Dutch spatial planning: from implicit to explicit sustainable urban development Jan Goedman (VROM*) Wim Heiko Houtsma (VROM) Wil Zonneveld (Delft University) *Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM)
In short Historic overview Dutch policy Sustainability in urban development Sustainable development When is urban development sustainable? Illustration: Randstad 2040 Concluding remarks
Europe
In short Historic overview Dutch policy Sustainability in urban development Sustainable development When is urban development sustainable? Illustration: Randstad 2040 Concluding remarks
Implicit sustainable urbanization 1 1960: 1 st report on spatial policy Green Heart: containment urbanization Randstad: functional interrelationship cities 1966: 2 nd report on spatial policy Concentrated deconcentration: Spillover centres Growth centres 1974: 3 rd report on spatial policy Link to public transport system Maximum distance growth centre-city inner city problems (social cohesion)
Randstad Green Heart
Green Heart
Concentrated deconcentration
Growth centres Donor cities Growth centres
Concentrated deconcentration in practice 1982 1997
Implicit sustainable urbanization 2 1992: 4 th report on spatial policy Extra Large-scale house-building programs (Vinex) Compact city (in or adjacent to city) 2001: 5 th report on spatial policy Urban networks as search area for new building sites Integrated, self-contained housing / labour markets, self-sufficient urban functions Layer approach
National urban networks
Layer approach occupation 10-40 yr network 20-80 yr ground >100 yr
Implicit sustainable urbanization 3 2005: National Spatial Strategy Basic quality standards (environmental legislation, process criteria) Layer approach: relate processes in different layers 2005 Not clearly sustainable: Shift of power: local when possible, central when necessary (subsidiarity) Emphasis on spatial development lowering of restrictions
Sustainable development 1960: 1 st wave - environmental awareness Same roots as spatial planning (slums) Emerging environmental problems 1990: 2 nd wave - sustainable development Coalition of discourses: P ánd P ánd P Dept. environment dept. spatial planning 2000: 3 rd wave - embracement of long term Long term studies since 1988 didn t make it Quest for bringing future concerns in political balancing processes
From sectoral to integral, using all timescales
Overview Historic overview Dutch policy Sustainability in urban development Sustainable development When is urban development sustainable? Illustration: Randstad 2040 Concluding remarks
Sustainable spatial development today in the Netherlands Spatial aspects of sustainability: Layer approach Concentration strategies Saving precious landscapes Building ecological structure Spatial quality (using, future and experience) Location of activities / urban services
Persistent unsustainable trends Climate change / dependence exhausting energy supplies Polarisation in society Loss of natural resources, ecosystems and biodiversity Increasing environmental damage Unsustainable production and consumption
What is sustainable? Unsustainability often facilitated by spatial developments People, Planet, Prosperity (Participation) Long term In policy: Policy reports use unclear definitions Used to distinguish from others
Two aspects of sustainability 1. Value: - No irretrievable environmental damage - Renewable stocks: not beyond regeneration - Biodiversity kept intact 2. Meta-concept : - Everything relates to everything - Find a balance!
Overview Historic overview Dutch policy Sustainability in urban development Sustainable development When is urban development sustainable? Illustration: Randstad 2040 Concluding remarks
Randstad: explicitly sustainable? Boosting the economic motor of NL Urgency Program Randstad Long-term vision on Randstad (2040) Sustainable development means using a comprehensive approach to relate people, planet and profit, preserving the possibilities for future development.
Randstad: explicitly sustainable? Boosting the economic motor of NL Urgency Program Randstad Long-term vision on Randstad (2040) Sustainable development means using a comprehensive approach to relate people, planet and profit, preserving the possibilities for future development.
Randstad: explicitly sustainable? Boosting the economic motor of NL Urgency Program Randstad Long-term vision on Randstad (2040) Sustainable development means using a comprehensive approach to relate people, planet and profit, preserving the possibilities for future development.
Demand for urbanization 2040
Sustainable Randstad in effect 500.000 houses (2010-2040) Increase densities working / living Adaptation to climate change Increased accessibility public transport, roads, development of nodes Reinforce Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Enhance co-operation between ports
Randstad 2040 priorities
Sustainable? Long term, layer approach, 3 P s Selective choice/elaboration of topics Unclear value-aspect of sustainability Linkage long-term view short-term policy No traceable change of policy
In short Historic overview Dutch policy Sustainability in urban development Sustainable development When is urban development sustainable? Illustration: Randstad 2040 Concluding remarks
Concluding remarks Sustainability more and more explicit Comprehensive, long-term perspective Focus on contrast red green Randstad: sustainable as meta-concept Value aspect is less clear / selective Needs further elaboration
Thank you!!
Historic overview Dutch spatial policy 1960 1st report spatial planning 1966 2 nd report spatial planning 1974 3 rd report spatial planning 1988 4 th report spatial planning 1992 4 th report spatial planning extra (Vinex) 2001 5 th report on spatial planning 2005 National Spatial Strategy
1960 1 st report spatial planning Discussion on new spatial concepts Processes like urban deconcentration Formation of urban regions Did not make it into 1 st report Green Heart / Randstad (Rim City) Functional interrelationship between cities Containment of urban development
1966 2 nd report spatial planning Thinking in urban regions Concentrated deconcentration / spillover centres) Structural scheme main roads inserted vague relation between infrastructure, mobility and pattern of urbanization
Concentrated deconcentration
1974 3 rd report spatial planning Enormous shortage of houses growth centre policy Distance growth centre / donor city large Later: linked to public transport system Maximum distance (30 min. / 4 km) focus on city & inner city problems Social and employment issues: social cohesion
Growth centres Donor cities Growth centres
1988 4 th report spatial planning Improve competitive position new spatial-economic concepts
1992 4 th report spatial planning Extra (Vinex) Management of urban deconcentration Large-scale house-building programmes Compact city: in or adjacent to city Goals: reduction in growth of mobility Improve competitive position Infrastructure approach: ICES-investments
2001 5 th Report Spatial Planning Urban networks urban centres and nodes Integrated, self-contained housing / labour markets, self-sufficient urban functions Entire territory of network city is search area no longer concentric urbanization Layer approach
Layer approach occupation 10-40 yr network 20-80 yr ground >100 yr
2005 National Spatial Strategy (NR) Emphasis on spatial development lowering restrictions Shift of power: local when possible, central when necessary (subsidiarity) Basic quality standards (environmental legislation) Layer approach: processes in different layers more in relation to each other