( ), such motions are possible, and in particular PES is valid.

Int. Jnl. of Multiphysics Volume 6 Number 4 4 A semi-circle theorem in couple-stress fluid in the presence of rotation Ajaib S. Banyal* Department of Mathematics Govt. College Nadaun Hamirpur (HP) INDIA 77. ABSTRACT The thermal instability of a couple-stress fluid acted upon by uniform vertical rotation and heated from below is investigated. Following the linearized stability theory and normal mode analysis the paper through mathematical analysis of the governing equations of couple-stress fluid convection with a uniform vertical rotation for the case of rigid boundaries shows that the complex growth rate σ of oscillatory perturbations neutral or unstable for all wave numbers must lie inside a semi-circle σ 8 A = T ( π F ) in the right half of a complex σ-plane where T A is the Taylor number and F is the couple-stress parameter which prescribes the upper limits to the complex growth rate of arbitrary oscillatory motions of growing amplitude in a rotatory couple-stress fluid heated from below. Further It is established that the existence of oscillatory motions of growing amplitude in the present configuration depends crucially upon the magnitude of the nondimensional number in the sense so long as no TA 8 ( T A P ) π 8 F π F ( ) such motions are possible and in particular PES is valid. Keywords: Thermal convection; Couple-Stress Fluid; Rotation; Complex growth rate; Taylor number. MSC No.: 76A5 76E6 76E5; 76E7.. INTRODUCTION The thermal instability of a fluid layer with maintained adverse temperature gradient by heating the underside plays an important role in Geophysics interiors of the Earth Oceanography and Atmospheric Physics etc. A detailed account of the theoretical and experimental study of the onset of Bénard Convection in Newtonian fluids under varying assumptions of hydrodynamics and hydromagnetics has been given by Chandrasekhar []. The use of Boussinesq approximation has been made throughout which states that the density changes are disregarded in all other terms in the equation of motion except the external force term. Sharma et al. [] has considered the effect of suspended particles on the onset of Bénard convection in hydromagnetics. The fluid has been considered to be Newtonian in all above studies. Scanlon and Segel [4] have considered the effect of *Corresponding author. E-mail: ajaibbanyal@rediffmail.com Fax No.: 97688

44 A semi-circle theorem in couple-stress fluid in the presence of rotation suspended particles on the onset of Bénard convection and found that the critical Rayleigh number was reduced solely because the heat capacity of the pure fluid was supplemented by that of the particles. With the growing importance of non-newtonian fluids in modern technology and industries the investigations on such fluids are desirable. Stokes [5] proposed and postulated the theory of couple-stress fluid. One of the applications of couple-stress fluid is its use to the study of the mechanism of lubrication of synovial joints which has become the object of scientific research. A human joint is a dynamically loaded bearing which has articular cartilage as the bearing and synovial fluid as lubricant. When fluid film is generated squeeze film action is capable of providing considerable protection to the cartilage surface. The shoulder knee hip and ankle joints are the loaded-bearing synovial joints of human body and these joints have low-friction coefficient and negligible wear. Normal synovial fluid is clear or yellowish and is a viscous non-newtonian fluid. According to the theory of Stokes [5] couple-stresses are found to appear in noticeable magnitude in fluids very large molecules. Since the long chain hylauronic acid molecules are found as additives in synovial fluid. Walicki and Walicka [6] modeled synovial fluid as couple-stress fluid in human joints. Sharma and Thakur [7] have studied the thermal convection in couple-stress fluid in porous medium in hydromagnetics. Sharma and Sharma [8] have studied the couple-stress fluid heated from below in porous medium. The use of magnetic field is being made for the clinical purposes in detection and cure of certain diseases with the help of magnetic field devices. Sharma et al. [9] have studied the effect of suspended particles on couple-stress fluid heated from below and found that suspended particles have stabilizing effect on the system. Sharma and Sharma [] have studied the effect of suspended particles on couple-stress fluid heated from below in the presence of rotation and magnetic field and found that rotation has a stabilizing effect while dust particles have a destabilizing effect on the system. Sunil et al. [] have studied the effect of suspended particles on couple-stress fluid heated and soluted from below in porous medium and found that suspended particles have stabilizing effect on the system. Thermosolutal convection in a couple-stress fluid in the presence of magnetic field and rotation separately has been investigated by Kumar and Singh [ & ]. Kumar and Kumar [4] have studied the combined effect of dust particles magnetic field and rotation on couple-stress fluid heated from below and for the case of stationary convection found that dust particles have destabilizing effect on the system where as the rotation is found to have stabilizing effect on the system however couplestress and magnetic field are found to have both stabilizing and destabilizing effects under certain conditions. Sunil et al. [5] have studied the global stability for thermal convection in a couple-stress fluid heated from below and found couple-stress fluids are thermally more stable than the ordinary viscous fluids. Pellow and Southwell [6] proved the validity of PES for for the classical Rayleigh- Bénard convection problem. Banerjee et al. [7] gave a new scheme for combining the governing equations of thermohaline convection which is shown to lead to the bounds for the complex growth rate of the arbitrary oscillatory perturbations neutral or unstable for all combinations of dynamically rigid or free boundaries and Banerjee and Banerjee [8] established a criterion on characterization of non-oscillatory motions in hydrodynamics which was further extended by Gupta et al. [9]. However no such result existed for non- Newtonian fluid configurations in general and for couple-stress fluid configurations in particular. Banyal [] have characterized the non-oscillatory motions in couple-stress fluid in the presence of suspended particles.

