Progress in Advanced Structural and Functional Materials Design

Progress in Advanced Structural and Functional Materials Design

Tomoyuki Kakeshita Editor Progress in Advanced Structural and Functional Materials Design

Editor Tomoyuki Kakeshita Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Osaka, Japan ISBN 978-4-431-54063-2 ISBN 978-4-431-54064-9 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-54064-9 Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012954004 # Springer Japan 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface This book is based on educational and research achievements under the Global COE Program Center of Excellence for Advanced Structural and Functional Materials Design, which was conducted between FY 2007 and 2011 at Osaka University, Japan. The Global COE Program was initiated to contribute to both fundamental and applied research in various fields of materials science and engineering. Under this program, we targeted a wide range of hard condensed materials (e.g., crystalline materials such as metals, ceramics, and semiconductor materials) and studied aspects such as physical properties, functional mechanisms, manufacturing processes, material structure, characterization of both bulk and nanostructures, evaluation of functionality, welding processes, and material recycling flow. To accomplish the aim of the program, researchers from the following divisions, institutes, and centers at Osaka University collaborated: the Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, the Department of Adaptive Machine System, the Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, the Joining and Welding Research Institute, the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, and the Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy. Through enhanced collaboration among researchers from the above-mentioned departments, we designed and developed advanced materials with a strong emphasis on their production and application. Advanced materials studied under the Global COE Program included structural materials used in buildings and transportation, functional and intelligent materials essential for micromachines, semiconductor optoelectronics, and spintronics devices (e.g., ultra-high-density data-storage media and lasers for advanced information technologies), as well as biomaterials used in the medical and social welfare fields. We classified research on these advanced materials into the following three projects: (a) Advanced Materials Research Project for Structural Applications; (b) Advanced Materials Research Project for Combined Structural and Functional Applications; and (c) Advanced Materials Research Project for Functional Applications. v

vi Preface This book describes selected topics investigated under the Global COE Program. Every chapter is aimed at an understanding of the most advanced research in materials science by describing its fundamentals and details. Because both general explanations and cutting-edge commentaries on each topic are given in this book, it provides a large amount of useful information to interested readers as well as to materials scientists and engineers who wish to understand the direction of future development in the materials science fields of metals, alloys, ceramics, and semiconductors, among others. In particular, this book deals with the special fusion area of structural and functional materials such as medical bone materials. These contents are unique features for a materials science textbook. Each chapter is a complete unit in itself; thus, readers can peruse any chapter they choose without having to refer to other chapters. We are grateful for the financial support for the Global COE Program from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. This book is dedicated to students who harbor ambitions of designing new materials by themselves. Tomoyuki Kakeshita Leader, Center of Excellence for Advanced Structural and Functional Materials Design, Global COE Program

Contents Part I Advanced Materials Research Project for Structural Applications 1 Advanced Materials Design with Forming... 3 Hiroshi Utsunomiya and Ryo Matsumoto 2 Fabrication of Porous Metals with Slender Directional Pores... 15 Hideo Nakajima 3 Modeling of Arc Welding Process... 27 Yoshinori Hirata 4 Advanced Materials Design Using Lasers... 43 Tomokazu Sano and Akio Hirose 5 Advanced Material Designs Using Friction Stir Welding Technique... 59 Hidetoshi Fujii 6 Advanced Analysis of Surface Films Formed on Passive Metals and Alloys Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy... 69 Shinji Fujimoto 7 Advanced Numerical Simulations of Micro-, Macro-, and Mega-Scale Structurization... 83 Masahito Mochizuki 8 Advanced Analysis of Solidification by X-ray Imaging... 93 Hideyuki Yasuda and Tomoya Nagira vii

viii Contents Part II Advanced Materials Research Project for Combined Structural and Functional Applications 9 Advanced Materials Design by Microstructure Control Under Magnetic Field... 107 Tomoyuki Kakeshita and Takashi Fukuda 10 Eco-Friendly Materials Recycling Processing... 119 Toshihiro Tanaka and Masanori Suzuki 11 Advanced Materials Design by Electrochemical Approach: Self-Organizing Anodization... 127 Hiroaki Tsuchiya 12 Advanced Materials Design by Irradiation of High Energy Particles... 137 Takeshi Nagase 13 Advanced Analysis and Control of Bone Microstructure Based on a Materials Scientific Study Including Microbeam X-ray Diffraction... 155 Takayoshi Nakano, Takuya Ishimoto, Naoko Ikeo, and Aira Matsugaki 14 Advanced Materials Design by Controlling Transformation Temperature Using Magnetic Field... 169 Takashi Fukuda and Tomoyuki Kakeshita 15 Advanced Materials Design for Fe-Based Shape Memory Alloys Through Structural Control... 181 Hiroyuki Y. Yasuda Part III Advanced Materials Research Project for Functional Applications 16 Fabrication of Photonic Crystals by Stereolithography Technique... 195 Soshu Kirihara 17 Design, Fabrication, and Properties of Nanomaterials Using Ultrathin Film Techniques... 213 Yu Shiratsuchi 18 Advanced Materials Design via Low-Damage Plasma Processes... 225 Yuichi Setsuhara 19 Advanced Analysis of Magnetic Structure in Materials... 237 Tomoyuki Terai and Tomoyuki Kakeshita

Contents ix 20 Advanced Materials Design by Lithography Technique... 249 Ryoichi Nakatani 21 Advanced Materials Design of Rare-Earth-Doped Semiconductors by Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy... 261 Yasufumi Fujiwara, Yoshikazu Terai, and Atsushi Nishikawa 22 Advanced Analysis of Defect Formations and Phase Transformations in Nanoparticles by In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy... 273 Hidehiro Yasuda Index... 283