POSTER P_21 EVIDENCE FOR FAST NEUTRON EMISSION DURING SRI S SPAWAR/GALILEO TYPE ELECTROLYSIS EXPERIMENTS #7 AND #5, BASED ON CR-39 TRACK DETECTOR RECORD A.S. Roussetski 1* A.G. Lipson 2, F. Tanzella 3, E.I. Saunin 2, and M. McKubre 3 1 P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia 2 A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia 3 SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA We have reported [1] the detailed analysis of the CR-39 detector (Landauer) from SRI s #BE013-7 (#7) Pd deposition experiment where the detector was separated from the cathode wire by a 6 μm Mylar film during. The Mylar protected the CR-39 surface from chemical, mechanical, and electrostatic (spark discharge) damage during electrolysis. We compared those results with that of the background detector (placed 2 m from the electrolytic cell) and with the blank CR-39 detector, installed as in #7, in an identically operated cell using light water. We also calibrated our CR-39 detectors using the proton recoil tracks from a Cf-252 neutron source and compared them with the foreground tracks. The readings were performed manually using the PAVICOM track reading facility in the Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. All detectors were cut from the same sheet. We analyzed a 1.0 cm 2 area on both the front (facing the cathode) and rear face on all detectors. The area read on the Foreground #7, Background and Blank #16 detectors was S= on each side. The blank detector contained a total of 11 tracks cm -2 in the diameters of interest (4.0< d< 8.0 μm, t = 7 hr etch), similar to that found on the Background and unexposed detectors. Hence, we conclude that the blank detector has been neither exposed to neutrons in electrolytic H 2 O cell nor irradiated by neutrons in airport security facilities. The entire data set obtained from the analysis of the #7 detector set, including 1) measurements at three removed depths (8.7, 18 and 27 μm), 2) comparison of track densities and diameters from D 2 O, H 2 O, and blank experiments, and 3) neutron rate and energy calibrations using Cf-252, present preliminary evidence for fast neutron emission (E n ~ 2.2 2.5 MeV, I n ~ 1-3 n/s). The Foreground (#5, D 2 O) CR-39 and corresponding Blank (#15, H 2 O) detectors had a 60 μm polyethylene film adhered to both faces while immersed in the electrolyte and in contact with the cathode during electrolysis. Although it was necessary to etch the front face of detector #5 to > 25 μm due to chemical, mechanical and electrical discharge damage, the rear face showed proton recoil tracks similar to those found on both faces of the detector #7 (with a track density 50-70% of that of #7). We conclude that detector #5 showing traces of weak neutron emission from the cathode during electrolysis, even though there was some nonnuclear induced attack on its front face. In sum, our CR-39 results present evidence for fast neutron emission (E n ~ 2.0-2.5 MeV) during SRI s SPAWAR-type PdD x electrolytic co-deposition experiment. Additional high efficiency neutron measurements with other types of detectors would be desirable is necessary for independent confirmation. [1] A. Lipson, et al, Proceedings of the 8 th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Metals, Sicily, Italy, pages 182-203, ISCMNS (2008). ICCF-15 111
Evidence for Fast Neutron Emission During SRI s SPAWAR/Galileo-Type Electrolysis Experiments #7 and #5, Based on CR-39 Track Detector Record A.G. Lipson 1, A.S. Roussetski 2 *, F. Tanzella 3, E.I. Saunin 1, M. McKubre 3 1 A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia 2 P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia 3 SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
Objectives Verify reported nuclear emissions using Pd electrodeposition technique and CR-39 detectors (P. Boss et al). Ag(or other metal)-wire cathodes 10 7-10 8 pits/cm 2 where the cathode meets the CR-39. Identify pits caused by mechanical defects - electric discharge Test the applicability of our track identification technique (A. Roussetski et al, ICCF-12, Yokohama, 2005) successive etching of CR-39 plot track diameter evolution vs. removed depth Simultaneous CR-39 exposure and in-situ neutron detection. Compare Live (D 2 O) to Blank (H20) Compare Background (CR-39 2m from cell) to Foreground Compare to BF 3 proportional detector count rate.