Int. Jnl. of Multiphysics Volume 6 Number 4 45 Keeping in mind the importance of non-newtonian fluids the present paper is an attempt to prescribe the upper limits to the complex growth rate of arbitrary oscillatory motions of growing amplitude in a layer of incompressible couple-stress fluid heated from below in the presence of uniform vertical rotation opposite to force field of gravity when the bounding surfaces of infinite horizontal extension at the top and bottom of the fluid are rigid.. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM AND PERTURBATION EQUATIONS Considered an infinite horizontal incompressible couple-stress fluid layer of thickness d heated from below so that the temperature and density at the bottom surface z = are T ρ respectively and at the upper surface z = d are T d ρ d and that a uniform adverse temperature gradient β = is maintained. The fluid is acted upon by a uniform vertical rotation dt dz Ω( Ω). Let ρ p T and q( u v w) denote respectively the density pressure temperature and velocity of the fluid. Then the momentum balance mass balance equations of the couplestress fluid (Stokes [5]; Chandrasekhar [] and Scanlon and Segel [4]) are q + ( δρ ) = + + + q. q p g µ ν t ρ ρ + ( q q Ω ). q = ρ () () The equation of state ( ) ρ = ρ α T T Where the suffix zero refer to the values at the reference level z =. Here g ( g) is acceleration due to gravity. Let c v denote the heat capacity of the fluid at constant volume. Assuming that the particles and the fluid are in thermal equilibrium the equation of heat conduction gives q T q T t +. = ρ cv () Or T + ( q. ) T = κ T t The kinematic viscosity ν couple-stress viscosity µ thermal diffusivity coefficient of thermal expansion α are all assumed to be constants. The basic motionless solution is q = ( ) T = T βz Ω =( Ω) and ρ = ρ ( + αβz). κ = q ρ c v (4) and (5)

46 A semi-circle theorem in couple-stress fluid in the presence of rotation Assume small perturbations around the basic solution and let δρ δp θ and quvw ( ) denote respectively the perturbations in density pressure p temperature T and couple-stress fluid velocity (). The change in density δρ caused mainly by the perturbation θ in temperature is given by δρ = αρ θ. (6) Then the linearized perturbation equations of the couple-stress fluid becomes q = + µ + δp gαθ ν q ( q Ω) t ρ ρ. q = (7) (8) θ = βw + κ θ t (9) Within the framework of Boussinesq approximation equations (9) () () and () give + θ θ ς w gα + Ω = t x y z ν µ ρ 4 w () ς w = µ ν ρ Ω ς t z () Together with (9) where of vorticity. = + + x y z = v denote the z-component u and ς x y. NORMAL MODE ANALYSIS Analyzing the disturbances into normal modes we assume that the Perturbation quantities are of the form w θς W z Θ z Z z Exp ikxx+ ikyy+ nt = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () Where k x k y are the wave numbers along the x and y-directions respectively k = ( kx + ky ) is the resultant wave number and n is the growth rate which is in general a complex constant.

