Our course does not aim to 2 credit hour for you. It is training you the research ability. In research, 1/3 of energy and time should be spent on ending and making a conclusion Make a conclusion and put forward new questions a process of study systematically and penetratively ANALYSIS DESIGN MEASUREMENT SYNTHESIS..in the field of observation, chance only favors the prepared mind (1822-1895) Louis Pasteur 高中阶段 妈妈 爸爸 爷爷 家教甲家教乙 学生 奶奶外公 外婆 强烈的主观能动性自学和独立思考能力勤于动手 观察 耐心细致勤于交流 善于求助 合作 法国微生物学家 化学家, 创立了发酵的生物学理论 交流 本科高年级和研一如何进入科研? 脚踏实地, 培养实验技能 借用与平行思考 大胆假设, 小心求证 广泛的兴趣, 多学科交叉 写工作日志 关于研究, 只有 10% 的知识是你能从书本和课程中获得的, 还有大约 20% 则来自于向有经验者的学习, 剩下的 70% 都来自于 on job training( 实践中学习 ) 5