Electrolytic cell and detector placement Cr-39 detector in runs #7 and #5 were separated from the cathode and electrolyte by sheets of 6 μm Mylar and 60 μm polyethylene, respectively. BF 3 spherical neutron dosimeter with low self-efficiency s = 2.5x10-3 (Cf-252) Statistically significant (neutron?) counts were detected at SRI during the runs
CR-39 treatment and reading All CR-39 detectors were cut from the same sheet. Etched for 6.5 hours in 65 C 6.5M NaOH after electrolysis. Etched three more times, for approximately 7, 14 and 21 cumulative hours in 6M NaOH at T=70 C (v b 1.3 μm/hr). Used the PAVICOM track reading facility in Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow to read the detectors after each etch. Pit distributions at the surface of etched #7 and #5 detectors were compared with that of the blank CR-39 and the proton recoil tracks from a weak Cf-252 neutron source (I n = 120 n/s) See Roussetski et al, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Metals, Catania, 2007 p. 182 (Catania Workshop)
Background 3alpha events, etch 7 hr
Neutron calibration results Proton recoil spectrum after 7 hr etch is at 4.5-9.0µm track diameter (maximum at 5.2µm) Consistent with 2.2-2.5 MeV (see Landauer s CR-39 proton calibration curve obtained with Van DeGraaf accelerator) Proton recoil spectrum after 14 hr etch is at 5.0-12.0µm track diameter (maximum at 6.0µm) Consistent with 2.2-2.5 MeV proton track diameter gain at 14 hr etching compared to 7 hr etch. The neutron detection self-efficiency of CR-39 at t = 14 hr ( n ~ 1.2x10-4 ) is about factor of 1.3 higher than that at t = 7 hr( n ~ 0.9x10-4 ) due to increase in proton recoil critical angles with the removed CR-39 depth. Raw data available in Catania Workshop Proceedings, p182
Track number/cm 2 Track numbe/2 cm 2 Comparison of Foreground #7 data (both sides) with CR-39 (H2O electrolysis), Background after 7 and 14 hr etches. Blank and the Background show no sign of proton recoil from fast neutrons (no irradiation on shipping). 18 #7 Foreground (front+back), 14 hr etch Blank H2O (front+back), 14 hr etch Background 2 m away (front+back), 14 hr etch 20 #7 Foreground (front+back), 7 hr etch Blank H2O (front+back), 7 hr etch Background (2 m away( - (front+back)-7 hr etch 16 14 12 15 10 8 10 6 4 5 2 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Track diameter, [ m] 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Track diameter, [ m]
Track number/2.0 cm 2 Comparison of Foreground #7 data (taken from both sides) with that from Blank experiment (H2O electrolysis) and the Background (detector is placed 2m away of the electrolytic cell) - 21 hr etch 16 #7 Foreground (front+back), 21 hr etch Background (front+back), 21 hr etch Blank (H2O) - (front+back), 21 hr etch 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 6 8 10 12 14 16 Track diameter, [ m]
Number of counts, [arb. unit] Rough reconstruction of the proton recoil spectra for CR-39 detectors obtained during run #7 and during exposure to Cf-252 neutron source using track diameter vs. proton energies and critical angle θ c vs. proton energy plots 60 #7 CR-39, S=2.0 cm 2, etch t=14 hr Cf-252, S=0.03 cm 2, etch t=14 hr 50 40 30 20 10 0 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 Proton recoil energy, [MeV]
Calculation of mean neutron emission rate: I. For 7 hr etch time removed depth is 8.7μm Average foreground track density (<N(fg)>) is 58.5 cm -2. Average background track density (<N(bg)>) is 6.0 cm -2. Both sides of Blank detector < N> = <N(fg)> - <N(bg)> = 52.5 ± 8.0 track/cm 2. Neutron count rate/intensity from cathode wire (I n ) is 2< N>/(t s ) s = 9.2 x10-5 (CR-39 self-efficiency at t etch =7 hr) t is the Foreground electrolysis time. If the neutrons were emitted when the current > 0.5 ma (t = 15 days), I n = 0.90 ± 0.14 n/s If the neutrons were emitted when the only when the BF 3 counter read high ( t = 4 days) I n = 3.38± 0.53 n/s I Hence, the neutron emission rate in the run #7 can be estimated in the range of 1.0-3.0 n/s.
Calculation of mean neutron emission rate: II. For 14 hr etch time removed depth is 18 μm) Average track density at both sides of #7 CR-39 is <N(fg)> = 88 cm -2. The Background track density at both sides of blank detector (S = 0.25 cm 2 each) is the <N(bg)> = 26 cm -2. Accordingly to calibration measurements CR-39 at etch time tet = 14 hr the self-efficiency was found to be s = 1.17 x10-4. Then, for t =15 days: I n = 2< N>/(t s ) = 0.82 ± 0.14 n/s in 2π solid angle and for t = 4 days I n = 3.08 ± 0.53 n/s. Thus, the result for 14 hr etch gives approximately the same (within a standard deviation) neutron emission intensity range as that for a 7 hr.
Summary of #5 detector results (Run #SRI BE010-5) The #5 CR-39 detector used in SRI BE010-5 PdD x deposition electrolysis experiment had a 60 μm polyethylene film adhered to both faces while immersed in the electrolyte and in contact with the cathode. This detector showed confusing results. The front face was found to be covered with high density pits (defects) making it almost impossible to distinguish real nuclear tracks from defects. The rear face of #5 detector shows proton recoil tracks similar to those found on both faces of the # 7 CR-39 (with a track density 50-70% of that of #7).