Int. Jnl. of Multiphysics Volume 6 Number 4 47 Using () equations (9) () and () on using (8) in non-dimensional form become ( ) + ( ) ( ) g d a D a F D a α Θ σ D a W = ν T ddz A () { ( )}( ) T A F D a D a σ Z = DW d (4) βd ( D a pσ ) Θ = W κ (5) where 4 nd ν µ 4Ω d a = kd σ = p = F = TA = D = ν κ ρ d ν ν d and D dd and dropping ( ) dz = for convenience. Here p = ν is the thermal prandtl number F is the couple-stress κ parameter and T A is the Taylor number. βd T A Substituting W = W Θ = Θ and Z = Z in equations () (4) and (5) κ d and dropping ( ) for convenience in non-dimensional form becomes ( ) + ( ) ( ) D a F D a σ D a W = Ra Θ T A DZ { F( D a )}( D a ) σ Z = DW (6) (7) ( ) = D a pσ Θ W (8) Where R = gαβd 4 is the thermal Rayleigh number. κν Since both the boundaries rigid and are maintained at constant temperature the perturbations in the temperature are zero at the boundaries. The appropriate boundary conditions with respect to which equations (6) (7) and (8) must be solved are W = DW = Θ = and Z = at z = and z =. (9) Equations (6) (8) along with boundary conditions (9) pose an eigenvalue problem for σ and we wish to Characterize σ i when σ r.

48 A semi-circle theorem in couple-stress fluid in the presence of rotation 4. MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS We prove the following theorems: Theorem: If R F T A σ r and σ i then the necessary condition for the existence of non-trivial solution (W Θ Z) of equations (6) (7) and (8) together with boundary conditions (9) is that σ 8 A. T ( π F ) Proof: Multiplying equation (6) by W * (the complex conjugate of W) throughout and integrating the resulting equation over the vertical range of z we get σ W D a Wdz F W D a Wdz ( ) + W D a ( ) ( ) = Wdz Ra W Θ dz T W DZdz A () Taking complex conjugate on both sides of equation (8) we get ( ) = D a pσ Θ W () Therefore using () we get ( ) W Θdz = Θ D a pσ Θ dz () Also taking complex conjugate on both sides of equation (7) we get { ( )}( ) F D a D a σ Z = DW () Therefore using () we get ( ) ( ) W DZdz = DW Zdz = Z D a F D a σ Z dz (4)

Int. Jnl. of Multiphysics Volume 6 Number 4 49 Substituting () and (4) in the right hand side of equation () we get ( ) + ( ) ( a ) σ W D a Wdz F W D a Wdz W D Wdz = Ra Θ D a p σ Θ dz TA Z D a ) F D a σ Z dz ( ) ( ( ) (5) Integrating the terms on both sides of equation (5) for an appropriate number of times by making use of the appropriate boundary conditions (9) along with (7) we get 4 6 σ DW + a W dz F D W a DW a DW a W dz { } + + + + 4 + DW + a DW + a W dz= Ra DΘ a Θ + + pσ Θ dz A { } { } 4 T DZ + a Z dz TAF D Z + a DZ + a Z dz TAσ Z dz (6) And equating imaginary parts on both sides of equation (6) and cancelling σ i () throughout from imaginary part we get { } + = DW + a W dz Ra p Θ dz TA Z dz (7) We first note that since W and Z satisfy W() = = W() and Z() = = Z() in addition to satisfying to governing equations and hence we have from the Rayleigh-Ritz inequality [] DW dz π W dz (8) and DZ dz π Z dz (9)

4 A semi-circle theorem in couple-stress fluid in the presence of rotation Further for W() = = W() and Z() = = Z() Banerjee et al. [] have shown that DW dz π DW dz and D Z dz π DZ dz () Further multiplying equation (7) and its complex conjugate () and integrating by parts each term on both sides of the resulting equation for an appropriate number of times and making use of boundary condition on Z namely Z() = = Z() along with (7) we get 4 4 4 DZ + a DZ + a Z dz+ F DZ + 4a DZ + 6a D Z 6 8 4 6 + 4a DZ + a Z dz+ F D Z + a D Z + a DZ + a Z dz { } + + + 4 + σr DZ + a Z dz σrf D Z a D Z a Z + σ Z dz = DW dz 4 dz () Further by utilizing boundary conditions (9) and equation (7) it follows that DZ dz= Real part of DZDZdz DZ D Zdz DZ D Zdz DZ D Z dz DZ D Z dz

(Utilizing Cauchy- Schwartz-inequality) (Utilizing inequality ()) So that we have Which yields () Using inequality (9) and () inequality () becomes () Also DZ dz DZDZdz 4 = Real part of DZ dz Z dz 6 π DZ dz DZ dz π DZ dz DZ dz π π DZ dz DZ dz DZ dz DZ dz DZ D Z dz Int. Jnl. of Multiphysics Volume 6 Number 4 4

(Utilizing Cauchy- Schwartz-inequality) (Utilizing inequality ()) So that we have Which yields (4) DZ dz DZ dz 4 π DZ dz DZ dz 4 π 4 π DZ dz DZ dz DZ dz DZ dz 4 DZDZdz 4 DZ DZdz 4 DZDZdz 4 DZDZdz 4 DZDZdz 4 4 A semi-circle theorem in couple-stress fluid in the presence of rotation

Int. Jnl. of Multiphysics Volume 6 Number 4 4 Using inequality () inequality (4) becomes 4 8 DZ dz π Z dz (5) Now F and σ r therefore the equation () gives 4 F D Z dz+ σ Z dz DW dz (6) And on utilizing the inequalities (9) () () and (5) inequality (6) gives Z dz 8 π F + σ DW dz (7) Now R and T A utilizing the inequalities (7) the equation (7) gives T A 8 π F + σ DW dz + a W dz+ Ra p Θ dz (8) and therefore we must have σ 8 A. T ( π F ) (9) Hence if 8 r i A σ and σ then σ T π F. ( ) And this completes the proof of the theorem. In the context of existence of instability in oscillatory modes and that of overstability in the present configuration we can state prove a theorem as follow:- Theorem : The necessary condition for the existence of instability in oscillatory modes and that of overstability in a couple-stress fluid heated from below in the presence of uniform vertical rotation is that the Taylor number T A and the couple-stress parameter of the TA fluid F must satisfy the inequality when both the bounding surfaces are rigid π 8 F

44 A semi-circle theorem in couple-stress fluid in the presence of rotation Proof: The inequality (9) for σ r and σ i can be written as σr + σi TA π F 8 we necessarily have TA π 8 F which completes the proof. Presented otherwise from the point of view of existence of instability as stationary convection the above theorem can be put in the form as follow:- Theorem : The sufficient condition for the validity of the exchange principle and the onset of instability as a non-oscillatory motions of non-growing amplitude in a couple-stress TA fluid heated from below in the presence of uniform vertical rotation is that π 8 F where T A is the Taylor number and F is the couple-stress parameter when both the bounding surface are rigid. or The onset of instability in a couple-stress fluid heated from below in the presence of uniform vertical rotation cannot manifest itself as oscillatory motions of growing amplitude if the TA Taylor number T A and the couple-stress parameter F satisfy the inequality when both the bounding surfaces are rigid. π 8 F 5. CONCLUSIONS The inequality (9) for σ r and σ i can be written as σr + σi TA π F 8 The essential content of the theorem from the point of view of linear stability theory is that for the configuration of couple-stress fluid of infinite horizontal extension heated form below having top and bottom bounding surfaces rigid in the presence of uniform vertical rotation parallel to the force field of gravity the complex growth rate of an arbitrary oscillatory motions of growing amplitude must lie inside a semi-circle in the right half of the σ r σ i - plane whose centre is at the origin and radius is T where T A is the Taylor A π 8 F number and F is the couple-stress parameter it improved the domain of the result of Banyal and Khanna [] significantly. Further it follows from inequality (9) that a sufficient condition for the validity of the principle of exchange of stabilities in rotatory couple-stress fluid convection is that TA. It is therefore clear that the existence of oscillatory motions of growing amplitude π 8 F in the present configuration depends crucially upon the magnitude of the non-dimensional