Proton recoil tracks on the front side of the #5 detector easily differentiated from the defect ( ground beef ) Background at t = 14 hr etch
Images of the front side of #5 detector after 21 hr etch (nuclear tracks on top of ground beef Background) 2 +1p 1 +1p
Typical images of the front side of #5 detector after extra 21 hr etch single oblique recoil protons normal incidence recoil protons
Track number/1 cm 2 Track number/1 cm 2 Track number/1 cm 2 Proton recoil tracks from the clean back side of #5 detector after 7, 14,and 21 hr etches 6 5 #5 Fg,, back side, 7 hr etch blank H20, back side 7 hr Bg, back side 7 hr etch 7 6 #5 Foreground (back side), 14 hr etch Blank (H2O) back side, 14 hr etch Background, back side, 14 hr etch 4 5 3 4 2 3 2 1 1 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Track diameter, [ m] 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Track diameter, [ m] 6 5 #5 Foreground back - 21 hr etch Backhround 21 hr etch Blank H2O back, 21 hr etch 4 3 2 1 0 6 8 10 12 14 16 Track diameter, [ m]
Comparison of the back and the front side proton recoil spectra at t = 14 hr etch 7 det.5 front, t etch =14h, det.5 back, t etch =14h 6 Tracknumber, cm -2 5 4 3 2 1 0 6 8 10 12 14 Track diameter, m
Estimate of neutron emission rate taken for t =20 days of electrolysis in the run # BE010-5: t ~ 7 hr etch only back side: N(fg) = 30.0±5.48 recoil protons/cm 2 N(Bg) = 6 ±4 cm -2 N = 24.0 ± 6.8 p/cm 2 <In> = 2< N>/(t s) = 48/(1.73x10 6 x9.2x10-5 ) = 0.30±0.08 n/s in 2 solid angle t = 14 hr etch back: N(Fg) = 45 cm- 2, front N(Fg) = 63 cm -2 <N(fg)> = 54.0±7.3 cm -2 Background <N(bg)> = 26±5.1 cm -2 N = 28.0±8.9 cm -2 <In> = 2< N>/(t s ) = 56/(1.73x10 6 x1.2x10-4 ) = 0.29±0.09 n/s in 2 solid angle If t = 1 day In = 6.0±1.6 n/s in 2 solid angle
Neutron protocols for runs #5 and #7 in SRI
Sensitivity to neutrons of SRI s BF 3 sphere and CR-39 neutron results Total fast neutron efficiency of the BF 3 detector ( t ) is 7.6x10-5 Fast neutron self efficiency s = 7.6x10-3 (R~ 0 cm) Distance between the detector and cathode wire is 10 cm Fast neutron sensitivity of the BF 3 detector S = 3[<N b >/( t2 ) ] 1/2 Minimal neutron emission rate that can be distinguished from background At least, 3 standard deviations from background <N b > = the average background count rate = the duration of neutron detection. For Foreground #7: <N b > 6.0 cps, = 15 days, => S 150 n/s 300 n/s, assuming neutron emission during only 4 days s 100x higher than neutron emission forming CR-39 recoil protons For Foreground #5: = 20 days => S 130 n/s 400x higher than seen from CR-39 If = 1 day (length of peak seen in BF 3 detector) S ~ 600 n/s ~ 100 times higher than seen in CR-39
Conclusions I Analysis of CR-39 detectors from two electrolysis experiments show that a weak, but statistically significant emission of fast neutrons has been observed. #7 detector, protected by 6 μm mylar film, shows clean front and back faces, containing only nuclear tracks (proton recoil). #5 detector, protected by 60 μm PE film, shows mixed zones of defects ( ground beef ) and nuclear tracks on its front side and lower (than #7) proton recoil density at the back side. The small diameter defect pits can be eliminated by in-depth etching (removed depth h > 18 μm) allowing us to distinguish actual nuclear tracks of proton recoil, caused by neutrons as well as by energetic charged particles (protons and alphas) emitted from the PdD x film deposited on the detector during electrolysis. Comparison of proton recoil spectra (track number vs. track diameter) of the Foreground, Blank, Background, and Cf-252 run detectors gives solid evidence for a fast neutron emission taking place during the runs #7 and #5.
Conclusions II Comparison of the neutron emission rates obtained from CR-39 analysis with SRI s proportional BF 3 detector measurements shows a large discrepancy. The BF 3 detector results show orders of magnitude higher neutron emission than that calculated from the noiseless CR-39 data. Due to the low neutron sensitivity of the BF 3 detector (and absence of pulse-height/pulse shape analysis), we assume that the signal of BF 3 sphere contains significant electromagnetic noise. In order to provide additional confirmation of our CR-39 based neutron emission results, higher efficiency measurements with a more sophisticated electronic neutron detector would be desirable.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the New Energy Institute. The electrochemical measurements were supported by SRI International. We also personally thank, S. Krivit, E. Greenspan, and L. Forsley for arranging this work as well as for valuable discussions.