Int. Jnl. of Multiphysics Volume 6 Number 4 45 TA T number in the sense so long as A 6 no such motions are possible and π F 8 8 π F in particular PES is valid. 6. REFERENCES [] Banyal A. S. and Khanna M. () Bounds for Growth Rate of Perturbations in Couple-Stress Fluid in the Presence of Rotation Global J. of Pure and Appld. Scis. & Tech. Vol. Issue pp. 4. [] Chandrasekhar S. (98). Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability Dover Publication [] Sharma R.C. Prakash K. and Dube S.N. (976). Effect of suspended particles on the onset of Bénard convection in hydromagnetics J. Math. Anal. Appl. USA Vol. 6 pp. 7 5. [4] Scanlon J.W. and Segel L.A. (97). Some effects of suspended particles on the onset of Bénard convection Phys. Fluids. Vol. 6 pp. 57 78. [5] Stokes V.K. (966). Couple-stress in fluids Phys. Fluids Vol. 9 pp. 79 5. [6] Walicki E. and Walicka A. (999). Inertial effect in the squeeze film of couple-stress fluids in biological bearings Int. J. Appl. Mech. Engg. Vol. 4 pp. 6 7. [7] Sharma R.C. and Thakur K. D. (). Couple stress-fluids heated from below in hydromagnetics Czech. J. Phys. Vol. 5 pp. 75 58. [8] Sharma R.C. and Sharma S. (). On couple-stress fluid heated from below in porous medium Indian J. Phys Vol. 75B pp. 59 6. [9] Sharma R.C. Sunil Sharma Y. D. and Chandel R.S. (). On couple-stress fluid permeated with suspended particles heated from below Archives of Mechanics 54(4) pp. 87 98. [] Sharma R.C. and Sharma M. (4). Effect of suspended particles on couple-stress fluid heated from below in the presence of rotation and magnetic field Indian J. pure. Appl. Math. Vol. 5(8) pp. 97 989. [] Sunil Sharma R.C. and Chandel R.S. (4). Effect of suspended particles on couple-stress fluid heated and soluted from below in porous medium J. of Porous Media Vol. 7 No. pp. 9 8. [] Kumar P. and Singh M. (8) Magneto thermosolutal convection in a couple-stress fluid Ganita Sandesh (india) Vol. (). [] Singh M. and. Kumar P. (9) Rotatory thermosolutal convection in a couple-stress fluid Z. Naturforsch 64a 7(9). [4] Kumar V. and Kumar S. (). On a couple-stress fluid heated from below in hydromagnetics Appl. Appl. Math. Vol. 5() pp. 59 54. [5] Sunil Devi R. and Mahajan A. () Global stability for thermal convection in a couple stressfluid Int. comm.. Heat and Mass Transfer 8 pp. 98 94. [6] Pellow A. and Southwell R.V. (94). On the maintained convective motion in a fluid from below. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 76 4. [7] Banerjee M.B. Katoch D.C. DubeG.S. and Banerjee K. (98). Bounds for growth rate of perturbation in thermohaline convection. Proc. R. Soc. A78 4. [8] Banerjee M. B. and Banerjee B. (984). A characterization of nonoscillatory motions in magnetohydronamics. Ind. J. Pure & Appl Maths. 5(4) 77 8. [9] Gupta J.R. Sood S.K. and Bhardwaj U.D. (986). On the characterization of nonoscillatory motions in rotatory hydromagnetic thermohaline convection Indian J. pure appl. Math. 7() pp. 7.

46 A semi-circle theorem in couple-stress fluid in the presence of rotation [] Banyal A.S. () A characterization of non-oscillatory motions in couple-stress fluid in the presence of suspended particles () J. Comp. and Math. Scis. (JCMS) Vol. ( ) pp. 57 545. [] Schultz M.H. (97). Spline Analysis Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersy. [] Banerjee M.B. Gupta J.R. and Prakash J. (99). On thermohaline convection of Veronis type J. Math. Anal. Appl. Vol. 79 No. pp. 7 4.